Mustard

See Supplementary Information for the detailed protocol. In brief, cells were lysed in Nonidet P-40 (NP-40) buffer and cleared by centrifugation at 4 8C. Antibody-conjugated agarose was added to the supernatant and incubated at 4 8C for 3 h or overnight. Beads were washed four times in NP-40 buffer plus 500 mM NaCl. Co-immunprecipitations were treated in the same way, except that the beads were washed in NP-40 buffer without salt.

The variety Kala Moti was cultivated using organic cultivation practices. During the research study, first appearance of aphid was noticed during 45 th Standard Meteorological Week (SMW). However, highest population of the pest was recorded during 3 rd SMW. The correlation between population buildup of aphid and weather parameters was determined and found that the population of aphid was negatively correlated with both maximum and minimum temperature, minimum relative humidity and rainfall whereas the positively correlated with maximum relative humidity and wind speed.

A field experiment was conducted at Soil Research Area of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the rabi season of 2000-01 with an objective to study the effect of deep tillage and gypsum application on oil and protein content of mustard. The experiment consisted of two tillage treatments [conventional tillage (CT) comprising one discing (10 cm depth) and one run of cultivator followed by planking; and deep tillage with disc plough comprising 20-25 cm sub-soiling followed by CT] and two gypsum treatments (control and gypsum @ 250 kg/ha i. e. 45 kg S/ha). The study clearly illustrates that a plough sole in a sandy loam can be alleviated by deep ploughing with disc plough and oil yield of mustard can be increased by 41% over conventional tillage practice. The addition of gypsum further increased the oil yield by 84%.

ABSTRACT In Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss), a major oilseed brassica crop, oil yield is the ultimate trait of economic value, which is determined by seed yield (SY) and oil content (OC). SY, the end product of many complex biological processes, is influenced by many traits, such as plant height (PH), branch number, siliqua number, seed weight, seed size and pod length. It is difficult to accurately select for high-yielding genotypes based exclusively on SY, neglecting other yield-determining traits in commercial breeding programs. Therefore, it is desirable for breeders to simultaneously improve several traits of economic importance, most of which are quantitative in nature. The purpose of the present study was to develop selection indices for simultaneous selection of multiple quantitative traits to enhance selection efficiency of the mustard breeding program of Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) located in Abohar, Punjab. A set of 487 diverse mustard genotypes, comprising germplasm accessions of Indian and European origin, advanced breeding lines, landraces, and cultivars, was evaluated using an alpha lattice design for 2 years (2015–16 and 2016–17) at the Regional Research Station of PAU, Abohar, District Fazilka (the major mustard-growing region of the Punjab state). Data on PH, main shoot length (MSL), number of primary branches (NPB), number of secondary branches (NSB), number of siliquae on main shoot (NSMS), siliqua length (SL), number of seeds per pod (NSP), 1000-seed weight (TSW), SY on a plot basis and OC were recorded. To compute selection indices, economic weights, as determined via path coefficient analysis, were assigned to major yield-determining traits. Out of eight recorded agronomic traits, four traits, viz., NSMS, TSW, NSB and NPB, had larger direct effects on SY than other traits, and hence were assigned relative economic weights of 0.60, 0.20, 0.12 and 0.08, respectively. Selection indices were computed using different combinations of traits via Kang_SASPath computer program. When seven traits were used in a selection index (PH, NPB, NSB, NSMS, SY, TSW and MSL; or PH, NPB, NSB, NSMS, SY, TSW and OC), expected genetic advance (GA)at 5% selection intensity was about the same (9.55; selection efficiency or SE = 163% compared with selection based on SY alone).The GA was 9.46 (SE = 161%)for five traits, viz., NPB, NSB, NSMS, SY and TSW; and 9.30 (SE = 159%)for four traits, viz., NPB, NSB, NSMS, and TSW. These GAs were compared with the GA for SY only, which was 5.90 (benchmark; SE = 100%). We concluded that simultaneous selection based on multiple traits was always more efficient than selection based on SY alone. As there was only a small difference between the GA based on four traits (SE = 161%) and GA based on seven traits (SE = 163%), we suggest that mustard breeders use the parsimonious combination of four traits, viz., NPB, NSB, NSMS, and SY, to enhance SY and, consequently, oil yield in mustard.

The contamination from heavy metals has risen during the last decade due to increase in
Industrialization. This has led to a significant increase in health problems. Many of the known remediation
techniques to remove heavy metal from soil are expensive, time consuming and environmentally destructive.
Phytoremediation is an emerging technology for removal of heavy metals which is cost effective, and has
aesthetic advantages and long term applicability. The present study aims at efficiently utilizing Brassica juncea L.
to remove lead (Pb). The result of our study indicate that amount of lead in Indian mustard is increased with the
amount of EDTA applied to the soil and maximum accumulation was achieved with 5mmol/kg of EDTA. On
further increase in EDTA resulted in leaf necrosis and early shedding of leaves. Therefore EDTA at a
concentration of 5mmol/kg was considered optimum for lead accumulation by Brassica juncea L.

