South Australia

Asphyxial deaths utilising plastic bags or wrappings occurring over a 20-year period from March 1984 to February 2004 were reviewed at Forensic Science SA, Australia. A total of 45 cases were identified, with three occurring in infants and children (one accidental asphyxia; two homicides). Of the remaining 42 adults the male to female ratio was approximately 1:1 (23 and 19 cases, respectively), with all deaths attributed to suicide. The 42 adult cases represented 1.2% of the 3569 suicides autopsied at the centre over the time period of the study. The age ranges of the adult victims were 19-88 years (mean = 47.1 years) for the males, and 32-89 years (mean = 60.5 years) for the females. The adult female victims were significantly older than the males (p < 0.001). A number of victims had histories of depression and had taken prescription medications. A significant difference was found in the temporal occurrence of the adult deaths, with six cases occurring between 1984 and 1989, nine between 1989 and 1994, 11 between 1994 and 1999, and 16 between 1999 and 2004 (p < 0.001). Plastic bag asphyxial deaths were rare and in adults were due to suicide involving either older females or younger males. A significant increase in cases in South Australia in recent years was demonstrated, possibly related to publicity surrounding assisted suicides, and the ready availability of suicide manuals and information on suicide techniques from the internet.

An unusual TravelSmart intervention is being undertaken in South Australia, in which the intervention will take place over a period of about two years, using a variety of techniques to gain increasing acceptance from the population over that time. ITLS has the task of evaluating the travel impacts of this initiative. Two new approaches are being undertaken to evaluate the travel impacts -an odometer panel and a GPS panel. The odometer panel will consist of about 1,000 households that will be asked to provide the odometer readings from all cars used by the household every 4 months for a period of 2-1/2 years. The GPS panel will consist of about 200 households that will be asked to use wearable GPS devices for one week once a year for a period lasting just over 2 years (therefore, participants will use the GPS devices three times). Panel attrition is expected from both panels and participants lost through attrition will be replaced at each wave of each panel. This paper describes a pilot survey for both the odometer and GPS surveys, conducted in the period from March to June, 2005. The paper describes the method used to recruit households, the data collected at recruitment, the procedures used to obtain odometer readings and to have participants use the GPS devices, and summarises the resulting data from the pilot survey. The response rates to recruitment and completion of the panel tasks are noted for both panels.

Mineral exploration in areas of little bedrock exposure must increasingly rely on the predictive quality of geological, geochemical and geophysical data. In this contribution analysis of fluid inclusions is used to characterize fluid systems associated with alteration and mineralization in two locations in South Australia. In the Curnamona Province, fluids related to albitization and calc-silicate alteration with associated brecciation evolve from a saline sodic composition to a metalliferous, saline fluid also found associated with sulphide mineralization. The microthermometric distinction of inclusion types is evidence for pressure fluctuation as a cause for breccia formation. In the Central Gawler Craton gold province fluid inclusion studies have characterized the compositional and constrained the physical conditions of mineralizing fluids. Regionally identified low salinity CO 2 -bearing fluids at temperatures b 350°C and pressures b 1.5kbar indicate a shallow-level orogenic [Groves, D.I., Goldfarb, R.J., Gebre-Mariam, M., Hagemann, S.G., Robert, F., 1998. Orogenic gold Deposits: A proposed classification in the context of their crustal distribution and relationship to other gold deposit types. Ore Geology Reviews, 13, 7-27.] or intrusion-related [Lang, J.R., Baker, T., 2001. Intrusion related gold systems: the present level of understanding. Mineralium Deposita, 36, 477-489.] setting for the mineralization.

In established Australian vineyards compacted soil either created naturally or by trafficking prevents root growth to desirable depths and restricts root systems from getting water and nutrients. This can reduce the life span and productivity of grapevines considerably over a period of years. To break up these compacted soil layers using small tractors a deep working oscillatory ripper was developed at University of South Australia which had two deep working oscillating tines. One of the most important factors for the performance of this oscillatory ripper is the oscillation angle of the tines which is described as the relationship between tine pivot point and tine tip. To find the optimum oscillation angle a series of field tests were conducted in a sand-loam soil at 6 different oscillation angles. The tines oscillated at a frequency of 4.9 Hz and with amplitudes of between ±60-69mm, with a nominal forward speed of 3 km/h. The trial results are quantified based on draft requirement, power saving, power ratio and loosened area. The greatest draft reduction of 50% was achieved for negative oscillation angles, where power ratio was less than one. Power saving was significantly affected by changing oscillation angle. In general, vibration of the driver seat was higher for negative angles. In terms of performance-22.5º oscillation angle was the optimum for draft reduction and power saving, whereas the least vibration was obtained at an oscillation angle of +16º which was equal to Australian Standard threshold for 8 hours continuous work.

