Passion fruit

teve como objetivos observar a eficiência dos extratos de capim-limão (Cymbopogon citratus), manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) e falsa melissa (Lippia alba), como atrativos, e citronela (C. nardus), extratos de orégano, pimentado-reino, canela e cravo, como repelentes, que foram comparados a outros atrativos (eugenol e linalol) e repelentes (n.octyl.acetato, 2.heptanona e citronellal), obtidos comercialmente, para a A. mellifera. Foram estudados, ainda, os insetos visitantes nas flores do maracujá amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.), além de testar plantas-iscas para essas abelhas. Os produtos testados in vitro e, posteriormente, testados tanto pulverizados quanto em tubos, não foram eficientes para atrair ou repelir a abelha Apis mellifera. Os produtos n.octyl.acetato e citronellal repeliram completamente tanto as abelhas africanizadas quanto as Xylocopa, não devendo ser utilizado em cultivos comerciais. O girassol (Hellianthus annuus) e o cosmos (Cosmos sulphureus) podem ser utilizados como alternativas para afastar a abelha A. mellifera das flores do maracujá. Palavras-chave: atrativos, repelentes, Apis mellifera, maracujá amarelo, Passiflora edulis flavicarpa flavicarpa. ABSTRACT. Methods to attract and repel Africanize honey bees Apis mellifera, L., to passion fruit (Passiflora edulis flavicarpa flavicarpa Deg.). This experiment was carried out at Centro Universitário Moura Lacerda, Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo, Brazil, to study Africanized honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) attractives and repellents in vitro, in tubes and on passion fruit flowers (Passiflora edulis flavicarpa flavicarpa Deg.). Visiting insects were studied in flowers and also, bait-plants to Africanized honey bees were tested. The products were not effective in attracting and repelling the honey bee in vitro and in tube tests. The chemicals n.octyl.acetato and citronellal were repellent to honey bees and Xylocopa bees on passion fruit flowers. Sunflower (Hellianthus annuus) and cosmos (Cosmos sulphureus) flowers can be used to remove Africanized honey bees from passion fruit crops.

The production of yellow passion fruit has increased in Brazil, and the inadequate disposal of peels has resulted in environment issue, and also a loss of fibers-rich ingredients. Its use contributes to increase the farmer income. This review analyzes the studies which have been performed on the use of passion fruit peel, considering the nutritional aspects, and to propose safe alternatives for employing this residue. Several investigators have assessed the dietary fiber contents in passion fruit peel which ranged from 35 to 90%, and the in vivo tests in mice and humans have identified the benefits of its consumption. Owing to this concern, it has strengthen the development of products enriched with dietary fiber as an ingredient in the formulation. A long time ago, the cyanogenic glycosides have been identified in passion fruit, except in the seeds. The toxic effects of foods containing cyanogenic compounds have been observed in African countries, where the cassava without adequate treatment has commonly been consumed. The thermoplastic extrusion procedure has been considered as a useful tool for reducing toxic components, and its use will be important for processing peels and to reduce cyanogens to the acceptable levels in accordance with the food regulation.

Physico-chemical and sensory quality of juice from purple passion fruit under different storage temperature and time were assessed. The maximum loss in fruit weight was recorded under room temperature (25 ± 1°C) followed by at 11 ± 1°C. There was an increase in juice percentage up to 9 and 13 days under room temperature and storage at 11 ± 1°C respectively. The optimum flavour in juice was

The aim of this study is to find alternative sources of pectin from three plant wastes mixtures, namely mango (Mangifera indica) fody variety, yellow variety of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) and creamy brown-striped variety of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea). A Mixture Experiments with Process Variables (MPV) design was applied. It is a combination of Scheffé's centroid mixture design and a full factorial design of the process variables (pH and Liquid/Solid ratio: LSR). The pH level was set at 1.5 and 2. The LSR level was fixed at 12.5ml/g and 15ml/g. Citric acid was used as acidifying agent. Pectin was extracted in a two-step sequential extraction at 80°C for 60 minutes. The plant sources, the mixing and the joint action of the pH and the LSR had significant effects on the production of highyielded pectins. All the mixes showed more important yields than individual plant sources at the couple of pH 1.5/LSR 15ml/g. At this condition, an optimum yield of 47.7% can be achieved with the mix composed by 69.7% of mango peel and 30.3% of Bambara groundnut shell. The MPV design is an innovative method permitting the identification of the synergetic or antagonistic effect of mixing and the selection of the suitable extraction conditions favorable to high-yielded extraction. Farther characterization, optimization and classification of these pectins will be needed in order to assess their commercial aptitude.

