Nepalese diaspora

A US based company, Sagoon INC collected investment of more than 5 million USD form Nepali community living across the world. Manly in 2017 and 2018, founders of company misguided, lied and made commitments of impossible project development plans, that attracted innocent people to invest. Eventually the fund is misused by the founders and company has serious going concern as no operating fund remains.  However, hiding the reality and showing fake progress data, the founders are still trying the raise investments for common people.     
This is an investigative reporting by Nepali Journalists Prabesh Subedi and Umesh Shrestha for Center for Investigative Journalism, Nepal.

This article engages with Archer's call to further research on reflexivity and social change under conditions of late modernity (2007, 2010, 2012) from the perspective of existing work on reflexive discourse in the language disciplines (Silverstein 1976, Lucy 1993). Drawing from a linguistic ethnography of the networked trajectories of a group of working-class South Asian youth in Hong Kong (Pérez-Milans & Soto 2014), we analyze the trajectory of Sita, a Hong Kong-born young female with Nepali background. In her trajectory, performative acts of ethnic minority-based activism emerge as key in the enactment of a given set of values, stances, types of persona and situated forms of alignment/disalignment. That is to say, Sita's enactment of activism is seen in this article as tied to a discourse register (Agha 2007: 147). As such, 'talking/doing activism' is inter-textually linked to a speech chain network of a group of secondary school students, teachers, researchers and community-based minority activists engaged with Sita in various interrelated projects for social empowerment. Analysis of interview transcripts, online chats and multimodal artifacts shows the extent to which the coordinated formation of this discourse register proved useful in providing Sita with relevant cultural capital (Bourdieu 1986) with which she shaped her own academic trajectory, from a low-prestige government-subsidized secondary school to an elite international college.

King Prithivi Narayan Shah of Nepal instructions of Statehood, 1774 AD, Nuwakot Darbar,Nepal.
The first document on statehood and nation making, a basis for the Shah dynasty and modern Nepal! As Nepal enters the Constitution writing process, federalism and much else a highly needed reading as written by the King and translated by Stiller.

Located on the southern side of Cologne (Köln), Germany there is a small but beautiful graveyard maintained by the CWGC. There is two Gurkhas from World War 1 commemorated here. They are found outside the main CWGC area along with some Indian Army soldiers and surrounded by a high number of German soldiers.

These two Gurkhas were Prisoner of War and had been held captive by the Kaisers military in World War 1.

We will first examine the history of the 2/8th Gurkha Rifles (2/8 GR) on the Western Front between 1914 to 1915, then have a closer look at the Cemetery where these two brave Gurkhas are commemorated and finally a list of various sites where Gurkhas fighting on the Western Front in 1914-1915 have been commemorated.

Published as a book chapter (Routledge 2016), this essay notes changing ritual practices among recently-immigrated Gurkha migrant families in England. Different societal and legal constraints are explored to demonstrate how and why Gurkhas have been unable to conduct their life-cycle and religious rituals as per their indigenous traditions. In this way, the article examines nuanced ways in which British society (and, by extension, Western society) delimits the ritual and religious affairs of migrants, despite the well-known concepts of religious freedom and multiculturalism.

