Odds

This article provides a working introduction to statistics for the core trainee, specialty trainee and keen medical student to aid their daily practice, interaction at journal clubs and scientific meetings and for examination preparation with a focus on surgical research. Data can be described as metric (quantitative) or categorical (qualitative). The mode, median or mean can be used as measures of location and the variation ratio, range, interquartile range and standard deviation as measures of spread. Cohort studies can be used to define risk reduction of a given intervention; casecontrol studies rely on odds ratios to approximate risk. Hypothesis tests can be used to establish statistical significance, which is distinct from clinical significance. Confounding can be controlled with multi-variable analyses. Correlation coefficients can be used to establish the relationship between two sets of continuous data, but is distinct from causation. Power calculations can be used to estimate the sample size required to generate a clinically and statistically significant result from a trial. It is important for clinicians to be able to understand these concepts and translate them into simple and understandable format for patients, colleagues and commissioners to maintain high quality care within the NHS.

Using nationwide, 7-year population-based data for 1997-2003, we examined marital status to see if it predicted suicide among the ethnic Chinese population of Taiwan. Using cause of death data, with a case-control design, two groups-total adult suicide deaths, n = 17,850, the study group, and adult deaths other than suicide, n = 71,400 (randomly selected from age, sex, and geographic region matched controls, four per suicide)-were studied. Using multiple logistic regression analysis including age-marital status interaction, adjusted estimates show divorced status to be the most detrimental for suicide propensity, with males showing stronger effect size. Females never married, aged below 35 and 65-plus, and widowed 65-plus had lower suicide odds. tory patterns of associations have been re-

Conditional probability is a key to the subjectivist theory of probability; however, it plays a subsidiary role in the usual conception of probability where its counterpart, namely independence is of basic importance. The paper investigates these concepts from various perspectives in order to shed light on their multi-faceted character. We will include the mathematical, philosophical, and educational perspectives. Furthermore, we will inspect conditional probability from the corners of competing ideas and solving strategies. For the comprehension of conditional probability, a wider approach is urgently needed to overcome the well-known problems in learning the concepts, which seem nearly unaffected by teaching.Conditional probability is a key to the subjectivist theory of probability; however, it plays a subsidiary role in the usual conception of probability where its counterpart, namely independence is of basic importance. The paper investigates these concepts from various perspect...

This paper presents data collected in individual case studies that aimed to investigate children and their families who succeeded against the usual 'odds' of disadvantage. Funded as an extension of EPPE 3-11 by the Cabinet Office for the Equalities Review, the study focused particularly closely upon the performance of disadvantaged children from White and minority ethnic groups. The study found that disadvantaged families often have high aspirations for their children and provide significant educational support through 'concerted cultivation'. The paper discusses the implications for policy and for practice and argues that much of the popular criticism of state policies related to social exclusion fail to acknowledge the need to engage with the policy in action as well as in theory. It is also argued that these policies offer significant and valuable contexts for supporting efforts on the part of families and individuals to achieve success in education 'against the odds'.

A radix-10 multiplication is the foremost frequent operations employed by several monetary business and user-oriented applications, decimal multiplier using in state of art digital systems are significantly good but can be upgraded with time delay and area optimization. This work is proposed a more area and time delay optimized new design of overloaded decimal digit set (ODDS) architecture-based radix-10 multiplier for signed numbers. Binary coded decimal (BCD) to binary followed by binary multiplication and finally binary to BCD conversion are 3 major modules employed in radix-10 multiplication. This paperwork presents a replacement technique for binary coded decimal (BCD) to binary and vice-versa convertors in radix-10 multiplication. A novel addition tree structure called as partial shifter adder (PSA) tree-based approach has been developed for BCD to binary conversion, and it is used to add partially generated products. To meet our major concern i.e. speed, we need particular high-speed multiplication, hence the proposed PSA based radix-10 multiplier is using vertical cross binary multiplication and concurrent shifter-based addition method. The design has been tested on 45nm technology-based Zynq-7 field programmable gate array (FPGA) devices with a 6-input lookup table (LUTs). A combinational implementation maps quite well into the slice structure of the Xilinx Zynq-7 families field programmable gate array. The synthesis results for a Zynq-7 device indicate that our design outperforms in terms of the area and time delay.

Background We investigated the factors associated with people’s acceptability to get the COVID-19 vaccine if made available among refugees in the Bidibidi refugee settlement. Methods Face-to-face interviews were used to collect data between 6 March and 9 April 2021. A binary logistic regression was fitted to examine the factors that determine acceptability of the COVID-19 vaccine. Results Most respondents (78%) accepted to get the COVID-19 vaccine. Results from the binary logistic regression model show that respondents that were uncertain whether the COVID-19 vaccine would stop transmissions were less likely to get the vaccine (adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 0.70; 95% confidence interval, CI = 0.51–0.96) than respondents that were not uncertain. Respondents who did not want to go to health facilities (aOR = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.44–0.84) were less likely to accept the COVID-19 vaccine than their counterparts who want to go to health facilities. The odds of getting a COVID-19 vaccine among re...