The effect of Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi on growth, nutrient uptake and root infectivity was determined in Rough Lemon (Citrus jambhiri) seedlings raised under four phosphorus regimes in sand culture and also in sand/nitrosol sterile and unsterile conditions. Inoculation with AM fungi increased the plant height, leaf number and stem girth in relation to un-inoculated seedlings grown under equivalent P concentrations. An increase in plant height, leaf number and stem girth also occurred in both inoculated sterile and un-sterile sand/nitrosol media in relation to un-inoculated sterile and unsterile media. Arbuscular mycorrhiza also increased the leaf area and the root, leaf and stem fresh and dry weights and also caused an increase in the uptake of phosphorus and potassium in the leaf tissues. It also favoured mycorrhizal infectivity of roots and increased the root absorptive surface area. This study indicates that AM fungi improves the capacity of tropical fruit to absorb and utilize plant nutrients possibly by increasing the effective root surface area from which available form of nutrients are absorbed and also by increasing access of roots by bridging the depletion zones. Inoculating seedlings with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi helps to alleviate the adverse effects of global warming and climate change. As a low cost technology, arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation is recommended as part of the regular practise for incorporating into nursery media used for tropical fruit seedling propagation.

This study aims to characterize, to optimize, and to classify the pectins obtained from the mixtures of mango peel, passion fruit rinds, and Bambara groundnut shells wastes. A Mixture Experiments with Process Variables (MPV) design was applied. The low level of the process variables (pH and liquid/solid ratio: LSR) were set at 1.5 and 12.5ml/g respectively, the high level at 2 and 15ml/g. Citric acid was used as extracting agent in two-stepped extraction at 80°C and 60 minutes separately. The yield, equivalent weight (EW), methoxyl content (MeO), anhydrouronic acid content (AUA), and the degree of esterification (DE) of the 28 experimental points were determined. The yields and the qualities of the extracted pectins depended on the plant sources, the mix ratio, the pH and the LSR. Mango and passion fruit wastes gave good yields of pectins and high AUA contents. In contrast, Bambara groundnut waste provided moderate yield and appreciable values of EW, MeO and DE. This complementarity created the opportunity to achieve final products that can compete commercial pectins by mixing the plant sources, particularly with Mango-Bambara groundnut (MB) mix. The use of MPV design offered the possibility of scanning pectins that meet the standard specifications at the experimental domain. Good qualities and high-yielded LM-pectin (LMP), and HM-pectins (HMP) can be extracted at the same time. The optimum yields were 40.3% for LMP (MB: 31.3%-68.7%), 32.0% for slow set pectin (MB: 56.6%-43.4%), 27.5% for medium set pectin (MB: 95.0%-5.0%), and 19.0% for rapid set pectin (MB: 54.6%-45.4%). The presence of Bambara groundnut in the plant wastes mixtures is the key factor of the procurement of marketable pectins.

Soils in rolling to hilly are strongly acidic and deficient in N, P and K-characteristics that are major constraints to high fruit yield like passion fruit. The importance of the macronutrient to passion fruit production showed that best yield was obtained with fertilization of 250-50-80 kg N-P 2 O 5-K 2 Oha-1. The degree of importance of N, P and K followed the order N > P > K. Yield reductions due to the absence of these nutrients from the complete treatment were 60%, 39% and 7%, respectively. Furthermore, best value per fruit was observed with fertilization 250-50-80 kg N-P 2 O 5-K 2 O ha-1 .Mean value per fruit reductions due to non-application of N or P or K from the complete treatment were 29.74%, 17.75% and 11.19%, respectively. Higher juice characteristic (pH) was observed from treatments with K compared from treatments without K. Performance of passion fruit from combined inorganic and organic fertilizers showed that highest yield and average value per fruit were produced by fertilization with 75% IF + 25% OF. Yield per hectare and average value per fruit reductions due to decreasing

This study aims to characterize, to optimize, and to classify the pectins obtained from the mixtures of mango peel, passion fruit rinds, and Bambara groundnut shells wastes. A Mixture Experiments with Process Variables (MPV) design was applied. The low level of the process variables (pH and liquid/solid ratio: LSR) were set at 1.5 and 12.5ml/g respectively, the high level at 2 and 15ml/g. Citric acid was used as extracting agent in two-stepped extraction at 80°C and 60 minutes separately. The yield, equivalent weight (EW), methoxyl content (MeO), anhydrouronic acid content (AUA), and the degree of esterification (DE) of the 28 experimental points were determined. The yields and the qualities of the extracted pectins depended on the plant sources, the mix ratio, the pH and the LSR. Mango and passion fruit wastes gave good yields of pectins and high AUA contents. In contrast, Bambara groundnut waste provided moderate yield and appreciable values of EW, MeO and DE. This complementarity created the opportunity to achieve final products that can compete commercial pectins by mixing the plant sources, particularly with Mango-Bambara groundnut (MB) mix. The use of MPV design offered the possibility of scanning pectins that meet the standard specifications at the experimental domain. Good qualities and high-yielded LM-pectin (LMP), and HM-pectins (HMP) can be extracted at the same time. The optimum yields were 40.3% for LMP (MB: 31.3%-68.7%), 32.0% for slow set pectin (MB: 56.6%-43.4%), 27.5% for medium set pectin (MB: 95.0%-5.0%), and 19.0% for rapid set pectin (MB: 54.6%-45.4%). The presence of Bambara groundnut in the plant wastes mixtures is the key factor of the procurement of marketable pectins.