In this study, we analyze the processes of transnationalism involved in the activities of the Nepalese immigrant entrepreneurs and workers in Lisbon. In particular, we detail the general characteristics of the recent Nepalese immigration to Portugal and the salience of transnational coethnic networks, among Nepalese entrepreneurs and workers in Lisbon. This is a qualitative and quantitative research, combining participant observation, the field diary and ethnographic method, with semi-structured interviews to 36 Nepalese entrepreneurs and 30 Nepalese workers in the city of Lisbon. We describe, in detail, the profiles of the Nepalese businessmen and workers, their similarities and differences, aiming to determine whether there is reconstruction or reproduction of the Nepalese ethnic groups in the Nepalese immigration and exploring transnational practices among them. We scrutinize the main determinants of entrepreneurship for the Nepalese immigration in Lisbon, as well as the specific role of transnational coethnic networks in such entrepreneurship and on the insertion of Nepalese immigrants in the local labor market. We draw conclusions about the particular characteristics of the Nepalese entrepreneurs, detailing their financing strategies and specific ways of entrepreneurial development, and we also justify the use of the term "ethnic economy(ies)", to describe their business activities. Furthermore, we ponder the modes of transnationalism observed and the forms of aid to the development of Nepal, declared by our interviewees. Finally, we compare our results with those obtained regarding other south-asian immigrants in Lisbon, as well as other Nepalese immigrations in Europe and the world - in addition to synthesizing our contributions, and indicating some useful pathways for future research and inquiry.
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No âmbito deste estudo, procuramos analisar os processos de transnacionalismo implicados nas actividades desenvolvidas pelos empresários e trabalhadores nepaleses imigrantes em Lisboa. Em particular, detalhamos as características gerais da recente imigração nepalesa para Portugal e a saliência das redes coétnicas transnacionais, entre os empresários e trabalhadores nepaleses em Lisboa. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa, juntando, à observação participante, diário de campo e método etnográfico, a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 36 empresários e 30 trabalhadores nepaleses na cidade de Lisboa. Descrevemos perfis de empresários e trabalhadores nepaleses, nas semelhanças e diferenças registadas entre uns e outros, procuramos determinar se há reconstrução ou reprodução dos grupos étnicos nepaleses na imigração nepalesa e averiguamos as práticas transnacionais entre eles. Escrutinamos os factores determinantes da iniciativa empresarial da imigração nepalesa em Lisboa, e o papel específico das redes coétnicas transnacionais nesse empresarialismo, assim como na inserção dos imigrantes no mercado de trabalho. Traçamos conclusões acerca das características particulares dos empresários nepaleses, detalhamos estratégias de financiamento e o modo de desenvolvimento do seu empreendedorismo, além de justificarmos o uso da designação "economia(s) étnica(s)", para descrever as suas actividades de negócio. Ponderamos, ainda, os modos de transnacionalismo observados e as formas de ajuda ao desenvolvimento do Nepal declaradas. Enfim, comparamos os nossos resultados com aqueles obtidos para outras imigrações sul-asiáticas em Lisboa, e para outras imigrações nepalesas na Europa e no mundo, além de sintetizarmos os nossos contributos e indicarmos algumas vias de pesquisa e indagação futuras.

A recent survey has shown that Nepali drug users in Hong Kong tend to have a low rate of usage of day-care and residential rehabilitation services, but a high rate of usage of methadone services. Little is known about the reasons behind such a pattern. Therefore, in this study, a 12-month ethnographic examination has been implemented in three sites, including a day-care center, residential rehabilitation center, and methadone clinic, to explore the experiences of 20 Nepali drug users in their use of drug-related services in Hong Kong and to examine the relationship between ethnicity and the use of drug-related services. The result shows that the reason for this pattern of service use is related to the approach of the services and the cultural perception of the service providers about the service users. The day-care and residential rehabilitation services emphasize an integrated approach, but the staff tend to overlook the heterogeneity of their clients, for example, the differences in caste and sex, and fail to provide suitable services to them, whereas the methadone service follows a biomedical model, which seldom addresses the social characteristics of the service users, which in turn minimizes the opportunity for misunderstandings between the staff and the clients. This research shows that ethnicity is a significant factor in drug treatment and that culture-specific treatment that takes into consideration the treatment approach and the heterogeneity of the clients is strongly needed.