A field experiment was conducted on sandy clay loam soil at agricultural farm, Bapatla during rabi 2002. The study revealed that the availability of nutrients N, P, K and S in soil after harvest were significantly influenced by increased levels of N and S.

For the estimation of mid-parent and better-parent heterosis in Brassica juncea L. genotypes an experiment was conducted at NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during 2004-05 and 2005-06 using 8 x 8 full diallel. All the 56 F 1 hybrids and their parents were planted in a randomized complete block design with two replications. Out of 56 hybrids, negative mid-parent and better-parent heterosis were estimated in 15 and 10 hybrids for days to 50% emergence, in 20 and 11 hybrids for days to 50% flowering, in 34 and 49 crosses for days to physiological maturity and in 37 and 34 crosses for plant height, respectively whereas positive heterosis were estimated in 12 and 10 crosses for number of primary branches plant-1. However, significant negative mid-parent and better-parent heterosis were recorded in 5 and 4 hybrids for days to 50% emergence, in 05 and 03 for days to 50% flowering, in 10 and 8 for days to physiological maturity, in 7 and 36 for plant height while significantly positive heterosis was recorded in 27 and 4 crosses for number of primary branches plant-1 respectively. Better-parent heterosis reduced to 27% for emergence, 3.85% for flowering, 4.08% for maturity and 22.63% for plant height whereas it reached to 44% for branches plant-1. Among parents, NUM103, NUM113, NUM123 and NUM117 proved to be superior when used as parents in most of the hybrid combinations. Hybrids NUM9xNUM113, NUM103xNUM113, NUM123xNUM117, NUM123x NUM113 and NUM123xNUM124 were best for different characters and their further utilization in breeding programs is suggested.

'Thomas in context' is my latest series, that I have started after finishing my interactive translation, which revealed so many details that have been thoroughly neglected by all previous translations.
Basically I will be republishing a good part of my work on Thomas so far, with many more characteristics: this series will see to light the 16 Thomas parables and the metamorphosis model, and it will focus entirely on Thomas - not the canonicals.
I will carefully evaluate every single word in Thomas, possible alternative translations or choices of word, and dive deep into the text. As usual, the text of Thomas will be the most important context - yet I'll peek around a bit here and there, comment (rather scarcely) on what other authors have to say, and frequently analyse and quantify Tanakh material

Part III: The Parable of the Mustard Seed in Context: work that earth

To study the feasibility of using two edible plant oils mustard (Brassica nigra, Family: Cruciferae) and neem (Azadirachta indica, Family: Meliaceae) as diesel substitute a comparative study on their combustion characteristics on a C.I. engine were made. Oils were esterified (butyl esters) before blending with pure diesel in the ratio of 10:90, 15:85, 20:80, and 25:75 by volume. Pure diesel was used as control. Studies have revealed that on blending vegetable oils with diesel a remarkable improvement in their physical and chemical properties was observed. Cetane number came to be very close to pure diesel. Engine (C.I.) was run at different loads (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 kg) at a constant speed (1500 rpm) separately on each blend and also on pure diesel. Results have indicated that engine run at 20% blend of oils showed a closer performance to pure diesel. However, mustard oil at 20% blend with diesel gave best performance as compared to neem oil blends in terms of low smoke intensi...

In Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss), a major oilseed brassica crop, oil yield is the ultimate trait of economic value, which is determined by seed yield (SY) and oil content (OC). SY, the end product of many complex biological processes, is influenced by many traits, such as plant height (PH), branch number, siliqua number, seed weight, seed size and pod length. It is difficult to accurately select for high-yielding genotypes based exclusively on SY, neglecting other yield-determining traits in commercial breeding programs. Therefore, it is desirable for breeders to simultaneously improve several traits of economic importance, most of which are quantitative in nature. The purpose of the present study was to develop selection indices for simultaneous selection of multiple quantitative traits to enhance selection efficiency of the mustard breeding program of Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) located in Abohar, Punjab. A set of 487 diverse mustard genotypes, comprising germplasm accessions of Indian and European origin, advanced breeding lines, landraces, and cultivars, was evaluated using an alpha lattice design for 2 years (2015–16 and 2016–17) at the Regional Research Station of PAU, Abohar, District Fazilka (the major mustard-growing region of the Punjab state). Data on PH, main shoot length (MSL), number of primary branches (NPB), number of secondary branches (NSB), number of siliquae on main shoot (NSMS), siliqua length (SL), number of seeds per pod (NSP), 1000-seed weight  (TSW), SY on a plot basis and OC were recorded. To compute selection indices, economic weights, as determined via path coefficient analysis, were assigned to major yield-determining traits. Out of eight recorded agronomic traits, four traits, viz., NSMS, TSW, NSB and NPB, had larger direct effects on SY than other traits, and hence were assigned relative economic weights of 0.60, 0.20, 0.12 and 0.08, respectively. Selection indices were computed using different combinations of traits via Kang_SASPath computer program. When seven traits were used in a selection index (PH, NPB, NSB, NSMS, SY, TSW and MSL; or PH, NPB, NSB, NSMS, SY, TSW and OC), expected genetic advance (GA) at 5% selection intensity was about the same (9.55; selection efficiency or SE = 163% compared with selection based on SY alone).The GA was 9.46 (SE = 161%)for five traits, viz., NPB, NSB, NSMS, SY and TSW; and 9.30 (SE = 159%)for four traits, viz., NPB, NSB, NSMS, and TSW. These GAs were compared with the GA for SY only, which was 5.90 (benchmark; SE = 100%). We concluded that simultaneous selection based on multiple traits was always more efficient than selection based on SY alone. As there was only a small difference between the GA based on four traits (SE = 161%) and GA based on seven traits (SE = 163%), we suggest that mustard breeders use the parsimonious combination of four traits, viz., NPB, NSB, NSMS, and SY, to enhance SY and, consequently, oil yield in mustard.

The experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm of Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Faizabad (Uttar Pradesh), during the rabi season of 2008-09 in RBD and replicated three times. The sowing was done on November 20, 2008. The treatments comprised four levels of sulphur (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg S ha−1) and four levels of zinc (0, 5, 7.5 and 10 kg Zn ha−1). The mustard variety "Varuna" was used as test crop. Application of 60 kg S ha−1 and 10 kg Zn ha−1, produced significantly higher plant, primary and secondary branches plant−1, number of leaves plant−1, days taken to flowering, days taken to maturity, number of siliqua plant−1, length of siliqua, and number of seeds siliqua−1, harvest index and oil content. However, dry matte accumulation plant−1, 1000-grain weight (g), biological yield, seed yield, stover yield and protein content significantly increased with increasing dose of sulphur up to 40 kg and zinc 7.5 kg ha−1. The highest benefit cost ratio (1.68) was obtained with treatment combination S40Z7.5. The interaction effect of sulphur and zinc levels on various parameters of mustard was found non-significant.

A field investigation was carried out during rabi seasons of 2001-02 and 2002-03 at National Research Centre on Rapeseed - Mustard (ICAR), Sewar, Bharatpur, Rajasthan to the effect of three levels of FYM (0, 2.5 & 5.0 t/ha ) with two biofertilizers (Azotobactor and Azospirillum)at the rate of 4.0 Kg/ha each and three levels of N (0, 40 & 80 kg /ha) on Indian Mustard (Brassica juncia L.), cv. RH-30. The yield attributes and seed as well as stover yield increased significantly with the application of FYM (5.0 t/ha) over control. Seed inoculation with either of the bacteria significantly increased the number of branches, pods/plant, seeds/pod and yield of seed and stover yield. Application of N showed liner increase of these characters up to 80 kg N/ha. Integrated use of bio fertilizers, FYM with 40 Kg of nitrogen gave seed yield equal to the 80 kg N/ha Alone. Maximum seed
yield was obtained in the use of higher doses of N fertilizer in conjunctions with bio fertilizers and FYM in both years.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan bokashi terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman sawi. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji standar error untuk mengetahui perbandingan antara tanaman sawi yang tidak menggunakan bokashi dan yang menggunakan bokashi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, maka didapatkan bahwa perlakuan dengan menggunakan bokashi memberikan respon yang baik terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman sawi yang meliputi tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, dan berat basah pada saat panen. Sedangkan hasil pengujian dengan menggunakan uji standar error didapatkan bahwa antara perlakuan yang menggunakan bokashi dan tanpa bokashi terlihat berbeda nyata.

Fatty acid analyzes were carried out in oil samples from white mustard. Two varieties of white mustard (Sinapis albaL.) Were rated: "Borowska" and "Bamberka". The oil content in the seeds of the studied cultivars was 276 and 290 g / kg, respectively. The oils obtained differed significantly in the composition of fatty acids. Oil from "Borowska" contained less saturated fatty acids (4.86%) compared to "Bamberka" (10.36%). The erucic acid content was 22.2% in "Borowska" oil, while the "Bamberka" oil contained only 3.8% of this ingredient. Studies show that the pressed oil from "Borowska" can be used for technical purposes, and the oil from the "Bamberka" variety can be used for food purposes due to the low content of erucic acid in the composition of fatty acids and the beneficial composition of fatty acids. As a diet component, low erucic acid oil from the "Bamberka" variety can be a source of unsaturated fatty acids (67.25% in total). Lower levels of linoleic acid (9.46%) and linolenic acid (8.35%) compared to "Borowska" (respectively: 12.5 and 10.5%) may contribute to the oxidative stability of the oil during storage.