The work documented in this essay is focused on harnessing the properties of Passion fruit seeds Passiflora edulis f.flavicarpa Deg to achieve the design of a cosmetic product: an exfoliating cream containing passion fruit seed oil and solid residue generated from oil extraction. The applied methodology for the formulation of the cream was initially based on a combination of a mechanical process through pressing, and oil extraction from the seeds by the use of organic solvents, ethyl ether. The physicochemical analysis variables evaluated in the exfoliating cream were pH, extensibility and emulsion capacity. The physical properties were considered as listed, colour, odour, brightness and grittiness. Furthermore, the absence of lumps was evaluated as macroscopic indicators of adequate particle size distribution and uniform texture. It was concluded that the oil from passionfruit seeds due to its composition in protein and liquid elements, optimally conserves the inherent properties of a product designed for skincare and conditioning. The use of solid residue that for primary industries is considered as unstable waste, represents an innovative alternative in the range of available semi-finished raw materials with properties capable of enhancing the products for human consumption.

Passion fruit is a plant that has many health benefits, such as antioxidants, anti-tumor, anti-inflamatory, anti-fungal, and antibacteria. According to Nugraha et. al (2019), purple passion fruit peel was known having antibacteria activity to S. aureus and E. coli. But, this research was only limited to testing antibacteria and phytochemical of purple passion fruit peel. Therefore, further research is needed to make up for these shortcomings. Beside that, exploration of antibacteria activity to other passion fruit is needed, one of them yellow passion fruit. This research was conducted in two stages, namely antibacterial test and continued by MIC and MBC test. Antibacterial test was carried out using diffusion method, while MIC and MBC determined using dilusion method with the yellow passion fruit extract consentration were 25, 50, 75, 100, and 350 mg/mL. The result of antibacterial activity test showed an inhibitory zone of 12, 73 mm in S. aureus and 11, 54 mm in E. coli. The MIC value of S. aureus and E. coli showed positive result in 350 mg/mL concentration. Meanwhile, the MBC test result still showing the grwoth of bacteria that indicate the yellow passion fruit peel extract is bacteriostatic antibacteria.

The quality of passion fruit oil is determined by its main components like the lipids but also by minor compounds whose levels are influenced by several factors (i.e. genetic, environmental, etc.). Description of properties of bioactive components in passion fruit seed oil and their potential beneficial role for human health will be a focal point of this chapter. Presence of aroma compounds and their contribution to the organoleptic properties of the fruit and its industrial residues will be discussed. Suitable research strategies as well as the definition of practical possibilities for using passion fruit oils and its constituents represents another focus: conventional procedures and advanced extraction technologies, as well as analytical techniques, with particular attention to green procedures will be taken into account. An integrated and multidisciplinary system of analysis combined with statistical methods is becoming an increasingly valuable tool for analyzing and modeling agro-food systems in their totality. These new directions will be discussed, with particular regards to spectroscopy combined with advanced chemometrics. Such approaches are applied in classification, discrimination and authentication studies. Furthermore, they are used in detection and monitoring of contaminants and adulterants. The use of passion fruit oil in different fields (i.e. pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetic, bio-based applications) will be discussed.

In order to reduce the total number of experiments for achieving the highest removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions using yellow passion fruit peel (Passiflora edullis, F. flavicarpa) and mandarin peel (Citrus reticulata) as biosorbents two independent sets of full 23 factorial designs with two central points (10 experiments) were experimented. In order to continue the optimization of

Osmotic evaporation to concentrate clari®ed passion fruit juice was tried out on an industrial scale. A pilot plant that was equipped with a module containing 10.2 m 2 of polypropylene hollow ®bres was used to concentrate passion fruit juice up to a total soluble solids (TSS) content higher than 60 g/100 g at 30°C. Tangential velocity, temperature and concentration of solutions sig-ni®cantly in¯uenced evaporation¯ux. An average evaporation¯ux of almost 0.75 kg h À1 m À2 was obtained with water, 0.65 kg h À1 m À2 when juice was concentrated to 40 g TSS/100 g and 0.50 kg h À1 m À2 when it reached 60 g TSS/100 g. A long-term trial, lasting 28 h, was successfully carried out without membrane fouling. Osmotic evaporation can be also conducted as a multistage procedure, giving a constant evaporation¯ux of around 0.62 kg h À1 m À2 when juice was concentrated from 14 to 60 g TSS/100 g. Sensory quality and vitamin C content were well preserved in the concentrated juice. Ó

