Physics for Scientists and Engineers

In the 1950s, the situation in the USA was not so easy and the feeling of always being in danger was constant, because of the “containment policy”, contrasts, tensions, the promulgation of the Marshall Plan and the birth of NATO. People lived with the fear of an imminent outbreak of an atomic war. That’s why Norbert Wiener, Karl Deutsh and Giorgio de Santillana wrote a project to prepare American cities in the event of an atomic war.
The project, published in the magazine «Life» (December 18, 1950), was titled “How U.S. cities can prepare for atomic war - M.I.T. professors suggest a bold plan to prevent panic and limit destruction”. In that project the professors outlined their idea of “life belts” around the main cities. The idea was to create circular highways about ten miles from the city centre, with roads leading into the city like spokes on a wheel. The three men designated the perimeter of the life belts as evacuation points for city dwellers, also designing essential facilities and places. The paper aims to analyse the project, contextualizing it in the visions of the three professors of MIT attentive to the role of the scientist in political and social life.

A superluminal quantum-vortex model of the electron and the positron is produced from a superluminal double-helix model of the photon during electron-positron pair production. The two oppositely-charged (with Q = ±e sqrt (2/α) = 16.6e) open-helix spin-½ half-photons compose the double-helix photon. These half-photons separate and curl up their separated superluminal single-helical trajectories to form an electrically-charged superluminal closed-helix spin-½ quantum-vortex electron model and a corresponding positron model. The helical radius and the Dirac equation's zitterbewegung angular frequency of the quantum vortex electron and positron models equal the helical radius and zitterbewegung angular frequency of the two spin-½ half-photons, each of energy E = mc^2 , that composed the double-helix photon model of energy E = 2mc^2 from which the electron and positron models were produced. The photon and electron models are also compatible when a photon of energy E > 2mc^2 produces a relativistic electron-positron pair. Implications of the quantum vortex electron model for electron stability are discussed.

Abstract
- The rate 1.0725 is found frequently between many solar planets orbital and internal distances (a constant rate)
- I suggest this rate is found because of Lorentz Contraction Phenomenon
i.e.
- There's a difference in velocities = "light velocity" between 2 motions in the solar group (even if we can't measure or notice this velocities difference)
i.e.
There's More Than One Frame In The Solar Group

This paper suggests a clear argument as following:
1. The solar group is created by light beams, but we see these light beams in different forms (as matters and distances)

2. We see the light as matter (Specifically, bright fringes produced by light coherence we see as matters, where dark fringes we see as distances)

3. We see bright fringes as matters because our mind works by light velocity (Mind Thinking Process), so the whole matter around us is found because of the human mind effect.

4. to enable us to see the sun rays, Earth has to move with light velocity relative to the sun, to create a difference in velocities = c velocity

5. So, the sun creation depends on the difference in Earth and Sun motions = c velocity.

6. That's why Lorentz contraction phenomenon is seen in the solar orbital and internal distances, specifically with the constant rate = 1.0725, (which equals 7.25%), where the sun obliquity to ecliptic (7.25 degrees).

7. means, the sun creation process contains Lorentz Phenomenon Effect on the solar orbital and internal distances (and on many other values) 
8. The Distance can be defined as "A Form Of Energy", which is proved by the moon orbit regression yearly 19 degrees (Metonic Cycle) (otherwise how distance can move?) (that supports the claim that, distances are dark fringes produced by light coherence)

This Paper Consists Of 2 Parts
1st Part    : Theory Of Matter Creation
2nd Part    : Application on the theory (the solar group creation from the light) 
 Starting From The Solar Group First Energy
 Explaining The Energy Coherence (light coherence)
 Discovering The Matter Creation
 Providing The Solar Group Motions Harmony Reasons

There seems to be a trend in the public perception of engineering and technology that to be able to operate a piece of equipment or a system is to understand how it works. Nothing could be further from the truth. The gap between the ability to operate and a genuine understanding is, if anything, widening because much of the complexity added to modem electrical equipment has the specific aim of making it operable or ‘user-friendly’without special training or knowledge.
The need for a basic explanation of principles, leading to a simple description of how various important and common classes of electrical equipment works, has never been stronger. Perhaps more so than in its predecessor, Newnes Electrical Pucker Book, an attempt is made to address fundamentals in this book, and the reader is encouraged to follow through any areas of interest using the references at the end of each chapter. More comprehensivecoverage of all the subjects covered in this pocket book is available in the Newnes Electrical Engineer’s Reference Book.