During the excavation of the Loyalist-period Butler Homestead site in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario a small cache of glass condiment bottles was discovered in a space identified as a larder or pantry. The form of the bottles suggests that they once contained dry mustard powder, the bottles of which are usually recovered from military sites when found in Canada. This paper examines the cultural history of mustard as a food and medicine, its role in eighteenth-century British cookery and agriculture, and demonstrates how this specific form of glass container tied a Loyalist household to local and international trade networks in British North America and England.

This study explored modelling and forecasting of wholesale mustard monthly prices in Sri Ganganagar district of Rajasthan
using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model (ARIMA), Autoregressive Fractionally Integrated Moving-
Average Model (ARFIMA) and Error Correction Model (ECM). Based on minimum AIC and BIC values, ARFIMA (1/2,
0.309, 1) was selected as the best fit model for forecasting of mustard prices whereas ARIMA (1, 1, 1) was selected for
ARIMA modelling. The result shows the mean absolute percentage error of ARIMA (1, 1, 1) , ARFIMA ( 2, 0.449,1) and
ECM based on predictions from January 2005 to June 2015 are 4.45 percent, 4.90 percent and 8.11 percent respectively.
Whereas the mean absolute percentage error of ARIMA (1, 1, 1), ARFIMA ( 2, 0.449,1) and ECM based on predictions
from January 20015 to June 2015 are 6.60 percent, 6.79 percent and 7.35 percent respectively The result therefore shows
that among the three models of univariate ARIMA and ARFIMA and multivariate ECM, the best model fit for forecasting of
wholesale mustard prices in Sri Ganganagar District of Rajasthan is ARIMA model

Abstrack : Has conducted research is to find out the optimum NPK fertilizer dossage. The research was conducted in Biology garden Biology Education Program, Education and Teachers Training Faculty, Riau University from 25 th November until 21 th December 2014. Research using Completely Randomized Design ( RAL) consisting of 4 (four) treatment and 4 (four) repititions, namely : A0= Control, A1= 5 gr, A2= 10 gr and A3 = 15 gr. Pa`rameters measured were: plant height (cm), the leaves (cm), and width of leaf (cm). Analysis of the data using analysis of varians (ANAVA). Statistical analysis showed that treatment of NPK fertilizer application at doses 5 gr, 10 gr, and 15 gr no effect on the growth of mustard.

Background and objective: Iranian mustard is cultivated in southern areas of Iran and used traditionally as natural preservative. Aims of the current study were identification and comparison of the chemical compositions and antibacterial activities of two Iranian mustard essential oils and assessment of these oils use for increasing the shelf life of turkey meats.
Material and methods: Chemical compositions of two Iranian mustard essential oils were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and antibacterial activities of these oils were assessed against Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Enterococcus faecalis using disc diffusion and broth macrodilution assays. Inhibitory effects of the essential oils were assessed on growth of mesophilic psychrotrophic bacteria, yeasts and molds and sensory evaluation was carried out for the turkey meats.
Results and conclusion: Results of GC-MS showed presence of bioactive constituents, especially allyl isothiocyanate (75.87-80.07%). All the bacterial growth, especially for Escherichia coli, was inhibited with inhibition zones of greater than 20 mm and minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of 0.156 mg ml-1. Treatment of turkey meat samples with the mustard essential oils significantly decreased the count of mesophilic psychrotrophic bacteria, yeasts and molds during 20 days of storage at 4°C ±1, compared to controls (P≤0.05). Over the time, the sensory score of the treated samples increased, compared to controls. Based on these findings, the Iranian mustard essential oils can be used as natural preservatives in foods.

Seed treatment with oil seed cakes like Cotton cake, Mustard cake (Black and yellow) and
Taramera cake alone or in combination with Trichoderma harzianum and T. resei significantly
reduced colonization of roots by charcoal rot fungus (Macrophomina phaseolina) and significantly
increased growth of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) plants. Highest reduction in charcoal rot of
sunflower was observed when seeds of sunflower were coated with cotton cake and T. resei
followed by Taramera cake and T. harzianum and Mustard cake in combination with T. harzianum.

An experiment was conducted at Horticulture farm, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh to evaluate the growth and yield performance of mustard lines during the period from October 2013 to March 2014. Twelve lines (coded from L1 to L12) were used on the experiment using Completely Randomized Design with three replications. Maximum leaves number (35.2/plant), number of branches (22.7/plant), photosynthetic rate (14.1 μmolm-2s-1), number of siliquae (222.0/plant), number of seeds (1997.0/plant) and yield (5.84 g/plant, 581.7 g/plot and 3.74 t/ha) with minimum 1000-seeds weight (2.92 g) was found from L1. L7 was found as best for seeds/siliquae (14.0) and 1000-seed weight (3.22 g). L9 was also performed well after L1 and provided 166.0 siliquae/plant, 1659.0 seeds/plant, 4.91 g seed/plant, 489.7 g seeds/plot and 3.26 t seeds/ha. But L1 was the best line concerning yield.