RESUMO-Este trabalho teve como finalidade estimar a divergência genética entre acessos de maracujazeiro (Passiflora cincinnata Mast.) conservados na coleção de trabalho da Embrapa Semi-Árido, em Petrolina-PE. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. A avaliação foi realizada em 32 acessos, com base em 23 caracteres: dois relativos à planta, três às folhas, seis às flores, quatro aos frutos, quatro às sementes, dois às características químicas dos frutos e dois à produção. O comportamento dos acessos foi pesquisado pelas análises univariada e multivariada, com estimativas das dissimilaridades obtidas pela distância generalizada de Mahalanobis (D 2) e formação do agrupamento pelo método de Tocher. Os acessos apresentaram variabilidade genética para todos os descritores utilizados na avaliação. As distâncias genéticas entre pares de acessos variaram de 17 a 598, com média 152. O acesso 18-D0542 foi indicado como o mais divergente e o mais produtivo, devendo compor programas de intercruzamentos e ser recomendado para cultivos experimentais por produtores. As características de maior importância para a divergência genética foram: a massa total dos frutos (42,29%), a viabilidade de pólen (8,62%) e a área foliar (7,16%). O agrupamento dos acessos não se correlaciona às Unidades Geoambientais originais de coleta.

Pectin was extracted from passion fruit peel using three different acids (citric, hydrochloric or nitric) at different temperatures (40-90°C), pH (1.2-2.6) and extraction times (10-90 min), with and without skins using a 2 4 factorial design. Temperature, pH and extraction time had highly significant effects on the pectin yield. A central composite design with face centring was used to optimise the extraction process conditions for citric acid without skins. Pectin yields varied from 10% to 70%. The optimal conditions for maximisation of pectin yield were the use of citric acid at 80°C and pH 1 with an extraction time of 10 min considering model extrapolation.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar doses de P e fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) eficientes na promoção do crescimento de mudas de maracujazeiro-doce. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, com delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em fatorial 2x4x4: duas condições de solo (desinfestado ou não), quatro tratamentos de inoculação (sem inoculação e com inoculação de Gigaspora albida, Scutellospora heterogama e de FMA nativos da rizosfera de maracujazeiro-doce) e quatro doses de P disponível (Mehlich-1) (8 - solo natural -, 12, 16 e 20 mg dm-3), com quatro repetições. Os FMA nativos proporcionaram benefícios no crescimento das mudas a partir de 30 dias após a inoculação, enquanto os demais FMA incrementaram o desenvolvimento do hospedeiro após 45 dias. Modelos quadráticos indicaram valores máximos de altura de mudas em solo desinfestado, com dose de P entre 15,40 e 16,07 mg dm-3 e em solo não desinfestado, com dose de P entre 14,85 e 15,60 mg dm-3 nos tratamentos...

RESUMO-As doenças causadas por patógenos do solo provocam perdas expressivas em maracujazeiros comerciais. Uma das alternativas de controle dessas doenças seria a utilização de porta-enxertos resistentes. Passiflora nitida é uma das espécies de Passifloraceae que apresentam resistência a essas doenças, mas suas sementes geram porta-enxertos com caules finos e, portanto, incompatíveis com o diâmetro dos garfos da espécie comercial. Este problema pode ser resolvido pela utilização da enxertia em estacas enraizadas ou pela enxertia hipocotiledonar, mas, no Brasil, dados sobre o desenvolvimento e produtividade, em campo, de maracujazeiros enxertados, ainda são escassos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a reação a doenças, produtividade e características físicas de frutos de um clone de maracujazeiro-azedo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) comercial propagado por estaquia, enxertia em estacas herbáceas enraizadas de P. nitida (acesso EC-PN 1) e por sementes. As plantas foram cultivadas em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, onde foram conduzidas em espaldeiras verticais com 1,90 metro em altura, com irrigação por gotejamento. As colheitas foram efetuadas semanalmente, durante 14 meses, e as avaliações das doenças foram efetuadas aos 17; 18 e 19 meses após o plantio. A produtividade das plantas propagadas por estaquia foi o dobro das enxertadas e das propagadas por sementes. Plantas enxertadas e propagadas por estaquia foram menos afetadas pelas doenças. Termos para indexação: controle de doenças, propagação assexuada, porta-enxerto, Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa, Passiflora nitida, características físicas dos frutos.

This study describes for the first time the chemical composition and olfactive description of floral scent from Brazilian Passiflora (Passiflora edulis Sim, Passiflora alata Curtis, Passiflora cincinnata Mast., Passiflora coccinea Aubl. and Passiflora quadrangularis L.). Five species were grown in greenhouse at the Agronomic Institute (IAC), São Paulo, Brazil. Volatile compounds were collected using dynamic headspace. Analyses of scent composition were performed by gas chromatograph coupled to mass spectrometer. Identification of chemical constituents was conducted through of retention index followed by comparative analysis of mass spectra with specialized databases. The olfactive descriptions of floral scent from each species was evaluated for a professional perfumer. High interspecific diversity was found between chemical compositions of floral scent within Passiflora and different bouquets were observed amount the studied species. Mayor constituents were linalool (P. alata), geraniol (P. quadrangularis), 1,4-dimethoxybenzene (P. edulis), benzaldehyde (P. cincinnata) and 2-methyl-3-pentanone (P. coccinea). Key words: chemical composition, fragrances, olfactive description, Passiflora.

