Photobiomodulation

Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy is based on the exposure of biological tissues to low-level laser light (coherent light) or light-emitting diodes (LEDs; noncoherent light), leading to the modulation of cellular functions, such as proliferation and migration, which result in tissue regeneration. PBM therapy has important clinical applications in regenerative medicine. Vitiligo is an acquired depigmentary disorder resulting from disappearance of functional melanocytes in the involved skin. Vitiligo repigmentation depends on available melanocytes derived from (a) melanocyte stem cells located in the bulge area of hair follicles and (b) the epidermis at the lesional borders, which contains a pool of functional melanocytes. Since follicular melanoblasts (MBs) are derived from the melanocyte stem cells residing at the bulge area of hair follicle,
the process of vitiligo repigmentation presents a research model for studying the regenerative effect of PBM therapy. Previous reports have shown favourable response for treatment of vitiligo with a low-energy helium-neon (He-Ne) laser. This review focuses on the molecular events that took place during the repigmentation process of vitiligo triggered by He-Ne laser (632.8 nm, red light). Monochromatic radiation in the visible and infrared A (IRA) range sustains matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), improves mitochondrial function, and increases adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and O2 consumption, which lead to cellular regenerative pathways. Cytochrome c oxidase in the mitochondria was reported to be the photoacceptor upon which He-Ne laser exerts its effects. Mitochondrial retrograde signalling is responsible for the cellular events by red light. This review shows that He-Ne laser initiated mitochondrial retrograde signalling via a Ca2+-dependent cascade. The impact on cytochrome c oxidase within the mitochondria, an event that results in activation of CREB (cyclic-AMP response element binding protein)-related cascade, is responsible for the He-Ne laser promoting functional development at different stages of MBs and boosting functional melanocytes. He-Ne laser irradiation induced (a) melanocyte stem cell differentiation; (b) immature outer root sheath MB migration; (c) differentiated outer root sheath MB melanogenesis and migration; and (d) perilesional melanocyte migration and proliferation. These photobiomodulation effects result in perifollocular and marginal repigmentation in vitiligo.

The literature has supported the concept of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in bone regeneration as one of the most important applications in oro-maxillofacial reconstructions. However, the fate of the transplanted cells and their effects on the clinical outcome is still uncertain. Photobiomodulation (PBM) plays an important role in the acceleration of tissue regeneration and potential repair. The aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate the effectiveness of PBM with 808 nm diode laser therapy, using a flat-top hand-piece delivery system at a higher-fluence (64 J/cm 2) irradiation (1 W, continuous-wave) on bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). The BMSCs of 3 old female Balb-c mice were analyzed. The cells were divided into two groups: irradiated group and control group. In the former the cells were irradiated every 24 h during 0 day (T0), 5 (T1), 10 (T2), and 15 (T3) days, whereas the control group was non-irradiated. The results have shown that the 64 J/cm 2 laser irradiation has increased the Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). Runx2 is the most important early marker of osteoblast differentiation. The higher-fluence suppressed the synthesis of adipogenic transcription factor (PPARγ), the pivotal transcription factor in adipogenic differentiation. Also, the osteogenic markers such as Osterix (Osx) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were upregulated with an increase in the matrix mineralization. Furthermore, western blotting data demonstrated that the laser therapy has induced a statistically valid increase in the synthesis of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) but had no effects on the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) production. The data has statistically validated the down-regulation of the important pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin IL-6, and IL-17 after 808 nm PBM exposition. An increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1rα and IL-10 was observed. These in vitro studies provide for first time the initial proof that the PBM of the 808 nm diode laser therapy with flat-top hand-piece delivery system at a higher-fluence irradiation of 64 J/cm 2 (1 W/cm 2) can modulate BMSCs differentiation in enhancing osteogenesis.