The experiment was conducted in RARS, BARI Hathazari during Robi season in 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 to find out the best variety and best sowing time of mustard under the agro ecological condition of Chittagong region. There were two varieties viz. V1=BARI Sarisha 14 and V1=BARI Sarisha15 and six sowing date viz. S1=10 November, S2=20 November, S3= 30 November, S4=10 December, S5=20 December and S6=30 December. Significant variations due to different sowing time and varieties were observed in days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, branches plant-1 , siliqua plant-1 , length of siliqua, seeds siliqua-1 , 1000 seeds weight (g), yield plot-1 and yield kg ha-1 .

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of variety and different plant densities on growth and yield of rapeseed mustard during Rabi 2011-12 under rainfed conditions at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Four varieties (BARI Sarisha-13, BARI Sarisha-15, BARI Sarisha-16 and SAU Sarisha-3) and four plant densities (10, 40, 70 and 100 plants m-2) were applied during the course of study. Results indicated that both variety and plant density has significant effects on growth and seed yield of rapeseed mustard. BARI Sarisha-13 (V1) performed well in terms of Branches plant-1 (6.14), Siliqua plant-1 (126.90), seeds siliqua-1 (25.36) and 1000 seed weight (4.00). Branches plant-1 (6.84) and Siliqua plant-1 (95.04) significantly increased by decreasing plant density due to less competition among plants for moisture, light and nutrients. Maximum seed yield (1.60 t ha-1) was recorded for BARI Sarisha-13 with 70 plants m-2 (V1P3). Thus, it is concluded that BARI Sarisha-13 should be grown at 70 plants m-2 for higher yield output.

In this article, we report results of a molecular docking analysis of commonly occurring natural product compounds against COVID-19 6LU7 and 6Y2E proteases. Our results show that several of these compounds have binding affinity against both the COVID-19 proteases, and compare well with a known anti-HIV drug, Saquinavir. Many of the compounds form an integral component of many cuisines, both Indian as well as others. We propose that some of these compounds could be easily and quickly positioned to hold fort against the COVID-19 virus, until of course newer therapies are discovered and detailed studies are taken to empirically validate some of the compounds for their ability to inhibit the virus.

The paper discusses the mustard plant and its place in the material culture of the Land of Israel during the Hellenistic and, most notably, the Roman period. The unique characteristics of the plant, its pungency and the minute size of its seeds, made it a common motif in the genre of parable in the ancient East and the Mediterranean basin, as well as in the rabbinical literature. The beginning of the paper illustrates the mustard and its uses, with an emphasis on Mishnah, Shabbat 20.2. The focus of the discussion is the clarification of the term מסננת של חרדל and its association with Roman viniculture. Accordingly, the terms יין חרדלי and יין גורדלי are discussed. On the basis of this analysis the final part of the paper is devoted to the origin of the Hebrew word חרדל. Consequently the name Ardala/ חרדלא, which occurs in the accounts of Flavius Josephus and in a recently discovered Aramaic inscription in Jerusalem,
is elucidated and set in its historical and social context of the late Second Temple period.

Three years field study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of some insecticides against Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Brassica juncea variety PBR 210 was sown in 4.2 x 3 m plots with 8 treatments replicated thrice. Different treatments included: T : Fipronil 5SC @ 50 g

Mustard is a condiment prepared from the seeds of the mustard plant. The seeds are either used whole, ground, bruised or even cracked and then mixed with water, vinegar and some other spices to make a thick paste ranging in colour from light yellow to dark brown. It has a sharp pungent flavour which is due to the presence of isothiocyanates and enzyme myrosinase which acts on glucosinolates. All these chemicals are responsible for the heat present in mustard seeds. Homemade mustard's are even hotter and more flavoured in comparison with those obtained from commercial preparations. Strong mustard can cause eyes to water, inflame the throat and nasal passage and also sting the palate. It can also contain certain allergens. Since 2005, the European Union has started labeling the commercial mustard with the types of allergens if it contains. It is most commonly added to meat, cheese, hotdogs, hamburgers and sandwiches. It is also used in dressings, glazes, sauces, soups and is a common cuisine in India, Mediterranean, Asia, North America, and Caribbean and is also a very popular spice all over the world.

