Migracije

Ovaj je priručnik strukturiran na način da prati glavne aktivnosti projekta. U prvom dijelu predstavljamo naše organizacije i kratak pregled situacije u našim državama, odnosno okolnosti u kojima radimo. U drugom dijelu predstavljamo rezultate istraživanja koje smo proveli u državama partnerima na projektu. Ukupno su provedene 4 fokus grupe s
izbjeglicama i tražiteljima azila koji su pričali o tome koliko su (ne)zadovoljni sustavom socijalne zaštite, procesom dobivanja međunarodne zaštite te o tome što nedostaje kako bi sustav integracije, sa svim pripadajućim procesima, bolje odgovarao na stvarne potrebe. U trećem dijelu predstavljamo metode i aktivnosti razvijene za vrijeme trajanja projekta za koje smo procijenili da najbolje odgovaraju na potrebe iskazane u fokus grupama. Prema tome, metode su usmjerene na psihološko rasterećenje, društvenu koheziju i inkluziju, ali i na pružanje mladima alata koje mogu koristiti kako bi locirali, pa čak i kreirali vlastite, resurse u lokalnoj zajednici.

Sa punim pravom postavlja se set kritičkih pitanja o dominaciji etnonacionalnih obrazaca u vodećim banjalučkim kulturnim institucijama
i ignoriranju povijesnih činjenica i njihovih posljedica danas. Donekle je razumljivo ispolitizirano tumačenje ratne prošlosti iz “banjalučke
perspektive”, ali ignorisanje činjenice o postojanju liste umjetnika i umjetnica koji su bili prisiljeni napustiti grad 1990-ih, sa zamahom politike
etničkog čišćenja danas već osuđenih ratnih zločinaca, naprosto zabrinjava. Ta lista dovoljno je duga da se pitanje nasilnih migracija istakne
kao svojevrsni fenomen ovoga grada i kao kritična tačka – neka vrsta društvenog loma, gdje se može (ali i mora) pomno izvršiti vivisekcija prilika
koje su do toga dovele. Radi se o umjetnicima i umjetnicama koji su uslijed prisilnog napuštanja Banjaluke bili primorani svoj život relocirati
negdje drugdje – Amer Kobašlija i Aida Šehović u New York, Irma Markulin u Berlin, Margareta Kern u London, Ivana Pegan Baće u Dubrovnik, Damir Avdagić u Oslo, Zlatan Vehabović i Alem Korkut u Zagreb, itd.

The Balkan Wars 1912–1913 left behind devastation and ashes. The end of the war and the treaty in Bucharest had devastating effects on Macedonia, and the decisions left permanent consequences on the course of events in that period of time and had an unseen negative effect on our country and the Macedonian citizen today. Peoples who became strangers in their own country were in the worst situation, and the more different they were from the new government the worse their position was. Bosniaks in the Ottoman Empire expanded their influence in all parts of the Balkans, but after the weakening of the state their number considerably grew in other Ottoman provinces, including Macedonia. With the Balkan Wars 1912–1913 process of eviction of the Bosniaks and the rest of the Muslim population began once more. The newly established government not only failed to ensure order, peace and security, but also triggered two negative processes by its actions. The first was denationalization of the Macedonian people and the second was direct discrimination and incitement to eviction of Bosniaks and other Muslims from Macedonia.
Keywords: Balkan Wars, Bosniaks, Macedonia.

Naselja i migracije na Kupresu [Settlements and Migrations in Kupres].
Rado sam se odazvao želji starog prijatelja o. fra Miroslava Džaje, seniora Franjevačke provincije Bosne Srebrene, da ponešto nadopunim njegovu temeljitu i solidnu monografiju o Kupresu posebnom studijom o naseljima i migracijama njegova rodnog kraja. On je svoju pažnju uglavnom posvetio važnijim zbivanjima na Kupresu, posebno u crkvenom pogledu. Meni pade u dio da pokušam prikazati ljudski elemenat tog kraja, promjene, gibanja i razvoj u njemu. Taj teče u vremenu poput rijeke, naoko uvijek jednake i nepromijenjene, a stvarno u svaki čas drukčije sastavljene od ljudskih jedinica koje dolaze i odlaze, zadržavajući u sebi kontinuitet jedne rijeke i jednog naroda. Gdjekada se mirna rijeka pretvara u bujicu koja se lomi, koja sve ruši i nosi da ostavi za sobom nanose kamenja i plodnog taloga. Gdjekada opet ona nestaje pod zemljom, u ponoru kao, uostalom, sve kupreške rječice-ponornice - da se kasnije, pročišćena i smirena pojavi u drugom kraju donoseći novi život.
U centru pažnje ove studije leži migracioni proces kupreškog kraja tamo od početka turske vlasti. Tim se ne misli reći da nije bilo strujanja stanovništva i ranije. Samo ta strujanja, uslijed pomanjkanja historijskih vrela, slabo su i, gdjekada, nikako obrađena. Nema sumnje da je napr. na Kupresu bilo dosta pripadnika »Bosanske crkve« tzv.patarena ili bogumila. Ipak ni jedan od preko registriranih stećaka ne nosi nikakva natpisa pogotovo ne patarenskoga. Jednako tako ima indicija o izvjesnim seobama plemićkih obitelji a s njima, svakako i nešto naroda, kao napr. jedne grane moćnih Vukčića Hrvatinića, gospodara Donjih Krajeva,Ključa, Glamoča, Plive, Kupresa i sl.


