Paros

Εξετάζεται το έθιμο των παραστάσεων της Πάρου κατά τη Μεγάλη Παρασκευή, όπου οι κάτοικοι των χωριών (Μάρπησσα και Λεύκες, κυρίως) γίνονται σκηνοθέτες και ηθοποιοί και αναπαριστούν τα Πάθη του Χριστού σε ζωντανές αυτοσχέδιες σκηνές (tablaux vivants) που στήνουν σε κεντρικά σημεία του χωριού. Η μελέτη στηρίζεται σε επιτόπια έρευνα του Πεφάνη για το Κέντρο Ερεύνης της Ελληνικής Λαογραφίας της Ακαδημίας Αθηνών, κατά την οποία συνελέχθησαν πληροφορίες από αυτόπτες μάρτυρες, αλλά και από τους διοργανωτές των παραστάσεων, σχετικά με το παρελθόν του εθίμου, τη σύνδεσή του με την τοπική κοινωνία, τη συμμετοχή των κατοίκων και το ενδιαφέρον τους για τον λαϊκό πολιτισμό της ιδιαίτερης πατρίδας τους. Διαπιστώνεται ότι το έθιμο βρίσκεται στο μεταίχμιο ανάμεσα στο φοκλόρ και την αυθεντική λαϊκή παράδοση, τη θρησκευτική λατρεία και το λαϊκό θέατρο. Η έρευνα απέδειξε ότι ενώ στα παλαιότερα χρόνια, τα θέματα που οπτικοποιούσαν οι παραστάσεις ήταν λιγότερα, με την πάροδο του χρόνου και την καλύτερη οργάνωση του εθίμου αυξάνονταν, με αποτέλεσμα να ανέρχονται πλέον σήμερα σε δώδεκα (Aνάσταση του Λαζάρου, Bαϊφόρος, Νυπτήρ, Mυστικός Δείπνος, Πόντιος Πιλάτος, το όρος των Eλαιών, Γολγοθάς, Aπαγχονισμός του Iούδα, Σταύρωση, Aποκαθήλωση, Eπιτάφειος Θρήνος, Aνάσταση) και να προσελκύουν το ενδιαφέρον των ντόπιων, αλλά και πολλών τουριστών. Επίσης, ενώ παλαιότερα τα κοστούμια ήταν αυτοσχέδια και ο φωτισμός αρκείτο σε κεριά ή λάμπες πετρελαίου, σήμερα τα κοστούμια έχουν ως πρότυπά τους τις ενδυμασίες από τις ιερές εικόνες, ενώ για τους φωτισμούς χρησιμοποιούνται πλέον ειδικοί προβολείς κρυμμένοι γύρω από το σκηνικό της κάθε παράστασης. Ως προς το ιστορικό και θεαρολογικό περιβάλλον, μέσα στο οποίο εντάσσονται οι παραστάσεις της Πάρου, τα προβλήματα είναι πολλά και ο ερευνητής δεν μπορεί παρά να επιχειρήσει μια πρώτη μόνο προσέγγιση. Εντοπίζονται πάντως τρεις σημαντικοί σταθμοί: το θρησκευτικό θέατρο του δυτικού Mεσαίωνα, η θεατρική δραστηριότητα των καθολικών θρησκευτικών ταγμάτων και των ορθόδοξων φροντιστηρίων και το κυκλαδίτικο θέατρο κατά την Aντιμεταρρύθμιση. Tο θέμα βεβαίως δεν εξαντλείται εδώ. Xρειάζεται απαιτητικότερη έρευνα σε παλαιότερες εποχές στην Πάρο και στις Kυκλάδες γενικότερα, αλλά και μια συγκριτική μελέτη των παριανών παραστάσεων με τις αντίστοιχες τελετές της καθολικής Eυρώπης, των Φιλιππίνων και της Λατινικής Aμερικής.

È vietata la riproduzione, anche parziale, non autorizzata, con qualsiasi mezzo effettuata, compresa la fotocopia, anche a uso interno e didattico. L'illecito sarà penalmente perseguibile a norma dell'art. 171 della Legge n. 633 del 22.04.41

Simpson, E., ed. The Adventure of the Illustrious Scholar: Papers Presented to Oscar White Muscarella. Leiden: Brill, 2018.