Hydrogen peroxide, a central modulator of stress signal transduction pathways, activates multiple defense responses that reinforce resistance to various abiotic and biotic stresses in plants. The present study examines the potential biochemical mechanisms of hydrogen peroxide pre-treatment-induced drought tolerance in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) seedlings by analyzing numerous vital components of methylglyoxal and reactive oxygen species detoxification systems. Eight-day-old seedlings were pre-treated with low concentration (50 µM) of hydrogen peroxide for 24 h prior to the imposition of drought stress (20% PEG-6000) for 48 h. Hydrogen peroxide pre-treatment enhanced the membrane stability of leaf tissues under drought stress, as revealed from greatly reduced malondealdehyde content. The level of endogenous hydrogen peroxide contents in exogenous hydrogen peroxide pre-treated drought stressed-seedlings was markedly lower than those of the seedlings subjected to drought stress without hydrogen peroxide pre-treatment. A declination in the activities of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and glyoxalase II were observed in response to drought stress whereas dehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione peroxidase and glyoxalase I activities significantly increased. The content of ascorbate, reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione increased significantly whereas glutathione/glutathione disulphide ratio decreased in drought-stressed seedlings. Surprisingly, hydrogen peroxide pre-treated drought-stressed seedlings maintained a significantly higher ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, glutathione S-trasnferase, and glyoxalase II activities and glutathione/glutathione disulphide ratio when compared with the seedlings subjected to drought stress without hydrogen peroxide pre-treatment. Our results indicated that hydrogen peroxide primed a defense response in the seedlings that could trigger the activation of both ROS and MG detoxification pathways and enabled the seedlings tolerance to drought-induced oxidative damage.

During the excavation of the Loyalist-period Butler Homestead site in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario a small cache of glass condiment bottles was discovered in a space identified as a larder or pantry. The form of the bottles suggests that they once contained dry mustard powder, the bottles of which are usually recovered from military sites when found in Canada. This paper examines the cultural history of mustard as a food and medicine, its role in eighteenth-century British cookery and agriculture, and demonstrates how this specific form of glass container tied a Loyalist household to local and international trade networks in British North America and England.

In an effort to identify the factors that affect the reactivity of nitrogen mustards, we prepared two phosphoramide mustard derivatives in interaction with DNA. The activity of these drugs was compared to that of cyclophosphamide and phosphoramide mustard. The effect of drug interaction on DNA aggregation and condensation was investigated in aqueous solution under physiological conditions, using a constant DNA concentration (6.25 mM) and various ligand/polynucleotide (phosphate) ratios of 1/160, 1/80, 1/40, 1/20, 1/10, 1/5, 1/2, and 1/1. Fourier transform infrared, two-dimensional infrared (2D IR), and ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopic methods were used to determine the ligand binding modes, the binding constants, and the stability of the drug–DNA complexes in aqueous solution. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations followed by a natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, Fukui functions, electron localization functions (ELF), generalized valence bond (GVB) calculations, and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) were used to find the relationship between the structure and reactivity of phosphoramide mustard derivatives. Together with these methods, docking studies were applied to understand the features that dominate the molecular orbitals, charges, and other binding parameters. Theoretical results that coincided with the experimental values were obtained under similar conditions of pH and temperature. The results showed that the reactivity of these compounds is controlled by the frontier molecular orbitals, as well as the factors affecting them, such as negative hyperconjugation.

Total 180 Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs) on mustard varieties 'Bio-902' and 'Laxmi' were conducted at farmer's fields in irrigated area of Jaisalmer district during rabi 2005-06 to 2011-12. On an average, 23.6% higher seed yield was recorded under demonstrations than the farmers traditional practices. The extension gap, technology gap and technology index were 264 kg/ha, 486 kg/ha and 26.7%, respectively. An additional investments of Rs. 1668/ha coupled with scientific monitoring of demonstrations and non-monetary factors resulted in additional return of Rs. 5288/ha. Fluctuating minimum support price of mustard during different years influenced the economic returns per unit area. On seven years average basis incremental benefit cost ratio was 3.16.

Context: Brassicaceae plants are associated with protection against cancers due to their glucosinolate contents. Objectives: We investigate fresh leaves, roots and ripe seeds of Lobularia libyca (Viv.) C.F.W. Meissn. (Brassicaceae) to identify their glucosinolate constituents, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities Materials and methods: The glucosinolates were identified using GC-MS analysis of their hydrolysis products and LC-MS analysis in the case of seeds. Disc diffusion (1 mg/disc) and minimum inhibitory concentration (0-160 lg/mL) methods were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of seed hydrolysate. In vitro cytotoxicity against colorectal HCT-116, hepatic HUH-7, breast MCF-7 and lung A-549 cells was evaluated for seed hydrolysate (0.01-100 lg/mL) using the sulforhodamine B assay and doxorubicin as a standard Results: Three glucosinolates were identified for the first time in this plant and genus Lobularia. Glucoiberverin was the major compound accumulated in the seeds and leaves, while glucoiberin and glucoerucin were detected only in the seeds. No glucosinolates were detected in roots under the same experimental conditions. Other volatile constituents, e.g., terpenes and fatty acids were only identified in the seeds. The seed hydrolysate showed significant antimicrobial activities against Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruoginosa (MIC ¼ 64 and 82 lg/mL, respectively). The seed hydrolysate exhibited a marked selective cytotoxicity in vitro against colorectal, hepatic and breast cancer cell lines. The IC 50 values were 0.31, 2.25 and 37 lg/mL, respectively. Discussion and conclusion: The results indicated the antimicrobial activity of L. libyca and the selective effect of the seed hydrolysate as a cytotoxic drug that is potentially more active than doxorubicin against HCT-116.