Naselja i migracije na Kupresu [Settlements and Migrations in Kupres]. The traces of Christianity could be found in this area back in the time when St Titus, a pupil of Apostle Paul, preached the Gospel, and in 257 AD the first Bishop of Duvno, St Venantius, suffered a torture for Christ's faith. There was also Bistue Vetus near the area of Kupres, at the source of the Rama river, whose bishop was present at the Synods at Salona in 530 AD and 533 AD. The main proof of the early Christianity still remains the antique basilica at Otinovci. The Avars devastated the Roman province of Dalmatia, destroyed Salona as a political and ecclesiastical centre, and the dioceses near Kupres disappeared. Upon the arrival of the Croats and after they had been converted by the missionaries sent from Rome, the newera in the history of Christianity and Catholicism at the area started. The area of Kupres shared the ecclesiastical destiny with the neighbouring Croatian areas, and was in the Croatian diocese until 1382, when it was annexed to Bosnia. The most important monument of Catholicism at the Kupres area, the church of the Holy Trinity at Otinovci, dates back to that time. Queen Katarina Kotromanić had the church built in 1447 with the aim to reestablish Catholicism in the area of Kupres, and to break off with heresy as preached by the Bosnian Christians. The members of the Franciscans who came to Bosnia in 1291 worked hard at suppressing the teaching of the Bosnian Christians. The Franciscans came to stay in Bosnia, and stayed throughout the Turkish conquest. They were also connected to the Catholic Parish existing at the area of Kupres. It was formally mentioned in 1623 which does not mean that it had not existed even before. The Parish disappeared as the result of the exile of the Catholics, and the exodus in the time of the Candian War (1645-1669). After the year 1700 the people gradually came back, religious life was renewed as testified by Apostolic Vicars and Ecclesiastical Visitors in their reports to the Vatican. At first Kupres was a curacy of the parish of Skoplje, mentioned in 1755, and in the year 1801 the Vatican granted them the establishment of an independent parish, as proved by the seal of the parish of Kupres in the Bosnian Kingdom in 1802. Father Petar Lozić, a permantent priest resident at Kupres, was a curate in 1775. Father Mijo Kutleša had a modest wooden church built at Otinovci in 1855. It was dedicated to Resurrection of the Blessed Lady (Assumption). The Franciscans opened the first school at Otinovci, probably in 1854, and it worked until the state school at Grand was established in 1888. Registers had been kept in the archives of the parish of Kupres together with other important documents until it all burnt down in 1942. Glagolitic priests preached at Kupres too, and Father Jakov Čota, whose tomb was specially marked and has been pil grimme d by both the Catholics and the people of different religions, has remained in the memory of the people there. The growth of the number of inhabitants was the reason to have two parishes in 1837: the parent parish Otinovci and the new parish Suho Polje which had been a curacy. The patron of Suho Polje was now the patron of the old parish, Resurrection of the Blessed Lady, and at Otinovci a new patron, St John the Baptist, was chosen. At the same place at Otinovci where there had been the anti que basilica in the fifth century and the church of Holy Trinity in the fifteenth, a new church was built in 1889, which is a single case in the history of Bosnia. In the year 1900 the archbishop Vrhbosnian, Josip Stadler, granted the establishment of the third Kupres parish at Rastičevo. Building a church at Suho Polje started in 1881, at Rastičevo in 1926. In the year 1900 the parishes of Otinovci and of Rastičevo were under the government of diocesan bishops. The archbishopal ordinariate in Sarajevo in 1937 decided to establish the fourth parish at Kupres because the number of believers had sharply increased, but the church was not built due to the WW2. It was built only in 1969. Orthodox churches were also built at Kupres: at Vukovsko in 1862, at Blagaj in 1890, and at Ravno in 1911. Migrations at Kupres intensified at the beginning of the Turkish rule though there were minor migrations at the time of Bosnian rule too. According to the Turkish tax documents, defters, from 1489, 1516 and 1528/1530 it is not possible to determine the number and the structure of the inhabitants at Kupres, because there were unly the documents from the bordering settlements. In the defter of Sancak of Klis, 1574, about fifteen villages were mentioned for the first time, their names and the names of the taxpeyers. The area had a relatively great number of inhabitants, the biggest village had 23 households with approximately ten to fifteen members each. Deserted villages, „mezras“, were also mentioned, which is a sign of abandoning the area as a result of battles and exile. The Turks brought new settiers and wrote them down into their censuses. It is hard to conclude from the people's names in the defters which nationality and religion the people of Kupres belonged to, whether they were Serbs or Croats, Catholics or Orthodox. The only noticeable thing was the intensive islamization, and the number of the inhabitants was about 3,500. More than two thirds of the old names of the localities mentioned in 16th century had disappeared or had been forgotten by 18th century, which means that a great number of the old inhabitants had disappeared too. The greatest exile from the Kupres area was during the Candian and Viennese Wars, and the return started only after the Peace at Požarevac in 1718, when the border between Dalmatia and Bosnia was established too. The greatest number of immigrants to the Kupres Plateau was from Dalmatia and Herzegovina, a minor number from Duvno and Livno. The first names: Raič, Gudelj, Brajko, Radman, Selak, later turned into surnames, and the important families at Kupres were the Gudelj family, being the eidest, the Meštrović family, the Posilović family and the Kotromanić family, the most significant in the history of Bosnia. After 1700 the number of Catholics increased, and in 1737 there were 284 persons in the census, and in 1879 there were 538 people of Moslem religion, 4,688 of Othodox religion and 3,505 of Catholic religion according to the census made by Austrian Government. The greatest number of inhabitants (22,000 people) lived at Kupres in 1939, when the greatest number of Catholics (8,908) was also registered, and in 1961 the consensus showed that the number of unhabitants was cut down to half and it was 11,813 out of which 4,306 where Catholics, that is Croats. It was the resnlt of WW2 and the after war economic and political migrations.