SUMMARY This paper traces how media representations encouraged enthusiasts, youth, and skilled volunteers to participate actively in science and technology during the twentieth century. It assesses how distinctive discourses about scientific amateurs positioned them with respect to professionals in shifting political and cultural environments. In particular, the account assesses the seminal role of a periodical, Scientific American magazine, in shaping and championing an enduring vision of autonomous scientific enthusiasms. Between the 1920s and 1970s, editors Albert G. Ingalls and Clair L. Stong shepherded generations of adult 'amateur scientists'. Their columns and books popularized a vision of independent non-professional research that celebrated the frugal ingenuity and skills of inveterate tinkerers. Some of these attributes have found more recent expression in present-day 'maker culture'. The topic consequently is relevant to the historiography of scientific practice, science popularization and science education. Its focus on independent non-professionals highlights political dimensions of agency and autonomy that have often been implicit for such historical (and contemporary) actors. The paper argues that the Scientific American template of adult scientific amateurism contrasted with other representations: those promoted by earlier periodicals and by a science education organization, Science Service, and by the national demands for recruiting scientific labour during and after the Second World War. The evidence indicates that advocates of the alternative models had distinctive goals and adapted their narrative tactics to reach their intended audiences, which typically were conceived as young persons requiring instruction or mentoring. By contrast, the monthly Scientific American columns established a long-lived and stable image of the independent lay scientist.

Abstract
Paper hypothesis no. (1) 
- The Solar System Be Created Based On One Geometrical Design
Paper hypothesis no. (2) 
- The Solar Planets And Their Distances Be Created Out Of One Light Beam
Paper hypothesis no. (3) 
- This Light Beam Travels With A Velocity 1.16 Million Km Per Second
Paper hypotheses Explanation 
- Hypothesis no. (1)
- The hypothesis tells, the solar system be created based on one geometrical design, means, the planets dimensions and data be defined by one equation and can be concluded based on one another – this fact the paper proves clearly –
- The paper provides 4 equations which can be considered as a discovery, by them we can conclude the planets fact sheet theoretically without observation, let's prove that by introducing the first equation of them
- d2= 4d0 (d- d0) where (d =planet orbital distance) and (d0 = previous planet orb. dis.)
- The equation tells, the distance from the sun to Pluto be distributed geometrically in order regardless the planets data – neither their masses nor their diameters – simply the distance be distributed geometrically regardless planets data –
- (The paper tests and proves the equation) -  let's provide the 2nd equation
- (d1/d2) = (v2/v1)2 where (d = planet orbital distance) and (v= planet velocity),
- The equation doesn't use the planets order as the first one –
- The 4 equations tells one clear information which is
- If we know (Mercury orbital distance =57.9 mkm), By use these 4 equations, we can conclude theoretically all planets orbital distances, periods, velocities,  their diameters, rotation periods, masses, orbital inclinations and axial tilts. This data we conclude theoretically without observation by these 4 equations 
- The next question should be Why? hypothesis no. (2) answers -Because,

- The Solar Planets And Their Distances Be Created Out Of One Light Beam.
- This is similar to Young Experiment (the double slits experiment), the sun rays produces bright fringes and dark fringes (One Design) (If we accept that, we have to suppose the bright fringes be seen by us as matters and the dark as space) 
- The paper proves this fact also, by analysis of  Lorentz length contraction effect and tries to answer the question (Why does Particle length be contracted by its high velocity motion?)
- But, the complexity isn't finished
- The light beam based on which the solar planets and their distances be created, this light beam travels with a velocity 1.16 million km per second!!
- And how to prove this fact? and from where we know this number 1.16 mkm/s??
- From planets velocities  where
- Mercury (47.4 km/s) moves during 6.8 hours a distance = 1.16 million km
- Uranus (6.8 km/s) moves during 47.4 hours a distance  = 1.16 million km
- Earth (29.8 km/s) moves during 5.4 x 2 hours a distance = 1.16 million km
- Neptune (5.4 km/s) moves during 29.8 x 2 hours a distance = 1.16 million km
- Shortly
- The planets velocities be created complementary one another based on this velocity 1.16 million km per second – because of that – I know this velocity
- This is a strong reference (and can't be a proof) but it tells, the solar system design takes into consideration the distance 1.16 million km.

Paper objective
- The paper tries to create a revolution in physics because it supposes the solar system be created based on one design, and this design be found by light motion effect on planet motion where matter and space together be created out of one light beam, and also the paper argues about the light velocity 1.16 million km per second as another real velocity of light.
- Based on what this revolution should depend? Based on the moon orbit
- Because
- The moon daily displacement be = 88000 km and during 29.53 days (the moon day) the displacements total be = 2.5986 mkm, if this is the moon apogee circumference – the apogee radius should be 413600 km – not only – but because the moon daily displacement be 88000 km (so long) the moon would be prisoner in the orbit with radius (413600 km) and can't revolve around the Earth through any more near orbits
- The facts contradicts the data, because the moon apogee radius =406000 km and the moon revolves around the Earth through more near orbits and can reach to the perigee radius (363000 km) and how can we explain the data??