Pakistan is spending a large amount of foreign exchange on the import of huge quantity of edible oil which is snowballing every year due to increase in demand and population. The present study was conducted to study the relationship between different yield related traits in advance lines of Brassica juncea developed through pedigree method of plant breeding. The yield performance of these advance lines was also evaluated during the experiment. Twelve lines were grown in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications during winter 2015-16. All recommended cultural practices were used throughout the experiment. The data for plant height, days to flowering, days to maturity, branches per plant, seeds per silique, seed yield per plot and oil% was collected. The correlation analysis revealed that seed yield per plot was highly and significantly correlated with number of branches per plant and seeds per siliqua. RBJ-11008 & RBJ-12018 were produced significantly higher seed yield (2.21kg/plot) & (2.10kg/plot) respectively than the check variety Khanpur Raya. The present study has clearly indicated the need for giving due weightage for number seeds per siliqua and number of branches per plant for improving seed yield in Mustard.

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season to find out the effect of different N levels with and without P and K on physicochemical properties, of soil under mustard crop (Brassica juncea L.). There were twelve treatments comprised three levels of nitrogen (0, 80 and 120 kgha -1 ) and one level of phosphorus and potassium (each 50 kgha -1 ). The experiment was laid out under randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. There were significant improvement recorded in physicochemical properties viz. pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon and available NPK levels of soil under mustard crop at all three growth stages i.e. 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest in the plots received N through urea, P through single super phosphate and potassium through mureate of potash. T (N 120 P 50 K 50 ) as compared to other treatments. On the basis of results obtained it can be concluded that the balanced use of N along with P and K can substitute the

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season to find out the effect of different N levels with and without P and K on physicochemical properties, of soil under mustard crop (Brassica juncea L.). There were twelve treatments comprised three levels of nitrogen (0, 80 and 120 kgha -1 ) and one level of phosphorus and potassium (each 50 kgha -1 ). The experiment was laid out under randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. There were significant improvement recorded in physicochemical properties viz. pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon and available NPK levels of soil under mustard crop at all three growth stages i.e. 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest in the plots received N through urea, P through single super phosphate and potassium through mureate of potash. T (N 120 P 50 K 50 ) as compared to other treatments. On the basis of results obtained it can be concluded that the balanced use of N along with P and K can substitute the

Total 180 Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs) on mustard varieties 'Bio-902 ' and 'Laxmi ' were conducted at farmer's fields in irrigated area of Jaisalmer district during rabi 2005-06 to 2011-12. On an average, 23.6 % higher seed yield was recorded under demonstrations than the farmers traditional practices. The extension gap, technology gap and technology index were 264 kg/ha, 486 kg/ha and 26.7%, respectively. An additional investments of Rs. 1668/ha coupled with scientific monitoring of demonstrations and non-monetary factors resulted in additional return of Rs. 5288/ha. Fluctuating minimum support price of mustard during different years influenced the economic returns per unit area. On seven years average basis incremental benefit cost ratio was 3.16.

Alternaria blight is destructive disease of rapeseed- mustard caused by Alternaria brassicae (Berk) Sacc. and A. brassicicola (Schw). The field experiments were conducted during 2013-14 and 2014-15, with 200 genotypes for evaluation of their resistance to Alternaria blight, as well as to develop effective management strategies for this disease. None of the genotypes were found disease free or highly resistant, only 7 genotypes namely (DLSC-1, DRMR-261, DRMR-270, GSC-101, GSL-1, NPC-20 and PHR-2) were found resistant, 15 genotypes were rated as moderately resistant. Rest of the genotypes was either recorded susceptible or highly susceptible.For disease management, newly molecules of 6 fungicides were evaluated with 13 treatments combinations for their effectiveness. Propiconazole 25% EC @ 0.10% was found most effective in reducing the disease severity followed by same fungicide @ 0.05%. It was followed by Hexaconazole 5% SC @ 0.010%. Maximum test weight and yield was also recorded with the sprays of Propiconazole 25% EC @ 0.10% followed by same fungicide @ 0.05%. In comparison to other fungicides, the maximum B:C ratio was recorded with three sprays of Hexaconazole 5% SC @ 0.05% followed by Propiconazole 25% EC @ 0.05%.

In Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss), a major oilseed brassica crop, oil yield is the ultimate trait of economic value, which is determined by seed yield (SY) and oil content (OC). SY, the end product of many complex biological processes, is influenced by many traits, such as plant height (PH), branch number, siliqua number, seed weight, seed size and pod length. It is difficult to accurately select for high-yielding genotypes based exclusively on SY, neglecting other yield-determining traits in commercial breeding programs. Therefore, it is desirable for breeders to simultaneously improve several traits of economic importance, most of which are quantitative in nature. The purpose of the present study was to develop selection indices for simultaneous selection of multiple quantitative traits to enhance selection efficiency of the mustard breeding program of Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) located in Abohar, Punjab. A set of 487 diverse mustard genotypes, comprisi...