A successful in vitro culture establishment has been achieved from the leaves of blue passion flower (Passiflora caerulea L) and the regeneration of shoots was observed with and without callus development. Leaf segment of Passiflora caerulea L. formed callus when cultured on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l NAA, 0.5 mg/l IAA, 0.5 mg/l 2-4-D, 0.5 mg/l Kinetin and 1 mg/l BAP. Direct shoot regeneration without a callus phase has also been achieved from the leaf segment in presence of 2 mg/l BAP and 1 mg/l kinetin. According to our study, a complete plant of blue passion flower along with shoots and roots was developed in around 54 days, which may take near about two seasons or sometimes a year for a seed of blue passion flower to germinate.

Two yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus) were tested for their ability to ferment sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) juice. In order to do this, time course studies of volatile, fixed, and total acidity, pH, alcohol, total sugars and°Bx were performed and the presence of methanol was tested. The fermentation studies were carried out at 25, 28 and 30°C and the juice was inoculated with 1 and 5% (v/v) suspensions of both yeasts containing 1 • 10 8 cells ml)1. Time course studies indicated a similar fermentative pattern at the three temperatures evaluated, hence 25°C was chosen as the cheapest alternative. The size of the inoculum made no difference in the fermentation. Analyses of the sugarcane juice wine showed the following results: pH, 3.2; alcohol, 10°GL; total solids, 16.5 g l)1 ; ash, 1.4 g l)1 ; total acidity, 5.4 g l)1 ; volatile acidity, 0.12 g l)1 ; fixed acidity, 5.3 g l)1 and no methanol was detected. Two additional products were obtained after adding passion fruit juice and roselle (Hibiscus sabdarifa Linn) concentrates. The fruit-flavoured wines were significantly preferred (P £ 0.05) over the plain product. These results indicated that the elaboration of wine-like beverages is a good alternative use for sugarcane.

In order to better understand the physiological functions of protease inhibitors (PIs) the PI activity in buds and flower organs of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) was investigated. Trypsin and papain inhibitory activities were analyzed in soluble protein extracts from buds at different developmental stages and floral tissues in anthesis. These analyses identified high levels of inhibitory activity against both types of enzymes at all bud stages. Intriguingly, the inhibitory activity against both proteases differed remarkably in some floral tissues. While all organs tested were very effective against trypsin, only sepal and petal tissues exhibited strong inhibitory activity against papain. The sexual reproductive tissues (ovary, stigma-style and stamen) showed either significantly lower activity against papain or practically none. Gelatin–SDS–PAGE assay established that various trypsin inhibitors (TIs) homogenously accumulated in developing buds, although some were differenti...

Soil salinity can lead to reduced emergence and poor seedling growth. A study was conducted to investigate on the effect of NaCl salinity treatment on germination and seedling growth of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) under different NaCl concentrations 0 (control), 1.8, 3.6, 5.4 and 7.2 dSm -1 ) . Germination of seeds was determined under different NaCl concentrations. Fifty seeds were germinated at room temperature in Petri dish lined with two layers of whatman No.1 filter paper, moistened with 7.5 ml of each of the NaCl solutions (0 (control), 1.8, 3.6, 5.4 and 7.2 dSm -1 ) and replicated four times in a completely randomized design. The Petri dishes were placed on benches in Botany laboratory. Number of seeds germinating every day after the initiation of the NaCl treatments was counted, and final germination percentage established .The radicle and plumule length was determined at the end of the experiment. Data obtained from the study was subjected to analysis of variance (ANO...

RESUMO-Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de avaliar o valor nutritivo de silagens de capim-elefante contendo níveis crescentes de subproduto desidratado de maracujá (SDM). Foram testados cinco níveis de adição de SDM (0,0; 3,5; 7,0; 10,5 e 14,0%) na dieta de 20 ovinos machos, não-castrados, segundo delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (níveis de adição) e quatro repetições. Foram estimados os consumos de MS (CMS), PB (CPB), FDN (CFDN) e FDA (CFDA), as digestibilidades aparentes da MS (DAMS), PB (DAPB), FDN (DAFDN), FDA (DAFDA) e hemicelulose (DAHEM), além dos valores de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e do balanço de nitrogênio (BN). Com a inclusão de SDM na ensilagem do capim-elefante, ocorreram elevações nos CMS e CPB, sem, no entanto, alterar os valores de CFDN e CFDA. As DAMS, DAPB e os valores de NDT e BN elevaram com a adição de SDM, mas as DAFDN, DAFDA e DAHEM não foram alteradas. A adição de SDM na ensilagem de capim-elefante é uma prática recomendável, pois o uso dessas silagens aumentou o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e elevou a densidade energética da dieta. Palavras-chave: balanço de nitrogênio, subprodutos agroindustriais Nutritive value of elephantgrass silage enriched with processed passion fruit by-product ABSTRACT-T his research was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value of elephant grass silages, with increasing levels of dehydrated passion fruit by-product (DPFB). Five inclusion levels were studied (0.0, 3.5, 7.0, 10.5, and 14.0%). Twenty castrated male sheep were assigned to a complete randomized design with five treatments (inclusion levels) and four replicates. The intakes of DM (DMI), CP (CPI), NDF (NDFI) and ADF (IADF) were determined, as well as the DM apparent digestibility (DMAD), CP (CPAD), NDF (NDFAD), ADF (ADFAD) and hemicellulose (HEMIAD). In addition, it was determined total digestible nutrients (TDN) and the nitrogen balance (NB). The DPFB inclusion during the elephantgrass ensiling process raised the DMI and the CPI, although there was no effect on the NDFI and ADFI. The DPFB addition also raised the DMAD, CPAD, the TDN and the NB. The NDFAD, ADFAD and the HEMIAD were not affected by the treatments. It was concluded that the DPFB addition by the time of elephantgrass ensiling is a recommended practice, increasing the energetic density, the intake and apparent digestibility of the silages.