1] We have studied the 10 mm temperature of overcast skies, as measured from the ground, in a coastal region of South Australia. The long-term aim of this work is to be able to use measurements of the sky temperature, plus other readily measured ground-based parameters, to recognize the presence, or otherwise, of clouds. Comparisons have been made between the 10 mm sky temperature and cloud height in overcast conditions, measured both with a ceilometer and radiosondes. A low-altitude cloud exhibits a wide range of emissivities, such that clouds with base heights up to 1200 m have emissivities ranging from below 0.2 to close those expected for black bodies at those wavelengths. However, higher clouds exhibit different properties, as their temperatures approach those to be expected for a clear sky with water vapor.

A process known as 'family conferencing' has scarcely been embraced by juvenile justice policymakers in the USA. This creative initiative, alive in Australia, New Zealand and, to a lesser extent, Canada, deals with juvenile crime on the basis that it is, first and foremost, a symptom of a breakdown of relationships. It works this way. In selected cases, determined usually by the police, a conference is convened, bringing together offenders, their extended families and advocates (if appropriate), victims and their supporters, the police and an independent facilitator. Conferences are designed to bring about a clear acknowledgment of wrongdoing by offenders, engender a sense of satisfaction to victims, elicit restitution in appropriate cases and foster a desire in offenders to rebuild links with communities of which they may be a part. Conferences attempt to heal relationships by bringing together the community of people most affected by a criminal incident. The experience of those involved with the experiment in South Australia, the first jurisdiction in the world (in 1869) to initiate a juvenile justice system separate from the adult justice system, has been most encouraging. This paper explores the notion of conferencing, its connections with 'restorative justice' paradigms, and reviews the first two years of its implementation in South Australia.

A large area survey of 32 contiguous airborne hyperspectral HyMap image flightlines were acquired over outcropping crystalline basement units of the Proterozoic Giles Complex in the Musgrave Province of South Australia. Rainfall prior to the survey was sufficient to stimulate growth of vegetation in an environment recognised as typically arid. As a consequence, vegetation signatures are present in most pixel

Background: Flexible training options are sought by an increasing number of Australasian surgical trainees. Reasons include increased participation of women in the surgical workforce, postgraduate training and changing attitudes to family responsibilities. Despite endorsement of flexible training by the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons and Board in General Surgery, part-time (PT) training in General Surgery in Australia and New Zealand is not well established. A permanent 'stand-alone' PT training position was established at the Royal Adelaide Hospital in 2007 under the Surgical Education and Training Program. This position offered 12 months of General Surgical training on a 0.5 full-time (FT) equivalent basis with pro rata emergency and on-call commitments and was accredited for 6 months of General Surgical training. This paper reviews the PT training experience in South Australia. Methods: De-identified logbook data were obtained from the South Australian Regional Subcommittee of the Board in General Surgery with consent of each of the trainees. Totals of operative cases were compared against matched FT trainees working on the same unit. Results: Overall, PT trainees achieved comparable operative caseloads compared with their FT colleagues. All trainees included in this review have subsequently passed the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons Fellowship Examination in General Surgery and returned to FT workforce positions. Conclusion: This paper presents two validated models of PT training. Training, resource and regulatory requirements and individual and institutional barriers to flexible training are substantial. Successful PT models offer positive and beneficial training alternatives for General Surgical trainees and contribute to workforce flexibility.

Conditions during the formation of breccias in the Curnamona Province (eastern South Australia) have been investigated through a detailed fractal, microstructural, structural and fluid inclusion study of the breccias, syn-tectonic quartz veins and surrounding rocks. Fractal analysis of clast shapes and clast size distributions were able to distinguish two styles of breccia and indicate that fluid pressure fluctuations played a significant role, though to differing degrees, in the initiation of the brecciation process. Approximate palaeostress orientations prevalent during brecciation and their relationship to the deformational history of the terrane have been reconstructed by combining the orientations of microfractures (sealed microfractures and fluid inclusion planes) with structural field data. Fluid pressure fluctuations of w80 MPa during the brecciation process have been quantified by structurally constrained microthermometric analysis of syn-tectonic fluid inclusions coupled with an analysis of the metamorphic history of the area. Results from this study allow brecciation within the Curnamona Province to be placed within a structural framework and relate the process of brecciation to the interaction between regional hydrothermal alteration/fluid flow systems, shear zone formation and lithological contrasts within the upper crust during the Palaeoproterozoic Olarian Orogeny. These methods and findings provide a template for the study of brecciation processes in other terranes where fluid-induced brittle deformation is a controlling factor in the localisation of major ore deposits. q

A major dieback of seagrass occurred in South Australia where 12,717 ha of intertidal and shallow subtidal seagrasses were lost along the north eastern coast of Spencer Gulf. This was a rapid decline, occurring toward the end of summer in January or early February of 1993. The extent and location of the dieback was mapped from aerial photographs taken before (1987) and after the event (1994). Eight habitat categories were represented including sand, dieback (severe and moderate) and seagrass (dense, intermediate and sparse). Of the total area of loss, the majority (8269 ha) was classified as severe dieback. It is significant that most of the dieback was previously dense seagrass (7523 ha) compared with the smaller areas of sparse (1044 ha) and intermediate (1600 ha) seagrass which were subsequently identified as dieback. Presence of seagrass remnants and data from previous surveys indicated that subtidal Amphibolis antarctica and intertidal Zostera spp were the main species that died back. The pattern of the dieback, restricted to shallow subtidal and intertidal areas, in combination with extreme conditions associated with a hot El Niño summer, strongly suggest the loss resulted from environmental causes. Anthropogenic factors are unlikely as the sources of pollution along this sparsely populated coast cannot account for such a wide geographic impact or the pattern of loss.