- I have discovered that, the intelligent moon creates an angle (θ) between its motion and its orbit horizontal level – by that – the real displacement (L) through the orbit be less than 88000 km because it be (L = 88000 cos (θ)) now the moon can change the angle (θ) and decreases the real displacement (L) as required which enable the moon to revolve around Earth through more near orbits
- The angle (θ) is an intelligent idea and based on it the moon motion equation be formed and the paper tests it (Point No.5-9)
- The next question should be (why the apogee radius be 406000 km specifically?) if the intelligent moon has this technique to decrease its real displacement (L) why not the apogee radius be shorter than (406000 km)? or why not the perigee radius not be more near than (363000 km)?
- This question answer creates the paper objective, because the apogee radius be only 406000 km by an effect of Uranus motion on the moon motion – the idea tells Uranus motion effects on the moon motion and causes it to moves Metonic Cycle (19 years), more questions be born in the way… why the moon moves Metonic Cycle? If The Earth doesn't, that means, another planet must effect on the moon motion and causes this Cycle (Metonic Cycle 19 years)….
- Uranus orbital distance = 19.2 Earth orbital distance, means, if the 2 planets velocities be equal, while Uranus revolves around the sun one revolution the Earth revolves 19 revolutions (19 years) and Metonic Cycle (19 years), Can this data be a proof for the claim? Not but it creates a reference can help   
- Now we have a great rock in the way, because, the gravitation equation prevents us- 
- We have searched deeply to know if really Uranus motion can effect on the moon motion and how the moon apogee radius be decreased from 413600 km to 406000 km- but more searching creates more difficulties – because
- The planet which effect directly on the moon apogee radius 406000 km is Pluto motion and not Uranus. And we have discovered that Uranus motion must effect also on Pluto motion (that's why Pluto day is so long relative to the outer planets) - but – Pluto has no hope to effect on the moon for mass and distance – although – Pluto data be used in the process perfectly (as we will see)
- Before this dilemma, the only solution be that     

- The Solar System be created based on one design and works as a machine of gears each planet be a gear in it – means- the solar group is similar to one creature body and the planets are members in it – by that – each planet role be defined based on its position in the general design and for that reason while the effect on the moon orbit is Uranus motion effect but this effect be transported by Pluto motion basically
- Then more searching be done to discover this One Design based on which the solar system be created. and
- The searching process showed that the one design depends on One Light, and we have to conclude that matter and space both are created out of the same one light beam   
- Followers for the data results, we have to examine the light beam nature based on which the one design be created based on which the solar planets and their distances be created – and the fact be discovered is that
- This light beam travels with velocity 1.16 million km per second – and this is the original light beam based on which the solar planets and their distances be created.
- The light known velocity (300000 km/s) be created later, as we should discuss in the paper, which proves that the sun be created after all planets creations and motion. (In fact the sun be created depending on the planets motions) disproving  decisively Newton theory of the sun gravity as the planets motions reason     
Paper point on discussion
- We discuss the moon orbit apogee radius decreasing process as a proof for the claim (the solar system be created based on one geometrical design) and the paper analyzes this design to prove it depends on one light and to prove this light beam velocity must be 1.16 million km per second


Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Physics Department-  Physics & Mathematics  Faculty 
Curriculum Vitae http://vixra.org/abs/1902.0044
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Why there's No velocity higher than Light Velocity C =300000 km/sec? Because • The Matter is created from light beams coherence (according to Young Experiment-The Main Hypothesis) • The Time is created as the Matter Changing measurement • Our body (matter) is produced by the same method, from this light beams coherence • Our bodies are connected with specific Light velocity and specific time rate because our bodies are produced by specific Light Beams coherence

The steady free surface motion of a layered medium of viscoelastic fluids driven by a vertical rotating rod and the free surface motion of a viscoelastic fluid between vertical, eccentric, rotating cylinders is solved by means of domain perturbations. The flow field, the shape of the free surfaces and the interface and the climb at the rod are determined by expanding the stress in a series of Rivlin-Ericksen tensors and developing the theory as a perturbation of the rest state in powers of the angular frequency of the rod or of the cylinders. It is shown that rheometrical measurements in the rotating rod geometry are reliably reproducible whilst concentric cylinder geometry presents important practical problems in measuring rheological constants.