Antimicrobial proteins have been isolated from a wide range of plant species. More recently, it has become increasingly clear that these types of proteins play an important role in the protection of plants. In this study, we investigate the presence of defense-related proteins from passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) seeds. Initially, seed flour was extracted for 2 h (at 4°C) with phosphate buffer, pH 5.5. The precipitate obtained between 0 and 70% relative ammonium sulfate saturation was re-dissolved in distilled water and heated at 80°C for 15 min. The resulting suspension was clarified by centrifugation and the supernatant (F/0-70) was extensively dialyzed. A Sephadex G-50 size exclusion column was employed for further separation of proteins. The fraction with antifungal activity was pooled and submitted to CM-Sepharose cation exchange. Two proteins, named Pf1 and Pf2, were eluted in 0.1 and 0.2 M of salt, respectively, and submitted to reverse-phase chromatography in HPLC. This fraction inhibited the growth, in an in vitro assay, of the phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and colletotrichum lindemuthianum and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and strongly inhibited glucose-stimulated acidification of the medium by F. oxysporum in a dose-dependent manner. The molecular masses of these proteins, referred to now as Pf1-RP and Pf2-RP, were obtained by MALDI-TOF spectrometry and corresponded to 12,088 Da for Pf1-RP and 11,930 Da for Pf2-RP. These proteins were also subjected to automated N-terminal amino acid sequencing. Sequence comparisons for the heavy subunit of Pf2-RP showed the presence of a protein with a high degree of homology to storage 2S albumins.

This study had the objective of evaluating the genetic divergence among passion fruit (Passiflora cincinnata Mast.) accessions maintained in the collection of Embrapa Tropical Semi-Arid, Petrolina-PE, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Thirty-two accessions were evaluated considering thirty-three characters: two related to the plant, three to the leaves, six to the

In the present work, membrane processing was investigated in order to clarify and to recover aroma from tropical fruitjuices. Pineapple and passion fiuitjuices were selected. Pervaporation experiments were also carried out with binary synthetic aqueous solutions of typical aroma components. Experimental and simulation results indicated that olefm pervaporation membranes presented a good performance due to its low water permeability and high enrichment factor to the components of aroma from the investigated synthetic solutions, as well as the single strength and the clarified fi-uit juices.

Mixed infection of passionflower with Passion fruit woodiness virus and a begomovirus in the State of Bahia, Brazil This paper describes, for the first time, the occurrence of mixed infection of passionflower (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) with Passion fruit woodiness virus and a begomovirus in the State of Bahia. The identification of the begomovirus was based on transmission test with Bemisia tabaci, indirect ELISA, PCR and electron microscopy assays.

Os sucos de frutas são consumidos e apreciados em todo o mundo, não só pelo seu sabor, mas, também, por serem fontes naturais de carboidratos, carotenóides, vitaminas, minerais e outros componentes importantes. Uma mudança apropriada na dieta em relação à inclusão de componentes encontrados em frutas e suco de frutas pode ser importante na prevenção de doenças e para uma vida mais saudável [3, 6, 21]. O Brasil consumiu em 2003 aproximadamente 2,2 bilhões de litros de sucos, nas mais diferentes formas. Destes, 579 mil L são de sucos integrais, com destaque para caju (51%) e maracujá (24%) [9]. No Brasil, os sucos integrais de frutas são uma tradição, sendo envasados em garrafas de vidro, em embalagens cartonadas ou, mais recentemente, em embalagens de poliestireno tereftalato (PET), produzidas, na grande maioria, pelos sistemas hot fill, e em menor quantidade pelo sistema asséptico. Estes sucos de frutas, produzidos

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de óleos essenciais sobre o fungo Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Os óleos essenciais foram obtidos a partir da parte aérea das plantas Lippia sidoides, Ocimum gratissimum, Lippia citriodora, Cymbopogon citratus e Psidium guayava var. pomifera. Após a incorporação dos óleos em meio ágar-água e BDA (batata, dextrose e ágar), nas concentrações de 1μL/ mL, 3μL/mL 5μL/mL e 10μL/mL e a testemunha a 0μL/mL (óleo/meio de cultura), avaliou-se a inibição da germinação dos conídios e a inibição do crescimento micelial, respectivamente. Os resultados demonstraram que a partir da concentração de 1μL/mL, os óleos essenciais de todas as espécies vegetais tiveram efeito sobre a germinação dos conídios, com inibição de 100%. As espécies Lippia sidoides, Ocimum gratissimum, Lippia citriodora, Cymbopogon citratus inibiram em 100% o crescimento micelial do fungo. O óleo da Psidium guayava var. pomifera mostrou inibição crescente sobre o micélio do C. gloeosporioides com o aumento das concentrações desse óleo essencial.