Aim. This study had two main objectives: (1) to describe the experiences of parents who had a child in the Flinders Medical Centre neonatal unit with a feeding difficulty at 36 weeks gestational age and (2) to develop a preliminary model from the data as an account of the parents' experiences to identify considerations for future and current neonatal unit staff. Background. Family centred care is an important part of nursing practice. Research looking individually at the neonatal unit experience and childhood feeding difficulties has found that they can be stressful situations for parents. However, very little research has been conducted into parental experiences of feeding infants in a neonatal unit and there is no known research which has specifically looked at the effect on parents of having a child with a feeding difficulty in a neonatal unit. Design. A qualitative phenomenological research design was employed. Method. Nine parents whose children had feeding difficulties while in the Flinders Medical Centre neonatal unit, South Australia, participated via retrospective in-depth interviews. Results. Responses were coded to describe parents' experiences and a preliminary model was proposed to explain the data. The main theme linking parental experiences was the desire to take the baby home. The feeding difficulty prevented this from occurring, shifting the feeding interaction from one of relationship development to one of weight gain. Conclusion. This research identifies trigger points that may be acted on to encourage positive parent-child feeding interactions. Relevance to clinical practice. Family centred care is encouraged in paediatric nursing practice. This research identifies trigger points which may inform clinical practice involving parents of infants with feeding difficulties.

Objectives: To study potential risk factors for the development of lung cancer in patients with scleroderma and explore the chronological relationship between onset of scleroderma symptoms and subtypes of lung cancer. Method: Linkage of two population-based registers to identify lung cancer cases and gender-matched controls with scleroderma, followed by retrospective case note review for clinical details. Results: Patients with scleroderma who smoke are seven times more likely to develop lung cancer than non-smokers (p = 0.008). Smokers with scleroderma and cancer smoke more than smokers with scleroderma without cancer (p = 0.019). Pulmonary fibrosis and anti-topoisomerase antibody do not increase the risk of lung cancer. Peripheral lung tumours occur earlier after the onset of scleroderma symptoms than bronchogenic tumours (p = 0.05).

Background: Shower assessments are complex and challenging tasks undertaken by many occupational therapists with little known about how they are conducted and how new graduates learn to carry these out. There are no published guidelines and limited opportunity for students to practise shower assessments during their training bringing into question how new graduates learn to do this assessment and judge their effectiveness. Aim: To investigate the experience of new graduate occupational therapists undertaking their first shower assessments in South Australia. Method: Six graduate occupational therapists participated in a phenomenological study. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and analysed according to Giorgi's descriptive phenomenological method. Findings: New graduates found the shower assessment process cognitively and emotionally demanding. Without prior experience, new graduates lacked confidence to perform the practical aspects of conducting a shower assessment. The sense of responsibility for getting it right and ensuring client safety was at times overwhelming. Social norms around nudity, age and gender impacted on the graduate's interaction with clients in the shower environment. However, graduates with previous care attendant work were better able to manage the social and practical challenges inherent in shower assessments. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that additional experiential, 'hands on', learning is needed in university curriculum for new graduates to develop practical clinical skills, particularly as practice placements have become more diverse. Similarly there is a need for organisations to provide orientation activities and mentoring for new graduates as they transition from student to therapist.

This paper studies the determination of retail and wholesale prices in successive Cournot oligopolies. It is shown that (i) the ratio of retail to wholesale margins increases (decreases, resp.) as the retail part of the market becomes less (more, resp.) competitive; (ii) the ratio of margin in one part of the market to total margin increases (decreases, resp.) as that part of the market becomes less (more, resp.) competitive; (iii) the decline in ®nal consumer price is larger (smaller, resp.) if the entry of additional ®rm occurs in less (more, resp.) competitive part of the market. The results of the paper are applied to the case of third degree price discrimination.

This paper presents the findings from a qualitative pilot project that implemented an internet social networking intervention and evaluated the effect it had on older people&#39;s experience of temporal loneliness. The project was implemented over a three-month period and utilised an in-home, one-on-one education strategy. Six older people aged 69 to 85 years were recruited from a community aged care

Walkability of residential environments has been associated with more walking. Given the health benefits of walking, it is expected that people living in locations with higher measured walkability should have a lower risk of cardiometabolic diseases. This study tested the hypothesis that higher walkability was associated with a lower cardiometabolic risk (CMR) for two administrative spatial units and three road buffers. Data were from the North West Adelaide Health Study first wave of data collected between 2000 and 2003. CMR was expressed as a cumulative sum of six clinical risk markers, selected to reflect components of the metabolic syndrome. Walkability was based on an established methodology and operationalised as dwelling density, intersection density, land-use mix and retail footprint. Walkability was associated with lower CMR for the three road buffer representations of the built environment but not for the two administrative spatial units. This may indicate a limitation in the use of administrative spatial units for analyses of walkability and health outcomes.

