Pathological

Albumin is abundant protein in the human plasma. It is monomeric, multi-domain protein that causes oncotic pressure and involve in fluid distribution between the body compartments. It belongs to transport protein family and consist of single chain of 585 amino acids with molecular weight 66.5kDa. In healthy adults' its normal range is 3.5-5.5 g/dl mainly synthesize in hepatocytes. Its binding property impart significant role in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of many drugs and important molecules. Alteration in blood composition reflect disease status mainly protein and nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) have used as a biomarker. Protein biomarker has significant importance due to small pool of protein, capitalize for diagnosis of disease by measuring these changing concentration. Albumin as a protein has the capacity to act as markers for the detection and monitoring of disease, its progression, prognosis, or assess the clinical status of patients. Hypoalbuminemia is observed in hypovolemic shock, burns, surgical loss of blood, trauma, hemorrhage, cardiopulmonary bypass, acute respiratory distress syndrome, hemodialysis, gastric tract disorder, acute and chronic liver diseases, chronic kidney disease and end stage renal failure. But hyeralbuminemia is only observed in dehydration. Hypoalbuminemia increases complications and long-term mortality in many diseases.

The main purpose of this study is to offer physical therapy practitioners theoretical knowledge and methodological foundations needed to use electromyography to detect and assess shortcomings of development and abnormal functioning of the spine in young school-age children. The study begins by presenting the incidence of spine deficiencies among school-age children, supported by objective data derived from our research. We then present a synthesis of the striated muscle structure, its contraction mechanism and studies on the normal and the pathological state of skeletal muscles associated with the spine. In the context of modern methods for spine research, the usefulness of electromyography is highlighted and a synthesis of the following aspects is presented: applications approved for clinical neurophysiology, electromyography as a method of investigation in kinesiology, qualities and diagnostic value of EMG, clinical applications. Details of normal and abnormal results and the EMG recording BIOPAC system are also presented.

Lors d'un congrès, il nous est arrivé d'entendre un médecin (psychiatre) vouloir jeter aux oubliettes la distinction du normal et du pathologique. Tout particulièrement, l'idée d'une normalité serait archaïque. Soumise à la culture ou à l'idéologie du temps, elle serait frappée d'une subjectivité déplacée ou aléatoire, celle de la décision ou de l'imagination humaine. L'exemple le plus marquant en serait la classification de l'homosexualité dans le registre des maladies psychiatriques jusqu'à une période assez récente. Avec une telle approche de la normalité, le problème serait ou bien de trouver un autre schéma opératoire que le couple normal/pathologique, ou bien de trouver une légitimité à un processus de décision du normal. En fait, nous voudrions montrer ici que ce type d'approche pose certes un problème intéressant, mais ne concerne que marginalement la médecine. La normalité au sens médical nous semble bien moins sujette à décision ou à invention que la normalité au sens général, social. Le législateur peut inventer une norme sur le permis à points, mais personne n'invente une norme de santé en face d'une hépatite fulminante, car la maladie s'impose comme anormalité avec évidence. Les notions médicales de normalité et de pathologie semblent de ce fait en grande partie hors de l'arbitraire, hors de la décision humaine.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancers represent a highly aggressive breast cancer subtype and are associated with a worse prognosis. This study was designed to investigate the mammography finding of HER2-positive breast cancer and to compare the results with the characteristics of HER2-negative breast cancer patients. From January 2010 to October 2011, mammography findings of 65 patients with pathologically confirmed HER2-positive breast cancers (n = 22) or HER2-negative breast cancers (n = 43) were retrospectively reviewed. The authors also reviewed pathological reports for information on the histological type and differentiation grade. Among the two types of breast cancer patients, estrogen receptor-negative/PR-negative/HER2-positive breast cancer patients most commonly had associated calcifications (18 of 22) on mammography. On mammography, cases with a cluster of calcifications usually were presented as pleomorphic calcifications (12 of 20) and branching calcifications (4 of 20). Patients with HER2-positive breast cancers showed a histological grade II. HER2-positive breast cancer patients usually had ductal invasive carcinoma (17 of 22). Moreover, postmenopausal patients showed a significantly higher frequency of HER2-positive tumours. Our results suggest that the imaging findings might be useful in diagnosing HER2-positive breast cancer patients.

Background The myofascial system plays a fundamental role in the mechanics of the body, in body tension regulation and the etiology of pathological states like chronic pain. Moreover, it contains contractile elements and preliminary evidence suggests that its properties are linked to psychological factors. The aim of the present research was to investigate characteristics of the myofascial tissue in patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and to examine whether the state of the myofascial tissue causally affects pathopsychological processes in MDD. Methods In Study 1, stiffness and elasticity of the myofascial tissue of 40 inpatients suffering from MDD measured with a tissue compliance meter were compared with those of 40 matched never-depressed participants. In Study 2, 69 MDD patients were randomly assigned to single-session self-myofascial release intervention (SMRI) or a placebo intervention. Effects on memory bias and affect were investigated. Results Results showed that ...

