OPEX, CAPEX

Mobile communication networks alone today consume 0.5% of the global energy supply. Meeting the rapidly increasing demand for more capacity in wireless broadband access will further increase the energy consumption. Operators are now facing both investing in denser and denser networks as well as increased energy cost. Traditional design paradigms, based on assumptions of spectrum shortage and high cost base station sites, have produced current cellular systems based on 3G and 4G (LTE) standards. The latter ones are characterized by very high spectrum efficiency, but low energy efficiency. Deployment has favoured strategies with few, high power bases stations with complex antenna systems. The key method for indoor coverage has so far been to literally "blast signals through walls" - a solution that is neither energy efficient, nor very sound from a radiation perspective. As environmental aspects maybe perceived as important from a societal perspective, the cost remains the short to medium term concern for operators of future mobile broadband systems. What becomes evident now is that the so far mostly neglected energy cost will be a major concern. Future system deployment has to balance infrastructure deployment, spectrum and energy cost components.

Ongoing incremental improvements in electronics and signal processing are bringing down the power consumption in base station. However, these improvements are not enough to match the orders-of-magnitude increase in energy consumption cause by demands for more capacity. It is clear that solutions to this problem have to be found at the architectural level, not just by increasing the efficiency of individual components. In this paper we propose a framework for a total cost analysis and survey some recent, more radical, "clean slate" approaches exploiting combinations of new spectrum opportunities, energy efficient PHY-layers and novel deployment and backhauling strategies that target minimizing overall system cost. The latter involve network deployment tightly tailored to traffic requirements, using low power micro base stations tailored specifically to decrease the power consumption compared to today’s high power macro base stations schemes.

To illustrate our findings, a power consumption model for mobile broadband access networks taking into account backhaul is presented and main trade-offs between infrastructure, energy and spectrum cost are analyzed. We will demonstrate optimal deployment strategies in some simple scenarios where a certain capacity has to be provided in a dense, interference limited scenario.

Internet traffic has become vast in terms of data processing as well as storage which has occurred some limitations on existing traditional infrastructure. Such limitations may include servers, data storage, and computing resources. This has consequently led most of organization to keep investing and expanding their infrastructure in periodical phases. Hence, two factors are always co-related to each other which are TCO (total cost of ownership) and ROT (return on investment) which are critically increased due to the amount of general investment including all expenses as well as human powers. Therefore, a new technology has emerged which is called “Cloud Computing”. This terminology has been released recently to work as a supportive to traditional infrastructure which is part of Datacenters. It offers reliability, improved QoS, and efficiency to end-users. This paper presents a novel case study of cloud computing on a large scale
environment. Various factors such as TOC and ROI have been taken in consideration on a comparative study with traditional Datacenter. Results have shown considerable improvement on performance, utilization, and investment.

In: Szakmai Szemle, 2014/3, pp. 185-195.

Abstract
In August 2008, French troops took over the control from the Italian force in the sector of Surobi, after the French president Nicolas Sarkozy had decided to increase the commitment of the French forces in Afghanistan. In contrast to the purely humanitarian operations carried out earlier by the Italians, the French peacekeepers engaged in armed patrols, in an effort to cut off the guerrilla groups from their rear bases in Pakistan. The Uzbin Valley ambush occurred when the French troops of the ISAF were unexpectedly raided by Taliban militants in eastern Afghanistan, on 18 August 2008. The article tries to show objectively the situation of the French Army at that time.
Keywords: Afghanistan, Uzbeen`s ambush, VAB, 8th RPIMa, Carmin-2, Gazelle

Absztrakt
Afganisztánban 2008 augusztusában a francia egységek vették át az olasz egységektől Surobi térségének ellenőrzését, annak következményeként, hogy Nicolas Sarkozy francia elnök a francia erők afghanisztáni szerepvállalásának kiterjesztéséről határozott. A korábban humanitárius tevékenységet folytató olaszokkal szemben a franciák fegyveres őrjáratozásba kezdtek és céljuk a tálibok elvágása lett pakisztáni hátországuktól. Az uzbin-völgyi rajtaütés akkor kövezkezett be, amikor tálib fegyveresek támadtak az ISAF francia egységeire Kelet-Afganisztánban 2008 augusztus 18-án. Jelen elemzés célja a francia hadsereg akkori állapotának objektív bemutatása.
Kulcsszavak: Afganisztán, Uzbin-i csapda, VAB, 8. RPIMa, Carmin-2, Gazelle

"In its third round of tariff review, the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (Aneel) adopted a methodology based
on data envelopment analysis (DEA) to define efficient levels of operational expenditure. This work presents proposals
to improve Aneel’s methodology. In particular, we propose the segmentation of the set of distribution utilities using
cluster analysis techniques to establish fair comparisons between utilities. Additionally, we propose a cross evaluation
model using the definition of efficient operational expenditure levels to achieve an efficiency index that accounts
for peer evaluations"

Internet traffic has become vast in terms of data processing as well as storage which has occurred some limitations on existing traditional infrastructure. Such limitations may include servers, data storage, and computing resources. This has consequently led most of organization to keep investing and expanding their infrastructure in periodical phases. Hence, two factors are always co-related to each other which are TCO (total cost of ownership) and ROT (return on investment) which are critically increased due to the amount of general investment including all expenses as well as human powers. Therefore, a new technology has emerged which is called “Cloud Computing”. This terminology has been released recently to work as a supportive to traditional infrastructure which is part of Datacenters. It offers reliability, improved QoS, and efficiency to end-users. This paper presents a novel case study of cloud computing on a large scale environment. Various factors such as TOC and ROI have been taken in consideration on a comparative study with traditional Datacenter. Results have shown considerable improvement on performance, utilization, and investment.