Историјски приступ социолошком феномену миграција има за задатак указати на просторни и хронолошки контекст уз посебно тумачење узрока и последица ове појаве. Овај рад у право има то за циљ, да прикаже кроз историјски осврт сеобу становника Београда након пораза војске Хабсбуршке монархије од Османског царства, 21. јула 1739. године. Наиме, по поразу војске хабсбуршког цара Карла VI (1711-1740), становништво, насељавано у Београд у периоду 1718-1739. године, у потпуности се повукло узводно Дунавом до Петроварадинске тврђаве и населило леву обалу реке. На простору Петроварадинског шанца дошло је до формирања насеља, које је за мање од деценије изборило статус Слободног краљевског града од стране царице Марије Терезије (1740-1780). Приликом анализе литературе биће коришћени и историјски извори, односно први документи, који говоре о процесу елибертације и изградњи НовогСада (лат. Neoplanta, нем. Neusatz, мађ. Újvidék). Имајући у виду да, до сада, није написана свеобухватна студија која укључује сеобе становништва из Београда, насељавања дунавске обале, изградњу новог насеља и процес елибертације, овај рад ће представљати синтезу прегледа досадашњих појединачних истраживања са анализом објављених и необјављених историјских извора, који се чувају у Историјском архиву града Новог Сада и Архиву Војводине.

The historical approach to the sociological phenomenon of migration aims at pointing out the spatial and chronological context with a particular interpretation of the causes and consequences of this phenomenon. This work is intended to show through the historical review the migration of the inhabitants of Belgrade after the defeat of the Habsburg army by the Ottoman Empire on July 21, 1739. Namely, after the defeat of the army of Emperor Charles VI of Habsburg (1711-1740), the population, settled in Belgrade in the period 1718-1739, completely withdrew upstream of the Danube to the Petrovaradin Fortress and settled on the left bank of the river. In the area of ​​Petrovaradin Šanac, a settlement was formed, which in less than a decade won the status of Free Royal City by Empress Maria Theresa (1740-1780). In addition to the use of literature, the analysis will use historical sources and the first documents that testify to the process of eliberation and construction of Novi Sad (Latin Neoplanta, Ger. Neusatz, Hun. Újvidék). Bearing in mind that no comprehensive study has been written so far that includes population movements from Belgrade, settlements of the Danube coast, construction of a new settlement and the process of eliberation, this paper will be a synthesis of a review of individual studies to date with an analysis of published and unpublished historical sources stored in The Historical Archives of the City of Novi Sad and the Archives of Vojvodina.