Copernicus-Kepler Model Modification:
1- The sun is on the vertical level relative to the Earth.
2- All solar planets are found on the horizontal level relative to the Earth
3- The Sun is higher than the Earth, and higher than all solar planets
4- The straight line from the Sun to the Earth is the main line in the solar group 
5- The planets revolve around this line, and not around the sun herself..
6- i.e. the Planets revolve around the line connected between the Sun and the Earth…
7- That means when the planet revolve around the sun, he will revolve around the Earth also because both of them connected by this same one line   
8- That's why, the Ptolemy model lived very long time, because it was correct
9- So if the planet revolve around the sun or around the Earth the result will be the same, because both of them contributed to create the main line in the solar group
10- And because the sun is higher than the Earth, we see the sun hesitating motion to forward and backward with angle 63.7 degrees yearly, as a circle motion
11- So the sun circle motion is NOT true, but resulted from our wrong vision for the sun motion…
12- I claim, the planets from the Earth to Pluto move toward the sun, but Mercury and Venus move in the reverse direction
13- The Earth daily displacement toward the sun = 1 km
14- The previous modification can give us some explanation for the Egyptian astronomical phenomenon 2737, in which Mercury, Venus and Saturn were perpendicular on the Earth on 3/12/2012 (on the three Egyptian pyramids heads - appendix No.1),
15- Which proves, that the planets Not only revolve around the sun but also revolve around the Earth, supports this modification.

A superluminal quantum-vortex model of the electron and the positron is produced from a superluminal double-helix model of the photon during electron-positron pair production. The two oppositely-charged (with Q = ±e sqrt(2/α) = 16.6e) open-helix spin-½ half-photons compose the double-helix photon. These half-photons separate and curl up their separated superluminal single-helical trajectories to form an electrically-charged superluminal closed-helix spin-½ quantum-vortex electron model and a corresponding positron model. The helical radius and the Dirac equation's zitterbewegung angular frequency of the quantum vortex electron and positron models equal the helical radius and zitterbewegung angular frequency of the two spin-½ half-photons, each of energy E = mc^2, that composed the double-helix photon model of energy E = 2mc^2 from which the electron and positron models were produced. The photon and electron models are also compatible when a photon of energy E > 2mc 2 produces a relativistic electron-positron pair. Implications of the quantum vortex electron model for electron stability are discussed.

The lubrication of a non-Newtonian liquid by a Newtonian fluid in the concentrically stratified laminar flow of two immiscible fluids in a horizontal tube has been investigated experimentally by an opto-mechanical method. Data for the interfacial velocity and the total volume flow rate for two zero shear rate viscosity ratio are presented. The results of this investigation are useful in solving high wax content crude oil transportation problems and in the design of lubricated pipelines.

The Earth moves with C velocity (light velocity) relative to the Sun
i.e.
The light is produced by The Earth Motion, where
The Earth transforms her motion mechanical waves into light waves, producing the light beams   
These light beams travel to the sun and reflect on her where the sun is just a mirror. 

The Earth Motion = The Solar Planets Daily Velocities Total based on new time rate defined by the Earth.

Paper hypothesis: 
Planet day period is defined depends on other planets motions

Paper objective: 
The paper discuss if this fact supports the hypothesis (Planet Motion Depends On Light Motion)
Paper contents 
1- Planet Velocity And Diameter Relationship
2- Planet Day Period Definition
3- The Moon Day Period Discussion


Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292

Why does Earth rotate 4-years Cycle (1461 days)? Because there's an interaction and coherence between Earth, Moon and Mars Motions, this interaction causes this 4-years Cycle This paper tries to prove this fact, and explains its mechanism. Also we discuss here the "Distance" and "Time" Definitions, explaining how to distinguish between the matter and space.

The shape of the free surface and the flow field of a simple fluid driven by the steadily rotating bottom cap of a c y l i n d r i c a l cup is investigated. A regular domain perturbation in terms of the angular velocity of the bottom cap is used. The velocity field is a superposition of a strong primary, azimuthal field and a weaker secondary meridional f i e l d. The effect of the aspect ratio and viscoelasticity of the fluid results in multiple cell structures in the meridional plane. The free surface shape determined at the lowest significant order in the perturbation algorithm, is similarly affected by the same factors. Both the flow field and the interface shape are determined for a wide range of aspect ratios and viscoelastic parameters.

Poiseuille flaw of an elastico-viscous liquid in a straight, circular pipe driven by a pressure gradient oscillating about a non-zero mean is investigated. The simple fluid of the multiple integral type presents a flow enhancement which depends on the frequency and amplitude of the oscillation, magnitude of the mean pressure gradient and the material functions of the fluid. A closed form expression for the flow rate alteration, independent of any explicit representations for the material functions, is developed at the lowest order in the perturbation algorithm where nonlinear effects appear. Asymptotic analyses of the flow rate enhancement at small and large frequencies are presented.