In this study, we depart from Dumont's (2020) concepts of "corona-migrants" and "interruption of hypermobility" (connecting them to the hypothesis of mobility transition by Zelinsky, 1971), as well as from Scholten's (2020) description of complexity governance through "alienation" to analyze both migration governance practices targeting a specific nationality (Nepalese) in Portugal, during the Covid-19 global pandemic, and the effects of such governance (coupled with the effects of the pandemic itself) on transnationalism processes previously developed by those migrants (transnational mobility and transnational communication; economic transnationalism; socio-cultural transnationalism; political transnationalism). This is a qualitative and interpretative research, combining follow-up data from semi-structured interviews to 30 Nepalese immigrants, with online ethnography and data collected from 100 online questionnaires to Nepalese migrants in different regions of Portugal, on the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic in their lives and livelihoods (during the lockdown of the Autumn/Winter 2020-21). We will describe in detail the impacts of the lockdown on external mobility plans (re-migration, immigration, return to Nepal) and internal mobility patterns (immobility or displacement) of these migrants, as well as the effects of "alienation" on them. Concluding, we will be able to embbed such migration complexity governance options into environmental concerns, discussing how environment governance and related public health issues become migration policies themselves.

Sudden natural disasters can create a massive need for immediate relief and long-term reconstruction efforts. Such support can come from various individuals and organizations, both within the country where the disaster occurred and increasingly from abroad. An important group who are becoming more active in providing such support of money and materials are the migrant and diaspora population living in other countries. This paper examines the role of Nepali migrant and diaspora population living in the United States after the 2015 earthquake in Nepal in their remitting behaviour, both in private and towards donations. Based on a web-based survey response analysis, this paper finds that the respondents were actively involved in sending back money to their families and towards relief efforts in Nepal after the earthquake but a strong trust deficit among the diaspora population in the US and agencies related to the Nepali government is also noted. ARTICLE HISTORY

The research focuses on Portuguese community living in Macao and on Nepalese immigrant community living in Portugal. It analyses the uses of media – ethnical, mainstream and transnational – by immigrants, during the integration process: to preserve the links with their home country and in the adaptation into the new society, in which the host language assumes a crucial role.
Theoretically, the research is based on the model of Uses and Gratifications of media (Katz & Blumler, 1974), on Berry’s model of Acculturation Strategies (Berry & Sam, 2006) and on Bourdieu’s Theory of Power and Practice (Bourdieu, 1991), specifically in what concerns Language as a Symbolic Power.
This article focuses on the methodology used in this research and presents the main conclusions.
Keywords: uses of media, immigration, host language

Blog: Gurkhas occupy an interesting place in British folklore. Universally recognised as ferociously loyal, heroic and determined fighters in the British army, they were only recently given right to settle in this country, and then only after a high-profile media campaign. In this guest blog, Krishna P Adhikari recounts what is known of one of the first Nepali visitors to Britain, Motilal Singh, who came to the country halfway through the 19th century.

In this study, we analyze the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the Nepalese migrants currently living in Portugal. In particular, we detail the ways how health, housing, transportation and job inequalities, as well as information access opportunities (including language proficiency) and racial inequalities (including negative media exposure) affected the Nepalese immigration in Portugal during the Covid-19 pandemic, including the Spring and Autumn/Winter 2020-21 national lockdowns. Additionally, we address mobility, health education and inclusion topics, such as: migrant-led public health videos, posters and flyers in the translation initiatives developed by NIALP Nepalese Association in Portugal, and the impact of policies on the public perceptions of several forced collective quarantines of different groups of Nepalese workers around the country. This is a qualitative and quantitative research, combining participant observation, the field diary and ethnographic method, with semi-structured interviews to 6 Nepalese key-informants in Portugal and data collected (during the Autumn/Winter of 2020-21) from 100 online questionnaires to Nepalese immigrants all over the country, on the impacts of Covid-19 in their lives and livelihoods. We examine in detail major challenges faced by these individuals and their community during the pandemic, as described by them (increased discrimination; low-wage jobs and unemployment; overcrowded housing; access to food and clothes; healthcare
access; SEF/residency card appointments; keeping their own businesses
running; major use of public transports; confusing information and rules during pandemic/language barrier; poor sanitary protection at work; and trouble moving to a different country during the pandemic). Finally, we draw conclusions on public health inequalities for Nepalese immigrants and make related public policy suggestions.