English broom (Cytisus scoparius) is an aggressive invasive shrub in native sclerophyll forests of South Australia. We studied its relative growth rate (RGR) and competitive ability in soils from invaded and uninvaded woodlands, in comparison to three native species it commonly displaces:Hakea rostrata, Acacia verniciflua, and A. myrtifolia. Hakea was the slowest growing species throughout the year. Both native species had their highest RGR during spring. The RGR of broom was higher than that of both hakea and acacia in the winter and spring. Despite losing its leaves in the summer, the RGR of broom through the year was higher than that of either of the native species. Soil from the invaded stands had higher organic C, N and soluble P than that from uninvaded sites. Broom and acacia grew better in the higher nutrient soil than in the lower nutrient soil. Competition did not decrease the final biomass of any of the species in low nutrient soil. In the higher nutrient soil the biomass of broom was reduced by competition with acacia, but not by competition with hakea. Competition by broom reduced the biomass of hakea but not that of acacia. Broom's earlier and higher RGR, high competitiveness in nutrient rich soils, and probably its ability to change nutrient availability could be important contributors to the mechanisms by which it invades native woodlands.

In remote areas, wild-fires often must be controlled by applying fire-retardants and suppressants dropped from small aircraft. However, impacts of these chemicals on natural stream ecosystems are poorly known. Unintentional aerial application of fire-fighting chemicals (Phos-Chek WD-881 and ForExspan S) onto two small streams during a natural wildfire on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, provided an opportunity to study the short-term

The barriers to Indigenous people entering tertiary education, succeeding, and gaining employment in the health professions are broad and systemic. While efforts have been made to address these barriers, the number of Indigenous health professionals ...

odern evidence-based acute myocardial infarction (MI) care incorporates a rich array of therapeutic strategies associated with demonstrable reductions in mortality. 1,2 However, their optimal implementation is dependent on timely access to expert clinical assessment, risk stratification and resourceintensive coronary reperfusion or revascularisation. 3-5 Consequently, many patients with MI continue to experience disparities in clinical care and outcome because of geographical location. 6 To optimise management of acute coronary syndromes, many regions have begun developing cardiac clinical networks aimed at supporting the capacity of primary care to manage acute coronary syndromes. This is achieved through providing expert risk stratification at the point of initial patient presentation combined with efficient systems for transferring patients in a time-critical manner to centralised, skilled and resourceintensive management, such as coronary revascularisation. 7-9 These networks require careful design, coordination and engagement with primary care practitioners, combined with ongoing clinical commitment and resources, but they may provide benefits that exceed the gains achievable by many new innovations in therapy. 10 Hence, we sought to evaluate the impact of such a cardiac clinical network on 30-day mortality among patients with acute MI presenting to hospitals in a rural setting. Methods Study population South Australia is a state of about 1.64 million people spanning just under 1 000 000 km 2. Adelaide has seven Impact of a regionalised clinical cardiac support network on mortality among rural patients with myocardial infarction M Research Objective: To evaluate the impact of the regionalised Integrated Cardiovascular Clinical Network (ICCNet) on 30-day mortality among patients with myocardial infarction (MI) in an Australian rural setting. Design, setting and patients: An integrated cardiac support network incorporating standardised risk stratification, point-of-care troponin testing and cardiologist-supported decision making was progressively implemented in nonmetropolitan areas of South Australia from 2001 to 2008. Hospital administrative data and statewide death records from 1 July 2001 to 30 June 2010 were used to evaluate outcomes for patients diagnosed with MI in rural and metropolitan hospitals. Main outcome measure: Risk-adjusted 30-day mortality. Results: 29 623 independent contiguous episodes of MI were identified. The mean predicted 30-day mortality was lower among rural patients compared with metropolitan patients, while actual mortality rates were higher (30-day mortality: rural, 705/5630 [12.52%] v metropolitan, 2140/23 993 [8.92%]; adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.46; 95% CI, 1.33-1.60; P < 0.001). After adjustment for temporal improvement in MI outcome, availability of immediate cardiac support was associated with a 22% relative odds reduction in 30-day mortality (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.65-0.93; P = 0.007). A strong association between network support and transfer of patients to metropolitan hospitals was observed (before ICCNet, 1102/2419 [45.56%] v after ICCNet, 2100/3211 [65.4%]; P < 0.001), with lower mortality observed among transferred patients. Conclusion: Cardiologist-supported remote risk stratification, management and facilitated access to tertiary hospital-based early invasive management are associated with an improvement in 30-day mortality for patients who initially present to rural hospitals and are diagnosed with MI. These interventions closed the gap in mortality between rural and metropolitan patients in South Australia.