Diversified value added products like palm spread, palm toffee, palm burfi, passion-mango blended squash, passion rind pickle, passion rind candy, blended jamun nectar and jack-passion spread from various minor fruits including palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer L), passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims), jamun (Syzygium cumini Rom) and jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam) were developed and their quality assessed. Among these two products viz. passion-mango blended squash and palm spread were rich in antioxidant properties. Passion rind pickle and passion-mango blended squash stored up to 1 year in sealed glass bottle under ambient temperature (25-37°C). Similarly, passion-mango blended squash has a longer storage life of 15 months followed by jack-passion spread (14 months) under refrigerated temperature (8-10°C). Passion rind pickle, jack-passion spread and passion-mango blended squash were the most acceptable with a score of above 3.5 out of 5.0. The microbial population of the products showed acceptable limit with respect to the yeast and bacterial count till their respective storage period.

In order to reduce the total number of experiments for achieving the highest removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions using yellow passion fruit peel (Passiflora edullis, F. flavicarpa) and mandarin peel (Citrus reticulata) as biosorbents two independent sets of full 2 3 factorial designs with two central points (10 experiments) were experimented. In order to continue the optimization of the system a new full 2 2 factorial design with two central points (six experiments) and a central composite surface analysis (13 experiments, divided into four cube points, five centre points, and four axial points) were employed for yellow passion fruit peel (PFP) and mandarin peel (MP), respectively. Using these statistical tools, the best conditions for MB removal from aqueous solution were initial methylene blue (C 0 ) of 3.20 mg l ÿ1 , pH 9.0 for PFP and 11.0 for MP and time of contact higher than 48 h for PFP and 42.9 h for MP.

O maracujá-amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.) é uma das principais espécies cultivadas do gênero Passiflora. Seus frutos são ricos em minerais, vitaminas e apresentam aroma e sabor agradáveis. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos determinar a produção de etileno e atividade enzimática da ACCoxidase (ACCO) em maracujá-amarelo colhido em diferentes estádios de maturação. A determinação do estádio de maturação foi realizada com o auxílio de um colorímetro, que, por meio da radiação ultravioleta, estabeleceu valores absolutos da cor dos frutos de cada um dos grupos (I, II e III). A produção de etileno e a atividade da ACCoxidase foram realizadas por cromatografia gasosa. Os frutos do grupo I são predominantemente verdes, de acordo com os valores absolutos da cor obtidos. Os frutos do grupo II são predominantemente, coloridos, ou seja, em um estádio de maturação intermediário, e os frutos do grupo III, totalmente coloridos, apresentando-se, portanto, em início da senescênc...

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disorder and a major cause of pain and disability. The hypothesis tested in this study was that the passion fruit peel extract (PFP), a flavonoid-rich dietary supplement, would reduce symptoms due to knee OA. Thirty-three OA patients were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with parallel-group design. Patients received either placebo or PFP pills (150 mg, daily) in a double-blinded fashion for 2 months. The OA clinical symptoms were evaluated monthly with Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index. In the PFP group, there was a significant improvement in total WOMAC score and WOMAC subscale score of physical function after 30 days and pain after 60 days. At 60 days, reductions of 18.6%, 18%, 19.6%, and 19.2% in pain, stiffness, physical function, and composite WOMAC score, respectively, were self-reported in the PFP group. Whereas, in the placebo group, the self-reported WOMAC scores increased in every category. The results of this study show that PFP substantially alleviated osteoarthritis symptoms. This beneficial effect of PFP may be due to its antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties.

A successful in vitro culture establishment has been achieved from the leaves of blue passion flower (Passiflora caerulea L) and the regeneration of shoots was observed with and without callus development. Leaf segment of Passiflora caerulea L. formed callus when cultured on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l NAA, 0.5 mg/l IAA, 0.5 mg/l 2-4-D, 0.5 mg/l Kinetin and 1 mg/l BAP. Direct shoot regeneration without a callus phase has also been achieved from the leaf segment in presence of 2 mg/l BAP and 1 mg/l kinetin. According to our study, a complete plant of blue passion flower along with shoots and roots was developed in around 54 days, which may take near about two seasons or sometimes a year for a seed of blue passion flower to germinate.