Background. The lipid metabolism is essential for maintaining the body's energy responses. Laser photobiomodulation triggers many important cellular effects, but these effects on lipid metabolism are not well described. In this study, we analyzed the laser photobiomodulation in the Lipase Sensitive Hormone activity, a key enzyme in the triglycerides hydrolysis in adipose tissue. 3T3-L1 Methods. Cells were submitted to the differentiation protocol in adipose cells, irradiated with 1J, 2J and 3J with laser (904 nm - 60 mw - laser diode) and incubated for 4 hours after irradiation. Results. The response of laser photobiomodulation was able to trigger an inhibition of Hormone-Sensitive Lipase activity (control = 0,057 ± 0,0008; 1J = 0,050 ± 0,0003; 2J = 0,0477 ± 0,002; 3J = 0,051 ± 0,002. p = 0,0003 against the control), but no modulations was observed in triglycerides levels into the medium (control =26,5856 ± 0,52; 1J = 26,5856 ± 0,52; 2J = 27,2372 ± 1,41; 3J = 25,9991 ± 0,1303, p = 0,18). Conclusion. This is the first describe of Hormone-Sensitive Lipase activity modulation with laser radiation, suggesting that photobiomodulation can influence adipose tissue metabolism and open a new field of study.

Terrestrial pulmonates possess photosensitive neurons in their brain that may possibly influence several cognitive functions and therefore can be apt to study the effect of light on cognition and behavioural response. In this paper, we report results from cognition based T-maze studies on pulmonate snail, Ariophanta laevipes. Cognitive abilities of the snails were established as, time taken to complete the maze pre and post subjection of the brain to low level near-infrared laser for a period of 5 and 10 days. A significant change in the cognitive abilities and behaviour was observed in snails exposed for 5 days to low level near –infrared laser at a wavelength of 650 + 10 nm, in comparison to the control and experimental groups. The results of the studies confirmed that low level light at near infrared wavelengths plays an important role in cognition abilities like memory-formation/retention and learning.

Background: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most commonly studied animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. Immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive therapies currently approved for the treatment of MS slow disease progression, but do not prevent it. A growing body of evidence suggests additional mechanisms contribute to disease progression. We previously demonstrated the amelioration of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced EAE in C57BL/6 mice by 670 nm light-induced photobiomodulation, mediated in part by immune modulation. Numerous other studies demonstrate that near-infrared/far red light is therapeutically active through modulation of nitrosoxidative stress. As nitric oxide has been reported to play diverse roles in EAE/MS, and recent studies suggest that axonal loss and progression of disability in MS is mediated by nitrosoxidative stress, we investigated the effect of 670 nm light treatment on nitrosative stress in MOG-induced EAE.

Chronic gingivostomatitis in dogs is an inflammatory syndrome of the oral cavity, which treatment and control of concomitant periodontitis allow healing in most of the cases. In the presence of recurrent lesions, invasive methods are necessary to treat lesions and pain. As a conservative adjuvant method, photobiomodulation (PBM) with low power laser is able to promote reduction of tissue pain and tissue inflammation besides increasing vascularization and healing, restoring the normal function of the irradiated organ in a shorter time. In veterinary medicine, there is no standardization of technique for its use in oral tissue for treating gingivostomatitis in dogs. In the present case, a dog was submitted to aPDT (7.2 J/point, 3 min/point, 180 J/cm²) and PBM (1.6 J/point, 40 sec/point, 25 J/cm²), using a semiconductor diode laser, with wavelength of 660 nm, spot size of 0.04 cm² and output power of 40 mW. The established protocol proved to be effective as coadjutant treatment for chronic gingivostomatitis, restoring the integrity of dog’s affected mucosa and gingiva.

This article is in support of:  BioEnergetic adjunctive support for pallidal pliancy and metaplasticity (homeostasis) in Parkinson’s @ International Conf on PD & Movement Disorders, Frankfurt, GE 11-13 Aug 2015

How are the ways our re-wired worlds precisely fail the evolved sensory animation desired by our bodies and minds?  Do all the exquisitely, clumsy animal-robots swimming about in the amniotic fluid of our quasi-virtual, internet age show us how essential it is to have the sense to grasp the natural expansive evolutionary impulse of consciousness?  And is the child-like expression of ASMR one of our portals to re-integration?

