Municipal By-Laws

" No written contract is ever complete ;even the most carefully drafted document rests on volumes of assumptions that cannot be explicitly expressed " International contracts refers to a legally binding agreement between parties ,based in different countries ,in which they are obliged to do or not do certain things .International contracts may be written in a formal way .Most businesses were create contracts in writing to make the terms of agreement clear. A transaction will qualify to be international if elements of more than one country are involved in it and international contract law concerns the legal rules relating to cross border agreements. In the era of globalization where a contract contains one or more foreign elements ,the difficult and complicated question in proceeding that arises is that arises is that of ascertaining its applicable law.Such difficulty stems from the multiplicity and diversity of connecting factors and each of them may arise in different jurisdiction for instance the place where the contract was made ;the place of performance ;the place of business of the parties ;the place of payments; the currency of payment; domicile or nationality of the parties and so on .So to avoid this situation parties are granted with the freedom to select the law to govern their contract under the

I present my research on the competence of administrative courts in Poland to review constitutionality of normative acts of local self-governmental units and the effects of exercising this power for cases concerning public authorities' liability in damages for wrongful law.

RESUMEN: En 1549 se promulgaba en la localidad de Fustiñana unas ordenanzas extensas, para la entidad de este núcleo poblacional, orientadas eminentemente a la protección de las propiedades y producciones agrícolas y, supletoriamente, a la reglamentación de la organización y funcionamiento del concejo y las actividades de sus oficiales. El presente artículo edita su texto y estudia brevemente su contenido y las circunstancias de su confección y proclamación. Como respuesta directa a los problemas inmediatos de la vida comunal, las ordenanzas locales, en general, constituyen un testimonio de gran riqueza informativa sobre los aspectos jurídicos e institucionales, pero también sociales, económicos y hasta culturales, de las comunidades históricas.

ABSTRACT: In 1549 some by-laws were promulgued in a village called Fustiñana. They were very long, compared to the importance of the place, and they were oriented specially to the agricultural production and properties, and supplementary to the organisation’s regulation and its offitials’ activities and council’s operation. The present article edits its text and studies briefly its contents and its preparation and proclamation circumstances. As a direct answer to the immediate communal life problems, by-laws, are, in general, a very good evidence of  juridical and institutional aspects, but also social, economic and even cultural ones, of the historical communities.