The study aimed to identify the profitability of mustard variety and was conducted in three Binasarisha-9 growing areas of Bangladesh, namely Mymensingh, Sherpur and Ranpur district. In total, data were collected from randomly selected 180 farmers, 60 farmers from each area. Survey was conducted in sadar, Gouripur and Nalitabari Upazila of Rangpur, Mymensingh, and Sherpur district, respectively. From each areas 30 farmers was adopters and 30 was non-adopters. In the sampled areas data were collected through pre-designed interview schedule from January-March, 2019. Tabular, descriptive statistics and logit model were used to fulfill objectives.The study ascertains that mustard production is profitable. The average per hector net return was Tk. 22278.34 and profitability ratio was 1.50. Thirteen explanatory variables were performed in logit regression analysis in this study. The result of logit regression model shows that experience of household head, farm size, annual income, yield, training, and extension contact were found as positively significant and earning person, duration and weather were found as negatively significant variables in explaining the variation in Binasarisha-9 adoption of farm households. The major constraints were: About 20% mentioned about lack of training facilities and was top ranked followed by quality seed in timely (13.33%), infestation of disease (11.11%), and other (9.99%) were found among the mustard growers.

The optimum use of land and water resources for maximising production and/or profit is a current societal demand. A general procedure has been presented in this paper to optimise irrigation for field crops. The procedure includes determining the irrigation depth for maximising the net financial return under water-limiting conditions and maximising the yield under land-limiting conditions. This approach is based on the general form of the production function (the yield-water relationship), the cost function and the theory of maxima and minima. The derived equations have been applied to two published field cropswheat and mustard, which are grown in a humid and sub-tropic environment. The procedure and the derived equations can be applied to any field crop to determine the irrigation depth for maximising the yield or economic return. The implications of the derived equations for irrigation management on a larger scale are discussed.

Earthworms are target organisms both for scientists studying the biological component of soils and for farmers concerned with monitoring the quality of their soils. Different expellants are used to extract earthworms from the soil but differences in chemical properties and efficiency between commercial mustard and allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) solutions remain unknown. The objectives of this study were to compare (i) the concentration of irritating product (allyl isothiocyanate AITC) in two expellant solutions (diluted mustard or AITC solution) and (ii) their efficiency in extracting earthworms from the soil. AITC concentration was analyzed according to a new method, based on AITC solvent extraction and HPLC quantification, in one commercial mustard brand to assess its variability within and between batches of jars. According to mustard spiking with AITC standard solution, extraction recovery was estimated as 98 ± 2%. Earthworm field data were collected in spring 2012 in 22 cultivated fields located in east Île-de-France, comparing pure AITC to commercial mustard solutions. Species diversity, abundance and biomass of earthworms per plot were measured. We showed that AITC concentration in commercial mustard varied according to the use by date but not according to the batch. We thus recommend using the freshest mustard available from the same batch. Moreover, AITC solution was found to be about four times more concentrated in AITC than the commercial mustard solution. Despite this result, no significant differences were found in the efficiency of commercial mustard or AITC solutions to bring earthworms to the soil surface in terms of abundance, biomass or diversity. We thus discuss the advantage and drawbacks of using both expellants in the field.

Context: Brassicaceae plants are associated with protection against cancers due to their glucosinolate contents.
Objectives: We investigate fresh leaves, roots and ripe seeds of Lobularia libyca (Viv.) C.F.W. Meissn. (Brassicaceae) to identify their glucosinolate constituents, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities
Materials and methods: The glucosinolates were identified using GC-MS analysis of their hydrolysis products and LC-MS analysis in the case of seeds. Disc diffusion (1mg/disc) and minimum inhibitory concentration (0–160 ug/mL) methods were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of seed hydrolysate. In vitro cytotoxicity against colorectal HCT-116, hepatic HUH-7, breast MCF-7 and lung A-549 cells was evaluated for seed hydrolysate (0.01–100 ug/mL) using the sulforhodamine B assay and doxorubicin as a standard
Results: Three glucosinolates were identified for the first time in this plant and genus Lobularia. Glucoiberverin was the major compound accumulated in the seeds and leaves, while glucoiberin and glucoerucin were detected only in the seeds. No glucosinolates were detected in roots under the same experimental conditions. Other volatile constituents, e.g., terpenes and fatty acids were only identified in the seeds. The seed hydrolysate showed significant antimicrobial activities against Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruoginosa (MIC=64 and 82 ug/mL, respectively). The seed hydrolysate exhibited a marked selective cytotoxicity in vitro against colorectal, hepatic and breast cancer cell lines. The IC50 values were
0.31, 2.25 and 37 ug/mL, respectively.
Discussion and conclusion: The results indicated the antimicrobial activity of L. libyca and the selective effect of the seed hydrolysate as a cytotoxic drug that is potentially more active than doxorubicin against HCT-116.