Objectives: To assess awareness and use of the current incident reporting system and to identify factors inhibiting reporting of incidents in hospitals. Design, setting and participants: Anonymous survey of 186 doctors and 587 nurses from diverse clinical settings in six South Australian hospitals (response rate = 70.7% and 73.6%, respectively). Main outcome measures: Knowledge and use of the current reporting system; barriers to incident reporting. Results: Most doctors and nurses (98.3%) were aware that their hospital had an incident reporting system. Nurses were more likely than doctors to know how to access a report (88.3% v 43.0%; relative risk (RR) 2.05, 95% CI 1.61 to 2.63), to have ever completed a report (89.2% v 64.4%; RR 1.38, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.61), and to know what to do with the completed report (81.9% v 49.7%; RR 1.65, 95% CI 1.27 to 2.13). Staff were more likely to report incidents which are habitually reported, often witnessed, and usually associated with immediate outcomes such as patient falls and medication errors requiring corrective treatment. Near misses and incidents which occur over time such as pressure ulcers and DVT due to inadequate prophylaxis were least likely to be reported. The most frequently stated barrier to reporting for doctors and nurses was lack of feedback (57.7% and 61.8% agreeing, respectively). Conclusions: Both doctors and nurses believe they should report most incidents, but nurses do so more frequently than doctors. To improve incident reporting, especially among doctors, clarification is needed of which incidents should be reported, the process needs to be simplified, and feedback given to reporters.

Twenty five genotypes of oilseed rape (canola and mustard) were tested under varied supply of Zn (+Zn: 2 mg kg-1 soil, -Zn: no Zn added) in two pot experiments in soil culture to determine the genotypic variation in tolerance to the Zn-deficient conditions, that is, to identify the Zn-efficient genotypes. On the basis of performance of genotypes in pot experiments,

Styles of sulphidic mineralisation recognised in the Olary Block, South Australia, include disseminated to massive stratiform and stratabound occurrences, as well as post-peak metamorphic vein-type mineralisation, corresponding to the range of deposit types in the adjacent Broken Hill Block. However, it is still unclear as to whether the epigenetic veins are genetically related to stratabound mineralisation in either of these two portions of the Meso-to Palaeoproterozoic Willyama Inliers.

A second major criticism relates to content. Hence instead of using the well accepted classification of hypertension proposed by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the authors produce their own somewhat idiosyncratic version. Misspelling ofKorotkof does little to allay the readers' misgivings and similarly it is news to me that labetolol is a 'combined a and PI blocker and a P2 agonist'. The book is system rather than symptom orientated. In my medical ante-natal clinic, palpitation, faints and funny turns are amongst the commoner symptoms -I could find no mention of any of these problems in the index making the 'practical reference book' claimed by the publishers a little unbelievable. It may improve in a second edition but I fear it has a long long way to go.

Background The SF36 Version 2 (SF36V2) is a revision of the SF36 Version 1, and is a widely used health status measure. It is important that guidelines for interpreting scores are available. Method A population sample of Australians (n = 3015) weighted to achieve representativeness was administered the SF36V2. Comparisons between published US weights and sample derived weights were made, and Australian population norms computed and presented. Major findings Significant differences were observed on 7/8 scales and on the mental health summary scale. Possible causes of these findings may include different sampling and data collection procedures, demographic characteristics, differences in data collection time (1998 vs. 2004), differences in health status or differences in cultural perception of the meaning of health. Australian population norms by age cohort, gender and health status are reported by T-score as recommended by the instrument developers. Additionally, the proportions of cases within T-score deciles are presented and show there are important data distribution issues. Principal conclusions The procedures reported here may be used by other researchers where local effects are suspected. The population norms presented may be of interest. There are statistical artefacts associated with T-scores that have implications for how SF36V2 data are analysed and interpreted.

The extent and nature of bullying among South Australian primary school children and their self appraisals of peer relations were investigated in a survey of 412 primary school children between the ages of 7 to 13 years. It was found that 10% of boys and 6% of girls were subject to peer group bullying and for 8% of such children the bullying episodes lasted 6 months or more. Factor analysis of styles of interpersonal relating amongst children identified three independent factors including a tendency to bully, to be victimised and to act in a pro-social manner. The tendency to be victimised correlated negatively with self appraisals of the number of friends, popularity, happiness at school and feelings of safety at school. The findings are discussed in relation to research linking negative self appraisals of interpersonal competence with isolation and proneness to depression in later years.