The structure and predictive ability of social representation of new foods were investigated and compared with instruments measuring relevant attitudes and traits using a questionnaire quantifying these aspects, completed by 743 respondents. Based on their rated willingness to try, new foods were categorized as modified dairy products, genetically modified (GM), organic, and ethnic products (two examples, snails and passion fruit, were treated separately). The social representation (SR) consisted of five dimensions: suspicion of novelties, adherence to technology, adherence to natural food, eating as an enjoyment, and eating as a necessity. The SR dimensions were strong predictors of willingness to try GM foods (predicted by adherence to technology) and organic foods (predicted by adherence to natural foods). Low food neophobia predicted the rated willingness to try snails and passion fruit. Thus, different constructs predicted willingness to try different categories of new foods, and as a whole, SR dimensions markedly improved the prediction.

En Colombia, no se han reportado estudios sobre análisis de sendero para maximizar el progreso por selección en el mejoramiento de maracuyá (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.). El estudio tuvo como objetivos realizar dos análisis de sendero, uno para el peso del fruto (PFR) y otro para el peso de la semilla con arilo (PSC) del fruto de maracuyá, bajo las condiciones que presenta la ciudad de Montería (Córdoba, Colombia). Se utilizaron las correlaciones fenotípicas y genéticas originadas del análisis de 400 frutos, obtenidos de diez lotes comerciales, diez plantas / lote y cuatro frutos / planta (repeticiones), bajo un diseño anidado con frutos dentro de planta y plantas dentro de lotes. El análisis de sendero para PFR señaló que los efectos directos fueron positivos y 2,28 a 16,50 veces, los indirectos, cuando se usaron las correlaciones fenotípicas y 1,93 a 6,90 veces cuando se utilizaron las genéticas. El peso de la cáscara (PCA) fue la variable que mostró el mayor efecto direc...

Lipoxygenases (LOXs, EC 1.13.11.12) are a class of non-heme iron containing dioxygenases which catalyze the regiospecific and stereospecific hydroperoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids with 1,4-pentadiene system such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid in plants. In this work we studied the LOX activity in damaged as well as in distal leaves in response to specialist (Agraulis vanillae vanillae) or generalist (Spodoptera frugiperda) insect attack. Enzymatic assays showed that induction of LOX activity occurred locally and systemically in response to both insects' attacks. Northern blot analysis revealed that LOX expression is also insect-inducible in agreement with enzymatic assay results. In addition, northern analysis corroborated previous reports that LOX activity is wound- and methyl jasmonate-inducible. These results suggest that the herbivore-response in passion fruit is mediated by jasmonates, since a key enzyme of the biosynthetic pathway of jasmonic acid is induced upon lepidopteran insects' attacks.

This work aimed at identifying physical-chemical characteristics of passion fruits of three cycles of stratified mass selection (original, first and second cycles) and four populations from different counties of the Bahia State, Brazil. Samples of 10 fruits within plots of 16 plants for each of the eight blocks were used for measurements of longitudinal and transversal fruit diameters, as well

Moisture adsorption isotherms from a new biscuit considered as functional food were determined using a gravimetric static method at 25 and 40C and over a range of relative humidity from 0.112 to 0.903. The biscuit had 2.5, 3.3, 10.0 and 31.0% of ash, fiber, protein and fat, respectively, and 4.7% moisture content. The equilibrium moisture content of the biscuit (kg/ kg) increased when the storage temperature at any given water activity (A w) was reduced. The experimental data were analyzed using different models, namely Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) (three-parameter relationships), Henderson and Oswin (both models with two parameters), which exhibited a sigmoid shape at the studied temperatures. The maximum isosteric heat of sorption was 21.6 kJ/mol, which exponentially decreased when the moisture content was increased. The GAB model was found to be the most suitable for describing the adsorption characteristics at the temperature and A w range studied, according to the relative error and the coefficient determination.

To obtain clari®ed passion fruit juice, cross¯ow micro®ltration after enzymatic liquefaction was studied using ceramic membranes with 0.2 lm pore size. The eect of a high-rate enzymatic treatment for the degradation of suspended solids was assessed, resulting in the selection of a commercial enzymatic preparation. Partial enzymatic liquefaction of cell-wall polysaccharides prior to micro®ltration provided an unusual pattern of¯ux increase after a short decline when cross¯ow velocity was high (7 m s À1). It was found that a synergistic eect between pectinase and cellulase activities enhanced permeate¯ux increase. With total recycling at 36°C, the combination of low transmembrane pressure (150 kPa) and high enzyme concentration (1 ml l À1) provided the highest¯ux (113 l h À1 m À2). These conditions were then assessed with concentration in order to verify industrial feasibility and evaluate physicochemical characteristics of ®nal products. A volumetric reduction ratio of 3 was maintained during 18 h without any decrease in permeate¯ux, which¯uctuated around 40 l h À1 m À2. The quality of permeate was satisfying even its aromatic strength was weakened. Retentate had similar characteristics of raw juice and could be recycled in order to use its residual enzyme activity.