The Adventure of the Illustrious Scholar: Papers Presented to Oscar White Muscarella, edited by Elizabeth Simpson, is a Festschrift celebrating the career of one of the foremost archaeologists of the ancient Near East. Oscar Muscarella is a former curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and a formidable scholar who has excavated at sites in Turkey, Iran, and the United States. He has published eight books and nearly 200 articles, excavation reports, and reviews on topics ranging from the arts of antiquity and the importance of connoisseurship, to the difficulties of dating and the problems of forgeries, the looting of ancient sites, and the antiquities trade. The forty-seven contributors are experts in the areas of Muscarella's interests and are major scholars in their fields. This volume constitutes an unusual, important, and timely addition to the archaeological and art historical literature.

This 40th volume of the ASLU series is concerned with the study of the Cycladic settled landscape in Late Antiquity and the Byzantine Early Middle Ages. It offers a fresh approach to the history and archaeology of the Cyclades under the light of current archaeological investigations. It is an attempt to interpret human-environmental interaction in order to “read” the relationship between islands, settlements, landscapes and seascapes in the context of the diverse and highly interactive Mediterranean world. The methodology proposed is an interdisciplinary approach, which combines archaeological evidence, literary sources, and observations of the sites and micro-landscapes as a whole, with the advantages offered by the application of new technologies in archaeological research (Geographic Information Systems). The islands of Paros and Naxos are used as case-studies. It is a challenging task to trace how these neighbouring insular communities reacted under the same general circumstances pertaining in the Aegean and to what extent the landscape played a role in this process.

Mon mémoire de master consistait en une étude « régionale » du polythéisme grec, c’est-à-dire en une recherche se concentrant sur le panthéon d’une cité particulière, à savoir Paros. L’abondance de la documentation, autant littéraire qu’épigraphique et archéologique, nécessita cependant de revoir les objectifs de départ pour se concentrer sur les quatre aspects les plus remarquables du panthéon. Le sous-titre « Une première approche du panthéon » fut ainsi ajouté.
Après une introduction revenant sur les caractéristiques et les écueils d’une étude sur un polythéisme local et posant le contexte parien, le premier chapitre s’intéressait à la figure fascinante de Déméter. Faisant face à de nombreuses hypothèses devenant au fil du temps des vérités non questionnées, j’ai tenté de démêler les certitudes des simples conjectures par un travail philologique sur les textes littéraires et sur les inscriptions.
Le second chapitre concernait les terrasses au sud de Paroikia, l’actuel chef-lieu de l’île, où était honoré Asklépios. Une fois encore, la première tâche fut d’analyser les données archéologiques et de remettre en question, comme d’autres avant moi, l’identification du Pythion. Le cœur du chapitre concerna toutefois l’analyse approfondie du corpus d’inscriptions dédicatoires et de leur support.
Le troisième concernait les cultes du mont Kounados au nord-est de Paroikia : Ilithyie, Aphrodite et Hypatos. Le culte d’Ilithyie, déesse de la parturition, est sans nul doute l’un des plus intéressants de la cité, car il témoigne d’une extension des prérogatives de la déesse « en aval de la naissance ». La documentation parienne relative à Aphrodite est principalement orienté vers l’aspect public de son culte : la déesse est présentée comme la garante des interactions harmonieuses dans la cité dans plusieurs dédicaces, dont une remarquable où elle est accompagnée de Zeus Aphrodisios, d’Hermès et Artémis Eukleia. Le chapitre se clôture sur l’analyse d’une inscription retrouvée au sommet du mont Kounados, qui mentionne un dieu nommé Hypatos, sans qu’on sache avec certitude s’il s’agit d’une épiclèse de Zeus sous-entendu.
Hypatos tout court ou Zeus Hypatos, ce questionnement nous amène au dernier chapitre, consacré à la figure de Zeus. Le dieu était honoré à Paros sous de multiples épiclèses, dont l’analyse permet de cerner les différents champs d’action dans lesquels il intervient. La synthèse sur Zeus, qui introduit d’une certaine manière la conclusion générale, recherche la cohérence discernable entre ces domaines, à première vue très éloignés, grâce à l’image du réseau.
La conclusion poursuit cette image du réseau, cette fois au niveau du panthéon. Elle revient sur les apports du travail, et bien entendu sur son caractère lacunaire.

Σεμιναριακή εργασία στο μάθημα ΣΑ 20 Κλασική Αρχαιολογία του τμήματος Ιστορίας και Αρχαιολογίας της Φιλοσοφικής Σχολής του Ε.Κ.Π.Α. Γίνεται προσπάθεια στην παρούσα εργασία να εξετασθεί η αρχαία ελληνική πόλις των Παρίων,  ως ένα αστικά συγκροτημένο κέντρο κατοίκησης με την αναπόσπαστα συνδεδεμένη ενδοχώρα του και ως ένας πολιτειακά οργανωμένος σχηματισμός. Αφετηρία και οδηγός για την αναζήτηση όλων αυτών των στοιχείων στάθηκε η πρώτη τεκμηριωμένη μελέτη των 1.035 αρχαίων ελληνικών πόλεων της αρχαϊκής και κλασικής περιόδου (650-325 π.Χ.) των Hansen, M., & Nielsen, T. 2004. An inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis.