Physical attributes of local environments may influence walking. We used a modified version of the Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale to compare residents' perceptions of the attributes of two neighbourhoods that differed on measures derived from Geographic Information System databases. Residents of the high-walkable neighbourhood rated relevant attributes of residential density, land-use mix (access and diversity) and street connectivity, consistently higher than did residents of the low-walkable neighbourhood. Traffic safety and safety from crime attributes did not differ. Perceived neighbourhood environment characteristics had moderate to high test-retest reliabilities. Neighbourhood environment attribute ratings may be used in population surveys and other studies. r

Movement patterns of the southern rock lobster Jasus edwardsii were determined from 14 280 tag‐recapture events across South Australia between 1993 and 2003. In total, 68% of lobsters were recaptured within 1 km of their release site and 85% within 5 km. The proportion of lobsters moving >1 km in marine fishing areas (MFAs) ranged from 13% to 51%. Movement rates were noticeably high in the south‐east and at Gleesons Landing lobster sanctuary off the Yorke Peninsula but patterns of movement differed spatially. In the south‐east, lobsters moved distances of <20 km from inshore waters to nearby offshore reefs whereas at the Yorke Peninsula, individuals moved distances > 100 km from within the sanctuary to sites located on the north‐western coast of Kangaroo Island and the southern end of Eyre Peninsula. In total, 85% of all lobsters released inside the sanctuary moved distances >1 km. Movement was highest in immature females within most MFAs. Females also remained at large an average of 124 days longer than males. The high variation in lobster movement observed across South Australia highlights the need for locally derived, regionally specific data when assessing the proposed location and subsequent modelling of marine protected areas. This is of particular importance to inshore areas, where movement rates of lobsters were highest.

This paper aims to contribute to developing better ways for incorporating essential human elements in decision making processes for modelling of complex socio-ecological systems. It presents a step-wise methodology for integrating perceptions of stakeholders (qualitative) into formal simulation models (quantitative) with the ultimate goal of improving understanding and communication about decision making in complex socio-ecological systems. The methodology integrates cognitive mapping and agent based modelling. It cascades through a sequence of qualitative/soft and numerical methods comprising:

Recent studies have concluded that acupuncture is safe in the hands of a qualified practitioner. This study assessed the risk of adverse effects of acupuncture administered during pregnancy. 593 women with nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy volunteered to participate in a randomised controlled trial, conducted at the Women&amp;#39;s and Children&amp;#39;s Hospital, in South Australia. Patients were given either traditional acupuncture, formula acupuncture, sham acupuncture or no acupuncture. Data were collected on perinatal outcome, congenital abnormalities, pregnancy complications and the newborn. No differences were found between study groups in the incidence of perinatal outcome, congenital abnormalities, pregnancy complications and other infant outcomes. Our findings suggest that no serious adverse effects arise from acupuncture administered in early pregnancy.

Restraint of older persons in inpatient and residential care is used to control aggression, and prevent falls and other adverse outcomes. Initiatives to reduce these practices are being implemented worldwide. However, there has been little examination of restraint practice in psychiatric services for older persons. This paper reports a retrospective comparative analysis of restraint use in three acute and two extended care psychiatric inpatient wards in Australia. The analysis involved examination of restraint incidents and comparison of restrained and non-restrained patients. There was significant variation in restraint use between wards. On one acute ward, 12.74% of patients were restrained, although restraint use declined during the data collection period. Patients with dementia were restrained at higher rates than patients with other diagnoses, and restrained patients stayed in hospital for a longer duration. Restraint occurred early in admission, and few differences emerged between those restrained once or multiple times. Mechanical restraint was more prevalent than physical restraint, with restraint predominantly used to manage aggression and falls. Findings provide new data on restraint in older persons' psychiatric services. Greater conceptual understandings of behaviours associated with dementia and the unique needs of patients with these disorders may assist in reducing restraint use in these settings.

Academic Reference:

Zuckermann, Ghil'ad & Monaghan, Paul (2012). "Revival linguistics and the new media: Talknology in the service of the Barngarla language reclamation", pp. 119-126 of Foundation for Endangered Languages XVI Conference: Language Endangerment in the 21st Century:Globalisation, Technology & New Media. Auckland, New Zealand.

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Revival Linguistics and the New Media:
Talknology in the service of the Barngarla Language Reclamation


Ghil‘ad Zuckermann

Chair of Linguistics and Endangered Languages
School of Humanities, University of Adelaide, SA Adelaide 5005, Australia
[[email protected]]


Paul Monaghan

Mobile Language Team
School of Humanities, University of Adelaide, SA Adelaide 5005, Australia
[[email protected]]


Abstract

Revival Linguistics is a new branch of linguistics, currently being established at Adelaide. It analyses comparatively and systematically the universal constraints and global mechanisms on the one hand (see Zuckermann 2009), and local peculiarities on the other hand, apparent in revival attempts across various sociological backgrounds, all over the world (see Zuckermann & Walsh 2011). A branch of both linguistics and applied linguistics, it combines scientific studies of native language acquisition and foreign language learning (language reclamation is the most extreme case of Second Language Learning).