The street homeless, those who spend their nights either in shelters or unofficial camps, whether in tents on a street or in society’s hidden spaces such as beneath an overpass, face multiple challenges beyond finding a safe place to sleep. Of further concern is how official actions can worsen these situations, through day-to-day activities or planned intervention strategies. In this paper we explore how a planned intervention may be negatively perceived—even as a form of “structural violence”—and may prevent Narcan (naloxone) use to stop an overdose related death in the Skid Row of Los Angeles. Data for this study consisted of a combination of Spatial Video Geonarratives (SVGs) and 325 incident reports from the Homeless Health Care Los Angeles Center for Harm Reduction (HHCLA-HRC) between November 2014 and December 2015. Chi-square and simple logistic regression models were used to examine the association between fear-of-arrest and other covariates of interest. Mapping results are ...

Background We investigated the factors associated with people’s acceptability to get the COVID-19 vaccine if made available among refugees in the Bidibidi refugee settlement. Methods Face-to-face interviews were used to collect data between 6 March and 9 April 2021. A binary logistic regression was fitted to examine the factors that determine acceptability of the COVID-19 vaccine. Results Most respondents (78%) accepted to get the COVID-19 vaccine. Results from the binary logistic regression model show that respondents that were uncertain whether the COVID-19 vaccine would stop transmissions were less likely to get the vaccine (adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 0.70; 95% confidence interval, CI = 0.51–0.96) than respondents that were not uncertain. Respondents who did not want to go to health facilities (aOR = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.44–0.84) were less likely to accept the COVID-19 vaccine than their counterparts who want to go to health facilities. The odds of getting a COVID-19 vaccine among re...

The learning life course of at 'risk' children aged 3-16: Perceptions of students The learning life course of at 'risk' children aged 3-16: Perceptions of students and parents about 'succeeding against the odds' and parents about 'succeeding against the odds'

A total period of 67 years of standardized precipitation index (SPI) data sets were divided into three periods of 22/23 years and a loglinear modeling approach has been used to investigate differences relative to drought class transitions among these three periods. The study was applied to several locations in Alentejo region, southern Portugal, and four drought severity classes were considered. The drought class transitions were computed for the three periods to form a 3-dimensional contingency table. The application of loglinear modeling to these data allowed the comparison of the three periods in terms of probabilities of transition between drought classes in order to detect a possible trend in time evolution of droughts which could be related to climate change. Results show that the drought behavior for the first and last periods is similar, both showing worse drought events than the second. If just the second and third periods were compared one could conclude that droughts were aggravating and easily this behavior could be attributed to climate change, supporting the common assumption that a trend for progressive aggravation of drought occurrence exists. Therefore, results are more consistent with the existence of a long-term natural periodicity; however, this hypothesis should be tested using longer time series.

The findings of strong gravitational lensing by Sgr A* indicate gravitation power/energy exist in the center of our milky way, though it is invisible. The presence of energy equal presence of mass (M= E/C², C² is constant). However, current perception of particles can be massless e.g. gauge bosons, the photon and the gluon which create a

The aim of the present study was to examine the associations between self-reported childhood difficulties, weight status, and lifestyle behaviors among a representative sample of Norwegian adults. This cross-sectional study included 28,047 adults (>18 years old) living in southern Norway. A self-report questionnaire was used to assess information about the overall quality of the respondents’ childhood retrospectively in addition to current weight status and current lifestyle behaviors. Multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for gender, age, and educational level showed that evaluating childhood as difficult was associated with increased odds of obesity (OR:1.29; 95% CI; 1.16–1.44) in adulthood. Moreover, a difficult childhood was associated with increased odds of unhealthy lifestyle behaviors in adulthood, including low consumption of fruit and berries (1.21; 1.09–1.34) and fish (1.43; 1.30–1.57), high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (1.30; 1.14–1.48), low lev...

ObjectiveLittle is known about barriers to healthcare access for two-spirit, gay, bisexual and queer (2SGBQ+) men in Manitoba.DesignData were drawn from a community-based, cross-sectional survey designed to examine health and healthcare access among 2SGBQ+ men.SettingCommunity-based cross-sectional study in Manitoba, Canada.ParticipantsCommunity-based sample of 368 2SGBQ+ men.OutcomesLogistic regression analyses assessed the relationship between sociodemographics, healthcare discrimination, perceived healthcare providers’ 2SGBQ+ competence/knowledge and two indicators of healthcare access (analytic outcome variables): (1) having a regular healthcare provider and (2) having had a healthcare visit in the past 12 months.ResultsIn multivariate analyses, living in Brandon (adjusted OR (AOR)=0.08, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.22), small cities (AOR=0.20, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.98) and smaller towns (AOR=0.26, 95% CI 0.08 o 0.81) in Manitoba (compared with living in Winnipeg), as well as having a healthcare...