Summary As it greatly reduces local recurrences, total mesorectal excision (TME) became the standard surgical treatment for rectal cancer. Also, the multidisciplinary team approach contributed to an improved outcome of rectal cancer patients. The pathologist has a crucial role in this process as proper pathological assessment of the TME specimen provides important prognostic information for the oncologist and identifies patients that require further therapy. TME resection specimens require a specialized macroscopic handling and pathological workup. The external surface of the TME resection specimen should be carefully inspected and the quality of the mesorectal excision should be assessed. Adequate evaluation of the mesorectal excision requires examination of both the specimen as a whole (fresh) and transverse slides (after fixation). In addition, careful macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of the completeness of tumor resection is required and the distance of the tumor to the ci...

The vast majority of prostatic carcinomas are acinar adenocarcinomas. Unusual histological types account for the remaining 5 - 10% of cancers primarily arisen from the prostate gland. Among the unusual histological variants, ductal carcinoma is the most common histological variant. It arises either from the large primary periurethral ducts or the smaller secondary ducts within the peripheral zone. It shares common architectural patterns with the common acinar adenocarcinoma and similarly to it produces PSA. The general consensus about prostatic duct adenocarcinomas is that they have a rather aggressive biological behaviour however due to its relative rarity no definitive information exists. This paper describes the clinicopathological features of ductal adenocarcinoma and discusses its biological behaviour.

BACKGROUND Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) has been shown to improve the overall survival of locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) patients with pathological complete response. However, the efficacy may be reduced due to chemoresistance mediated by P-glycoprotein (Pgp). This study aimed to explore the association between Pgp expression and patients’ response to NACT. METHODS A prospective cohort study was carried out from May 2018 to October 2019 at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and Koja Hospital. Treatment-naïve LABC patients were consecutively enrolled in the study. Immunohistochemistry analysis of the biopsy samples was done to semi-quantitatively measure Pgp expression. The clinical response was evaluated after 3 cycles of NACT, while the pathological response was evaluated for subjects who underwent surgery post-NACT. RESULTS Mean age of the subjects was 46.2 (9.6) years old, and most of the cases were invasive ductal (78%) and luminal B subtype (61%). Pgp was strongly expressed ...

ABSTRACT A real-time diagnosis system, based on Motorola's 56311 digital signal processor (DSP), is used for the classification of lung sounds into two classes: healthy and pathological. The instrument has two inputs the first of which is from a microphone placed on the chest of the patient while the other is from a flowmeter that is used to label the lung sounds as belonging to the inspiration or expiration cycle. The sampled lung sound of a full respiration cycle is divided into 6 phases with the help of the flowmeter signal, and each phase is divided further into 10 overlapping segments. Each segment is modeled by an auto regressive (AR) model of order 6 by means of the Levinson-Durbin algorithm. The classification process is done using two classifiers: k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) classifier with Itakura and Euclidean distance measures, and minimum distance classifier with the Mahalanobis distance measure. The software was written entirely in assembly language and the result of the classification process is displayed on a character display (LCD).

Objectives-to determine correlation between GSs (Gleason scores) on needle biopsy and RP (radical prostatectomy), evaluating diagnostic tests on biopsy and RP within the last years, between 1984 and 2018. Method-analysis of 100 patients, diagnosed with PCa (prostate cancer) needle biopsy using 18-gauge needle, who underwent RP with lymphadenectomy and for which preoperative and postoperative GSs were available. GS group analysis used three categorization schemes for differentiation: mild, moderate and poor for the whole group and we determined SE (sensitivity), SP (specificity), PVPR (positive predictive value), negative predictive value and accuracy. Results-we found that 42% of the patients had no changes between GS on biopsy and prostatectomy, while 20% were overgraded and 38% undergraded by needle biopsy. Graduation of +1 point in GS (32%) or-1 point (17%) was the most common. Most patients were classified as moderately differentiated by biopsies (78 and 35% in scheme 1 and 2 or 3, respectively), while 43% of patients received an intermediate differentiation classification. Biopsy accuracy varied from 44 to 76% for the analysis of all three schemes. Conclusion-there are differences in correlation between GS on biopsy and on surgical specimen, and Gleason's graduation also depends on the experience of the pathologist. We have shown that sextant biopsies using 18-gauge and a same group of pathologists showed acceptable concordance values (42%) between the GS on biopsy and prostatectomy.