In addressing these questions we examine if systems biochemistry in conjunction with advances in biophotomodulation could greatly facilitate the continuing search for therapeutic agents, as seen in natural constraint conditions in the brain, more realistically than other systems available so far to improve neural rhythm function (plasticity) and subsequent balance confidence.

Purpose-To determine if the LifeWave X39 non-transdermal patch can produce changes in tripeptides GHK and GHK-Cu production. Materials-BD Vacutainer Safety Loc Blood Collection sets with Pre-attached holder sized 21GX0.75 or 23GX0.75, lavender top tubes, KendroSorvallBiofuge Centrifuge 75005184+, sterile eye droppers, polystyrene containers, thermal liners and an AB Sciex API4000 Qtrap. Analysis software included: Qtrap Analyst software 1.6.2. and R software version 3.5.1. Method-Blood was drawn into lavender top tubes on day 1, 2 and 7 with blood collection sets and spun in KendroSorvall centrifuge for 10 minutes at1300rcf at room temperature. The plasma was placed in cryo tubes and flash frozen using dryice, then shipped to the laboratory for analysis. Once there the blood samples were processed according to the original thesis of Dr. Pickard. The filtrate was concentrated by speed-vac and reconstituted with de-ionized water to50µland analyzed with AB Sciex API4000 Qtrap. The data was analyzed with Analyst software 1.6.2. Results were then sent for statistical analysis using a Wilcoxon signed rank test. All reported p-values are two-sided and p<0.05 was used to define statistical significance. Statistical analyses were conducted with R software version 3.5.1. "Copper tripeptide-1(GHK-Cu) is a small protein composed of the three amino acids (protein building blocks) glycine, histidine, and lysine combined in a specific geometric configuration with the physiologically beneficial mineral (copper)" (DeHaven, 2014). It helps repair and maintain all tissue types(DeHaven, 2014). Results-There was a significant increase in GHK in blood seen at 24 hours, p<0.0098. A significant increase in GHK-Cu in the blood was also seen at 7 days, p<0.0137. Conclusion-This pilot study explored changes in amounts of GHK and GHK-Cu present inblood due to wearing the LifeWave X39 patch for 1 week. There was a significant increase of GHK in blood seen at 24 hours, p<0.0098. A significant increase in GHK-Cu in blood was also seen at 7 days, p<0.0137.

The international electromagnetic field (EMF) project of the World Health Organization (WHO) is a collaborative effort of the WHO teams for Environment, Climate Change and Health (ECCH) and Radiation and Health (ionizing and non-ionizing). The purpose of the effort is twofold. Firstly it seeks to create and house a database of legislation pertaining to EMF exposure. Secondly, it seeks to promote dialogue on the risks related to EMF exposure.&lt;br&gt;The establishment of the EMF Project is motivated by the fact that EMF of a very broad range of frequencies represents one of the most common and fastest growing environmental influences on human health. EMF may have notable positive or negative effects on health, depending on the exposure context. EMF has been around since the birth of the universe, with light being its most familiar form. Electric and magnetic fields are part of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, which extends from static electric and magnetic fields, through ...

Background: Several studies have detailed the efficacy of Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) as a treatment for concussions [1]. As there are no widely accepted imaging or laboratory modalities that document concussive injuries, monitoring improvement objectively proves difficult. ImPACT® is a computer based neurocognitive assessment tool meant to measure cognitive performance and subjective symptoms for concussion injuries. This study uses ImPACT® as a means to document an improvement in symptomatology for patients with persistent post-concussion symptoms pre and posttreatment with PBMT [2]. Methods: This retrospective study reviews patient performance in the ImPACT® test in a cohort of 35 patients who are diagnosed with mild Traumatic Brain Injuries (mTBI) and experiencing persistent post-concussive symptoms. Patients initially took the Post Injury 1 test then underwent PBMT therapy using the BIOFLEX DUO+ system three times a week for 4 weeks using approved parameters for treatment of the cervical spine soft tissue injuries.