Seminar work in the Classical Archeology of the Department of History and Archeology of the School of Philosophy of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. An attempt is made in this paper to examine the ancient Greek city of Paros, as an urbanly constituted habitation center with its inextricably linked hinterland and as a formally organized formation. The first documented study of 1,035 ancient Greek cities of the Archaic and Classical period (650-325 BC) of Hansen, M., & Nielsen, T. 2004, An inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis, was the starting point and guide for the search for all these elements.

On a mis au jour à Thasos de nombreux sanctuaires, et on connaît assez bien le panthéon de sa métropole Paros. Aussi Thasos constitue-t-elle un cas privilégié pour l’étude de l’installation du panthéon d’une cité coloniale. Les dernières découvertes, comme l’identification d’un Délion, les progrès récents sur les modalités de la colonisation parienne, les données nouvelles sur la formation et les premières évolutions de l’agglomération (VIIe - VIe s.), permettent désormais de proposer, dans une approche avant tout topographique, le tableau mieux assuré d’une agglomération primitive délimitée et protégée, comme sa métropole Paros apparemment, par une ceinture de sanctuaires installés dès la fondation, avec un Héracleion excentré certes, mais aux avant-postes de la défense. Le grand rempart du début du Ve s. réunifie l’agglomération tout en étendant cette protection divine au nouveau périmètre.

Review of the knowledge on the foundation of the city of Thasos by the colonists from Paros and their settlement on the mainland: literary sources are re-examined in the light of recently acquired archaeological data, which make it possible to better characterize the pre-Greek Thracian environment, the main motive for the colonization (the metal resources) and to describe the topography of the Greek city at its beginnings.
(Extract from the English version of the catalogue of the temporary exhibition of the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki)

Το παρόν έργο πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας προστατεύεται από τις διατάξεις της ελληνικής νομοθεσίας (Ν 2121/1993 όπως έχει τροποποιηθεί και ισχύει σήμερα) και από τις διεθνείς συμβάσεις περί πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας. Απαγορεύεται απολύτως, χωρίς γραπτή άδεια του εκδότη, η κατά οποιονδήποτε τρόπο ή οποιοδήποτε μέσο (ηλεκτρονικό, μηχανικό ή άλλο) αντιγραφή, φωτοανατύπωση, και εν γένει αναπαραγωγή, εκμίσθωση ή δανεισμός, μετάφραση, διασκευή, αναμετάδοση στο κοινό, σε οποιαδήποτε μορφή και η εν γένει εκμετάλλευση του συνόλου ή μέρους του έργου.

In the framework of the documentation of the epigraphic wealth of the cyclades, the ephorate of Antiquities of the cyclades in collaboration with the Greek epigraphic society is preparing, inter alia, a catalogue of the parian inscriptions. considering the progress of the program to date a first overview of the parian epigraphy and its history will be presented. It appears that
the systematic recording, classification and overview of this important epigraphic material provides essential information on the history of paros and leads to new read- ings on issues related to topography, institutions, religion, external relationships etc of the island in antiquity.

The sanctuary of Despotiko lies at the ›Mandra‹ site, on an uninhabited island situated to the southwest of Antiparos, in the centre of the Cyclades. The central part comprises the North Temenos and the South complex. Outside at least six other structures were traced. The North Temenos, protected by a peribolos, was the center of the cult activity. It is formed by Buildings A, Δ, Ε, ›stoas‹ and two entrances. In the centre lies a semicircular altar. The North Part of Building A was the ›temple‹ of the sanctuary, the South Part perhaps served for banqueting. Buildings Δ and E served cultic purposes as well. The South Complex consisted of the Building units Ι and Θ, the last including a room tentatively identified as a cultic bath. Rich archaeological finds attest the function of the sanctuary from 8th cent. B.C. to the Hellenistic period – and the main deity, Apollon. The building activity was restricted to the 6th and 5th cent. B.C.