Background: We evaluated the association between fast food, whole grain, refined grain and carbonated drink consumption with depression and QoL in Iranian adolescent girls.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 733 adolescent girls were included from Mashhad and Sabzevar cities in northeastern Iran. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and SF-12v2 questionnaire were used to assess depression and QoL, respectively. A valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire was used to obtained dietary intakes of the study participants. To explore the association between intake of food groups and depression and QoL, we used linear and logistic regression in crude and adjusted models.Results: There was a significant decreasing trend in the odds of poor QOL and depression across increasing quartile intake of whole grain; but, there was no linear relationship between whole grain intake with depression and QoL score. In addition, subjects in the highest quartile of carbonated drink consumption had ...

THERE IS NO doubt that in medieval Scandinavian society reputation was a primary consideration. It often served as the motivator for blood feuds, complicated lawsuits, and extended negotiations. The honour of the people and the family was to be protected at all costs, and we can trace many interesting examples in the course of reading the old Icelandic sagas. Those vendettas and judicial battles in defence of honour could be explained by, among other things, exceptionally strong bonds between family members, loyalty, and the irm belief that one could not survive outside the supporting clan. These obligations were often extended to foster-children and close friends. There were two main types of friendship in medieval Scandinavia. Helgi Þ orl á ksson distinguishes emotional friendship-a relationship principally based on affection-and pragmatic, mutually bene icial, friendship. The irst kind of connection was unconditional and durable, lasting in spite of adversity. The latter was in need of constant renewal by reciprocal gift-giving or feasts, and could be terminated if it was no longer bene icial. 2 J ó n Vi ð ar Sigur ð sson uses different terms of reference to distinguish between relationships based on friendship in vertical (superior-subordinate connection) and horizontal relations (between equals). 3 In this chapter I discuss the idea of friendship and the value of a man's reputation. The case study is based on one of the þ ae ttir preserved in the Morkinskinna , the oldest collection of the kings' sagas. The tale is called Odds þ á ttr Ó feigssonar and it is a story of an Icelandic merchant, Oddr Ó feigsson. The text contained in the Morkinskinna is partially unreadable. Missing fragments are usually supplied on the basis of the younger manuscript, Flateyjarb ó k. Placed in the saga of King Haraldr immediately after St ú fs þ á ttr and not far from Sneglu-Halla þ á ttr , this story creates a counterweight to descriptions of naval battles and sublime poems of the court skalds, ipso facto preceding the series of stories of the invincible Icelanders. There are no female characters in the Odds þ á ttr , hence the focus on male friendship and reputation. Although the matter of the generic identity of þ ae ttir (sing. þ á ttr) is still debatable, for reasons of clarity and in order to prevent ambiguities I use the term þ á ttr to mean "short narrative in medieval Icelandic prose." 4 I am aware of the fact that this short

Blood and tissue testing, especially DNA matching, have become important elements of both criminal and paternity or maternity litigation. Such scientific testing has become so important that it has taken on aspects that may cause it to benefit or to do harm to the judicial process or to any given case. This article focuses on the value and the dangers

Understanding how we can support children through their learning life course has become a policy imperative, particularly those children from poor homes who would normally be facing a low achiever trajectory. The paper reports on 50 in-depth Child and Family Case Studies (CFCS) that were conducted as part of the Effective Provision of Pre-School, Primary and Secondary Education (EPPSE 3-16) research project. The CFCS was designed as a mixedmethods study in order to look at why and when certain children manage to succeed ‘against the odds’ while others do not. Using in-depth interviews with students, parents and teachers, quantitative data available from EPPSE and a literature review on risk and resilience, the CFCS provides ‘thick descriptions’ and explanations of how child, family and school factors interact and contribute to children succeeding against the odds of disadvantage. The study uses over 13 years of data collected from the 50 families and shows that in families with chil...

An operational complexity model (OCM) is proposed to enable the complexity of both the cognitive and the computational components of a process to be determined. From the complexity of formation of a set of traces via a specified route a measure of the probability of that route can be determined. By determining the complexities of alternative routes leading to the formation of the same set of traces, the odds indicating the relative plausibility of the alternative routes can be found. An illustrative application to a BitTorrent piracy case is presented, and the results obtained suggest that the OCM is capable of providing a realistic estimate of the odds for two competing hypotheses. It is also demonstrated that the OCM can be straightforwardly refined to encompass a variety of circumstances.