This chapter focuses on Nepalese immigrant community living in Portugal and on how immigrants use different media—from receiving country, homeland and global sources—to preserve the links with the home country in the process of integration into the new society. The study also analyses how the mainstream media of the country of settlement are used to learn its language (Portuguese). Theoretically, the research is based on the model of uses and gratifications of media (Katz and Blumler, The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratification research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1974), on Berry’s model of acculturation strategies (Berry, J Soc Issues, 57(3):615–631, 2001) and on Bourdieu’s theory of power and practice (Bourdieu, In J. Thompson (Ed.), Language & symbolic power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991), specifically in what concerns language as symbolic power. The methodology relied on 17 questionnaires and 8 in-depth interviews. The results of the study show the importance that media have at different periods of immigrants’ lives, depending on the level of integration into the receiving society. In forming a new identity where values and customs of different cultures mix together, in adjusting to a new place of living and in maintaining connections to familial and cultural past, immigrants find in media tools the help to overcome some of the key barriers inherent to the migration process, in particular, the learning of the new country’s language.

Migration has been a basic fact of Nepali life for centuries. Over the last thirty years, migration from Nepal has increased exponentially, leading to many new diaspora communities across the world. In these diverse contexts, to what extent do Nepalis reproduce their culture and pass it on to subsequent generations? How much of diaspora life is a response to social and political concerns derived from the homeland? What aspects of Nepali life and culture change? In this volume twenty-one authors address these issues through eighteen detailed case studies that tackle issues of livelihood, identity and belonging, internal conflict, and religious practice, in the UK, the USA, India, Southeast Asia, the Gulf countries, and Fiji. Throughout the volume, we see how being Nepali outside Nepal enables new categories and new kinds of identity to emerge, whether as Nepali, Gorkhali, or as a member of a particular ethnic, regional, or religious group. The common theme of Global Nepalis is the exploration of continuity, change, and conflict as new practices and identities develop in Nepali diaspora life.

Migration has been a basic fact of Nepali life for centuries. Over the last thirty years, migration from Nepal has increased exponentially, leading to many new diaspora communities across the world. In these diverse contexts, to what extent do Nepalis reproduce their culture and pass it on to subsequent generations? How much of diaspora life is a response to social and political concerns derived from the homeland? What aspects of Nepali life and culture change? In this volume twenty-one authors address these issues through eighteen detailed case studies that tackle issues of livelihood, identity and belonging, internal conflict, and religious practice, in the UK, the USA, India, Southeast Asia, the Gulf countries, and Fiji. Throughout the volume, we see how being Nepali outside Nepal enables new categories and new kinds of identity to emerge, whether as Nepali, Gorkhali, or as a member of a particular ethnic, regional, or religious group. The common theme of Global Nepalis is the exploration of continuity, change, and conflict as new practices and identities develop in Nepali diaspora life.

With the increase in cultural and economic globalization and technological advancements, the very nature of communication has become more fluid. As a result, communication practices move past defining socio-cultural identity to become intercultural capital from which a more constructive bicultural identity can emerge. This study compares immigrant and transnational migrant multiliteracies at the transitional age of pre-adolescence, comparing both global and socio-cultural types. The study utilised ethnographic collective case study observation of three Nepalese families in the United Kingdom. The year-long study comparatively investigated; what types of multiliteracies do immigrant and transnational pre-teens participate in? And do these multiliteracies better enable constructive identity through intercultural capital? The research utilised 150 hours of ethnographic observation, meta-historical narratives and semi-structured interviews with three case study families who were transnational Gorkha and immigrant Nepalese in the U.K. Moreover, the study newly categorized three types of multiliteracies relevant to both transnational and immigrant pre-teens: those that are transnational, global cultural and peripheral ritualised multiliteracies. Findings from this article revealed that while pre-adolescences transnationals participated in transnational cultural and globalized multiliteracies, immigrant pre-teens partook predominately in globalized multiliteracies.