I. In the first part of this article, the publication of five parian horoi is provided in connection with a sixth one, already known from IG XII 5 214. The horoi, dating to the first half of the 4th cent. B.C., demarcated a field belonging to Delian Apollo. The five horoi were found a little further to the north from the main cemetery of the ancient city of Paros, at the area of Livadia. The question "to which  sanctuary belonged the field delimited by the horoi "- the one at the north of Paroikia, or the sanctuary of Despotiko-. is also investigated A less probable case is that the horoi demarcated a field belonging to the sanctuary of delian Apollo on Delos.
II. In the second part of the article, the fragmentary Pindaric paian 140a is exlpored. In this paian the foundation of a delian shrine on Paros by Herakles is mentioned. Since Paros and Antiparos were linked in antiquity, forming the so-called Greater Paros, the identification of the shrine described in the paian with the sanctuary at Despotiko is suggested. This identification is based mainly on the fact that in the pindaric text the sanctuary is related with the area of a cave and its foundation presupposes the crossing of an isthmus. Geological researches have shown that Despotiko was linked with Antiparos by an isthmus and this is also confirmed by epigraphical evidence. The question of the relation of Herakles with the sanctuary at Despotiko, Paros and Thasos is investigated. The performance of choral songs during god’s festivals and possibly in the framework of the sending of theoriae (pilgrimage), forging ties between groups and communities, is also addressed. Finally, if the proposed identification is correct, then, following the pindaric text, the finding of an altar dedicated to Zeus, must be expected in the same area.

Ludwig Ross: Archival Documents on his Museum Policy and the Protection of Antiquities in the Cyclades

Fourteen official letters written by Ross and his associates when he was in charge of antiquities in the Cyclades from 1834 to 1836, published here for the first time, testify to his activities in the area. The letters are preserved in the archives of the museums of Syros and Mykonos. Ross ran an organized antiquities service the like of which was not seen again until the 20th century. In his capacity as regional ephor and later as head of the antiquities service, Ross sailed to the islands in summer 1835 and published his scholarly observations in REISEN AUF DEN GRIECHISCHEN INSELN DES ÄGÄISCHEN MEERES I (1840). Even more important is his contribution to the removal of sculptures and inscriptions to the safety of local museums that he helped create on Syros and Tenos, the preservation of archaeological sites and the struggle against the illicit antiquities trade.

One of the practices that enabled the ancient Greeks to come into contact with their gods is the dedication of votive offerings. On Paros, the epigraphical evidence is primarily comprised of two groups: dedications to Asklepios southeast of Paroikia and those to Eileithyia on Kounados
Hill. The analysis of both epigraphical corpora reveals a strong connection between terminology and support as well as a codification of practices in both sanctuaries. Variations to this general pattern seem to be deliberate, though the motivations of the dedicators remain mostly hypothetical.
Besides this codified aspect, however, the cults of Asklepios and Eileithyia should not be viewed as interchangeable; rather, as parallel yet distinct. Though they are sometimes grouped together under labels such as “healing” or “kourotrophic”, differences in dedicatory practices reveal that the two cults were discrete options available to the worshippers. The Parians needed
the help of these gods for various reasons, notably but not exclusively for the protection of children, which led them to turn to a sanctuary or the other, as the case required. Such epigraphical evidence thus enables us to better understand how the Parian pantheon works.

Review of the knowledge on the foundation of the city of Thasos by the colonists from Paros and their settlement on the mainland: literary sources are re-examined in the light of recently acquired archaeological data, which make it possible to better characterize the pre-Greek Thracian environment, the main motive for the colonization (the metal resources) and to describe the topography of the Greek city at its beginnings.
(Extract from the Greek version of the catalogue of the temporary exhibition of the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki)

Presents fragments  from early years of Kourayos's ongoing excavation of a recently discovered at the Isthmian sanctuary of Apollo on Despotiko, an islet part of greater Paros in the Cyclades that was attached to Antiparos by an isthmus until Roman times. Almost all is drinking ware (cups and kraters) used in feasting at the sanctuary. Although there are relatively few fragments of Attic black-figure, Attic imports were not common (as on Paros itself) until after the Persian Wars, including first rate pieces from the later fifth century attributed to the Dinos Painter and Talos Painter.

The Temple of Apollo Daphnephoros, situated in the centre of the Euboean polis of Eretria, is one of the most relevant of Greece, with an important Late  Archaic building phase, that saw the decoration of its two pediments with marble statuary. Several fragments of the west pediments, including the famous abduction scene of Antiope by Theseus and the statue of Athena, were  recovered during many excavation campaigns. These two items, as well as six others belonging to the same complex, were first submitted to a non-destructive examination of their  surface with a light source, a magnifying lens and a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, followed by a micro-sampling and laboratory multiple
analysis finalised to the provenancing of the marble. The analytical methods of the samples included optical microscopy on thin section, powder X-ray diffraction and stable isotope ratio determination by mass-spectrometry. The very homogeneous results obtained allowed to conclude that the marble used for all the examined items is Parian from the open pit quarries of the Lakkoi valley, very likely extracted from a unique locus.