The study: The Barngarla language (spelled Parnkalla by Schürmann 1844) is a no-longer spoken Thura-Yura Pama-Nyungan Aboriginal language of the Lakes Cultural Region of South Australia. Most recently Zuckermann, Monaghan and the Barngarla community have launched a reclamation of this sleeping beauty in three major rural/urban centres on the Eyre Peninsula, namely Port Lincoln, Whyalla, and Port Augusta. The presence of three Barngarla populations several hours drive apart presents the revival linguist with a need for a sophisticated reclamation involving ‘talknological’ innovations, such as online chatting, newsgroups, photo and resource sharing through a Barngarla wiki. This paper also examines the tensions accompanying the creation of a Barngarla ‘community of practice’ (cf. Wenger 1998) in a post-traditional Aboriginal context. In important ways, the new talknology poses a direct challenge to existing authority structures relating to the everyday management of knowledge, collaboration and participation. We predict that how the broader Barngarla community negotiates these issues will have an important bearing on the ultimate results of the reclamation project.




Revival Linguistics

Revival Linguistics is a new branch of linguistics, currently being established at Adelaide. It analyses comparatively and systematically the universal constraints and global mechanisms on the one hand (see Zuckermann 2009), and local peculiarities and idiosyncrasies on the other hand, apparent in revival attempts across various sociological backgrounds, all over the world (Zuckermann & Walsh 2011). A branch of both linguistics and applied linguistics, it combines scientific studies of native language acquisition and foreign language learning (language reclamation is the most extreme case of Second Language Learning).

Revival Linguistics complements the established field of documentary linguistics, which records endangered languages before they fall asleep. Revival Linguistics ought to revise the fields of grammaticography (writing grammars) and lexicography (writing dictionaries): Grammars and dictionaries ought to be written for language reclamation, i.e. in a user-friendly way, for communities, not only for linguists. For example, juxtapose Lutheran missionary Clamor Wilhelm Schürmann’s 1844 spelling of the Barngarla word nunyara ‘recovery’, which ignores the English environment, thus resulting in the pronunciation nanYAra rather than NOONyara.

Closely related to contact linguistics, Revival Linguistics changes the field of historical linguistics, e.g. by weakening the Family Tree model, which implies that a language ought to have only one parent. Assisting Aboriginal communities in a realistic, non-purisitic way, without selling them myths, Revival Linguistics promotes efficiency and efficacy in language reclamation.

Certainly Australia has been made the ‘Unlucky Country’ through the historical processes of linguicide (language killing) and glottophagy (language eating). These twin forces were in operation from the early colonial period. In her detailed study of the role missionary language practices in the early years of the South Australian colony, Scrimgeour quotes the following colonial language ideology: ‘Mr Forster afterwards adverted to the present mode of teaching the children in their own language. He, with all respect to the Missionaries, would say, on several grounds, that this was wrong. The natives would be sooner civilized if their language was extinct. The children taught would afterwards mix only with whites, where their own language would be of no use – the use of their language would preserve their prejudices and debasement, and their language was not sufficient to express the ideas of civilized life.  He gave the Missionaries full credit for their talents and zeal, but he thought it would be better to teach the children in English’ (from Report on a public meeting of the South Australian Missionary Society in aid of the German Mission to the Aborigines, Southern Australian, 8 September 1843; Scrimgeour, 2007: 116, italics added).

In the case of glottophagy, Governor George Grey noted: ‘The merchant in London who lays on a vessel for a certain port, regards the affair as a mere mercantile speculation, but could he trace out the results he effects in their remotest ramifications, he would stand astonished at the changes he produces.  With the wizard wand of commerce, he touches a lone and trackless forest, and at his bidding, cities arise, and the hum and dust of trade collect – away are swept ancient races; antique laws and customs moulder into oblivion.  The strong-holds of murder and superstition are cleansed, and the Gospel is preached amongst ignorant and savage men. The ruder languages disappear successively, and the tongue of England alone is heard around’ (Grey 1841: 200-201, italics added). Grey was a strong supporter of Aboriginal languages, encouraging Schürmann’s work documenting the Adelaide language (Kaurna) and Barngarla at Port Lincoln (see below).

With globalization, homogenization and Coca-colonization there will be more and more groups all over the world added to the forlorn club of the lost-heritage peoples. Language reclamation will become increasingly relevant as people seek to recover their cultural autonomy, empower their spiritual and intellectual sovereignty, and improve their wellbeing. There are various ethical, aesthetic and utilitarian benefits of language revival: for example, social justice, diversity and employability, respectively.

Zuckermann (2012) has enthusiastically called for Native Tongue Title and linguistic human rights, suggesting that the Australian government ought to compensate Indigenous people not only for the loss of land but equally importantly for the loss of language. Zuckermann has suggested to the Australian government to define Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander vernaculars as official languages.

Furthermore, it is predicted that in the future the very insights offered by Revival Linguistics will themselves become part of Indigenous Intellectual Property, when Slovenes and Estonians come to Australia and New Zealand to ask Aboriginal Australians and Maori to assist them in their own European language resurrection.

There is an urgent need to produce perspicacious LINGUISTIC and socio-linguistic insights relevant to language reclamation. Otherwise, linguists or language workers would not be able to offer, if asked by Indigenous people, efficient and efficacious advice. There are linguistic constraints applicable to all revival attempts. Mastering them would help revivalists and First Nations leaders to work more efficiently; for example, to focus more on basic vocabulary and verbal conjugations than on sounds and word order – see Zuckermann (2009: http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Hybridity_versus_Revivability.pdf.