La inscripción de Mnesíepes es un documento epigráfico bien conocido en los estudios sobre la tradición arquiloquea, pero parece oportuno analizar esta inscripción en sí misma, por separado, ya que se trata de un texto literario complejo, escrito por alguien culto, en un tiempo y un espacio determinados y con el fin de desempeñar una función muy concreta en el periodo helenístico de Paros. El texto de esta inscripción ofrece información sobre Arquíloco y la importancia que adquirió después de su muerte, pero también, sobre el contexto social, cultural y religioso de la isla en el s. III a.C.

The equivalent dose De determination of limestone-made ancient constructions by thermoluminescence (TL) prevents accurate measurements and requires plateau test of bleached curves. Optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) of quartz and feldspar minerals for surface dating is routinely applied for De but not for limestones. Here the OSL of present traces of such minerals removed with powder from surface limestone bleached by sunlight overcomes this issue and offers an alternative way for De. This is verified with further test examples.

From the high Archaic period to the end of the Hellenistic times, the sanctuary of Artemis in Thasos yielded a great quantity of offerings. If some categories (figurines, ceramics) do not present local specialty and can be analyzed in the broader dedicatory context concerning sanctuaries of the Greek world, the Thasian specificity of some other offerings goes beyond creation and handicraft production. Thus, it is possible to mark out new sides of Artemis, who, thanks to the new interpretation of her offerings, gives up the simple role of protective positive goddess of women to cover another darker side characteristic of Hecate. In this paper, it will be shown how this aspect of Artemis has developed independently of ancient references linked to Artemis in Paros and how a transition is made to another Artemis, close to superstition and magic, by means of symbolic offerings (astragaluses of amber, tokens out of crystal, deterrent amulets) and via reinterpretation of ritual practices.

Abstract. — The discovery of a new month in Tenos and the identification of a letter cutter in Paros led to new hypotheses on the problem of real security in Greek law. Examination of the Tenos register (IG XII 5, 872) with a view to its re-publication revealed an error in the division between acts 17 and 18 by the previous editors, who did not recognize the name of a month, Eres[iôn], equivalent to the Delian month Aresiôn recently attested in Andros, the neighbouring island. By removing an obscure clause from this document, this discovery leads us to re-examine the functioning of a mortgage pledge of a particular type, the dotal apotimema, to which one of the acts of the register alludes. If we accept this point, we get closer to what makes, by contrast, the particularity of the sale with the option of repurchase (prasis epi lysei): in Tenos as in Athens, it is characterized by an immediate transfer of ownership to the benefit of the creditor, by means of a deed of sale supplemented where applicable by a lease contract. The connection between a boundary marker recently discovered in Paros (SEG 54, 794) and a famous law concerning local archives, engraved by the same lapicide, finally makes it possible to clarify the relationship between the prasis epi lysei and the practices of public archiving in the Hellenistic period.

Résumé. — La découverte d’un nouveau mois à Ténos et l’identification d’un graveur à Paros conduisent à formuler de nouvelles hypothèses sur le problème des sûretés réelles en droit grec. L’examen du registre de Ténos (IG XII 5, 872) en vue de sa réédition a fait apparaître une erreur de découpage entre les actes 17 et 18 chez les éditeurs antérieurs, qui n’ont pas reconnu le nom d’un mois, Èrès[iôn], équivalent du mois délien Arèsiôn attesté depuis peu à Andros, l’île voisine. En faisant disparaître une clause obscure de ce document, cette découverte invite à réexaminer le fonctionnement d’un gage hypothécaire d’un type particulier, l’apotimèma dotal, auquel l’un des actes du registre fait allusion. Ce point acquis, on aborde ce qui fait par contraste la spécificité de la vente avec faculté de rachat (prasis épi lysei) : à Ténos comme à Athènes, elle se caractérise par un transfert de propriété immédiat au profit du créancier, au moyen d’un acte de vente complété le cas échéant par un contrat de location. Le rapprochement entre une borne récemment découverte à Paros (SEG 54, 794) et une célèbre loi sur les archives, gravée par le même lapicide, permet en dernier lieu de préciser la relation entre la prasis épi lysei et les pratiques d’archivage public à l’époque hellénistique.