Revival linguistics would assist revivalists to be more realistic and to abandon discouraging slogans such as "Give us authenticity or give us death!" The following are among the basic principles that the revival linguist encourages in Aboriginal communities:

i. If your language falls asleep: stop, revive, survive!
ii. If you revive a language, embrace the hybridity of the emerging tongue; and
iii. If your language is healthy, assist others in linguistic need.

One day we may invent devices to “inject” a language into our brains. But until then, any attempt to reclaim a hibernating language will result in a hybrid that combines components from the revivalists' and documenters' mother tongues and, of course, the target language. In the immortal words of Jerry Seinfeld: "Not that there's anything wrong with that!"

The Study


Figure 1: Map of Traditional Aboriginal Country after Norman Tindale (adapted from Hercus 1999)

The Barngarla language reclamation project has arisen through partnerships between the University of Adelaide (Linguistics and the Mobile Language Team) and the Barngarla people. Although still in its infancy, consultations began in September 2011, a number of very significant steps have been made towards reclaiming this ‘sleeping beauty’. Without doubt, the key challenge has been to develop a strategy for the reclamation of the language simultaneously and without favour in three major regional centres. In ways that will be elaborated below, this multi-sited, regional or peripheral reclamation makes demands that are very different to those often found in metropolitan reclamation contexts (e.g. Kaurna, cf. Amery...

This paper proposes the enactment of an ex gratia compensation scheme for loss of Indigenous languages in Australia. Although some Australian states have enacted ex gratia compensation schemes for the victims of the Stolen Generation policies, the victims of ‘linguicide’ (language killing) are largely overlooked by the Australian Government. Existing grant schemes to support Aboriginal languages are inadequate, and they should be complemented with compensation schemes, which are based on a claim of right. The proposed compensation scheme for the loss of Aboriginal languages should support the effort to reclaim and revive the lost languages. We first outline the history of linguicide during colonisation in Australia. We then put a case for reviving lost Aboriginal languages by highlighting the benefits of language revival. After evaluating the limits of existing Australian law in supporting the language revival efforts, this paper proposes a statute-based ex gratia compensation scheme, which can be colloquially called ‘Native Tongue Title’.

Lean thinking is a method for organising complex production processes so as to encourage flow and reduce waste. While the principles of lean thinking were developed in the manufacturing sector, there is increasing interest in its application in health care. This case history documents the introduction and development of Redesigning Care, a lean thinking-based program to redesign care processes across a teaching general hospital. Redesigning Care has produced substantial benefits over the first two-and-a-half years of its implementation, making care both safer and more accessible. Redesigning Care has not been aimed at changing the specifics of clinical practice. Rather, it has been concerned with improving the flow of patients through clinical and other systems. Concepts that emerged in the manufacturing sector have been readily translatable into health care. Lean thinking may play an important role in the reform of health care in Australia and elsewhere.

A . ( 2 0 0 2 ) ( 2 0 0 2 ) Journal of Advanced Nursing 37(2), 192±198 Preferences for female and male nurses: the role of age, gender and previous experience ± year 2000 compared with 1984 Background. The situations in which patients prefer a male or female nurse are not clear, as the literature reports differing relationships between gender and preference. Furthermore, most research has focused on female preferences. Methods. This questionnaire study investigated the preferences of both males and females for a male or female nurse, depending on four clinical situations. The role of age and previous experience with a male nurse was also taken into account. Gender, age and experience were further examined in relation to attitudes towards professional nursing practice. To determine whether preferences and attitudes have changed over time, the study was replicated in 2000, having been ®rst conducted in 1984. Data were collected from the same general practice waiting room on each occasion. Results. Consistent with previous research, the degree of intimacy in a clinical situation was found to be predictive of same-gender preferences. Younger females may prefer female nurses more than older females. Experience with male nurses was limited in both samples, but was not predictive of preferences or attitudes. Conclusions. Generally speaking, results from 1984 and 2000 were not signi®cantly different. As a quantitative study, this research contributes to an understanding of patient preferences. However, in-depth, qualitative research is recommended to understand better the reasons for preferences and attitudes, for both male and female patients.

In an effort to combat the known negative effects of exposure to unrealistic thin ideal images, there is increasing worldwide pressure on fashion, media and advertising industries to disclose when images have been digitally altered. The current study used eye tracking technology to investigate experimentally how digital alteration disclaimer labels impact women&#39;s visual attention to fashion magazine advertisements. Participants were 60 female undergraduate students who viewed four thin ideal advertisements with either no disclaimer, a generic disclaimer, or a specific more detailed disclaimer. It was established that women did attend to the disclaimers. The nature of the disclaimer had no effect on time spent looking at particular body parts, but did affect the direction of gaze following reading of the disclaimer. This latter effect was found to be greater for women high on trait appearance comparison. Further research is paramount in guiding effective policy around the use of ...