Čovjek ima potrebu da putuje, istražuje i otkriva nepoznato. S tim karakteristikama moderan čovjek se ne razlikuje u odnosu na ponašanje prvih ljudi na Zemlji. Jedna od teza koju naučnici današnjice zastupaju jeste da je homo sapiens emigrirao sa prostora današnje Afrike. Migracija je, također, čest motiv u Svetim knjigama abrahamističkih religija. Kroz historiju su ostale poznate kolektivne migracije, tj. migracije jednog čitavog naroda od jednog mjesta do drugog. Motivi migracija
mogu biti ekonomske, političke, klimatske ili neke druge prirode, što ne umanjuje činjenicu da je migracija prirodan fenomen od postanka ljudskog roda pa sve do danas, koji treba da podstiče istraživače na sagledavanje
posljedica izazvanih seobama. Zbornik radova koji propituje uzroke i posljedice migracija kroz perspektivu bosanskohercegovačkih iskustava nosi naziv Nacije i migracije: Studije iz bosanskohercegovačke prošlosti, čiji je urednik prof. dr. Amir Duranović. Zbornik čine četiri autorska teksta, a koji se mogu podijeliti u dvije grupe. Prvu čine radovi prof. dr. Amile Kasumović i dr. sc. Enesa S. Omerovića koji govore o migracijama na području današnje Bosne i Hercegovine prilikom dva velika događaja. Riječ je o doseljavanju stranaca na navedeno područje nakon što je Austro-Ugarska Monarhija dobila područje Bosne i Hercegovine na upravu, odnosno njihova emigracija nakon Prvog svjetskog rata, tj. u trenutku kada se Monarhija povlači sa ovih područja. U drugi blok radova spadaju članci autora dr. sc. Vere Katz i prof. dr. Husnije Kamberovića. Urednik Amir Duranović ovu grupu radova klasificira kao “propitivanje migracija ideja”, jer autori na odabranim političkim događajima raspravljaju o načinu na koji su određene ideje dolazile u Bosnu i Hercegovinu iz susjednih republika, te se predstavljaju način na koji se rukovodstvo SR BiH nastojalo izboriti protiv takvog uticaja. Zbornik radova predstavlja rezultat rada na projektu “Historiografija i nacionalizam” koje je realiziralo Udruženje za modernu historiju uz kontinuiranu podršku Fondacije Heinrich Böll - Ured u Sarajevu
za Bosnu i Hercegovinu, Albaniju i Sjevernu Makedoniju.

Sažetak: Globalizacija se pokazala kao jak izazov suverenitetu, ali država još uvek ne daje svoje ingerencije u oblasti kontrole imigracije. Ovaj esej ima za cilj predstavljanje prvih radova političkih teoretičara u oblasti etike imigracije – ponajviše Majka Volcera, koji govori u prilog kolektivnog prava država da kontrolišu ulazak ljudi, i Džozefa Karensa, koji brani princip otvorenih granica. Čak i bez dovođenja u pitanje generalnog prava države na kontrolu imi-gracije može se govoriti o moralnoj obavezi primanja određenih kategorija nedržavljana koju bi trebalo da ispune liberalno-demokratske države. S druge strane, nijedna strategija kontrole članstva ne može biti konzistentna sa centralnim liberalnim principima po kojima svaka osoba ima jednaku moralnu vrednost. Na kraju, u eseju se razmatra potencijalni svet migracija bez granica i neke od pozitivnih implikacija jednog takvog scenarija.
Ključne reči: imigracija, sloboda kretanja, Volcer, Karens, zatvorne i otvorene granice

U ovom radu fokus je na analizi akademske mobilnosti studenata i istraživača iz Bosne i Hercegovine koji se u ranoj fazi svog profesionalnog razvoja odlučuju za nastavak studija ili stručnog usavršavanja na univerzitetima u inostranstvu. Istovremeno, nakon sticanja inostranih visokoškolskih kvalifikacija i privremenog boravka van BiH, mladi
stručnjaci pokazuju spremnost i imaju kapacitet za povratak i prenos stečenog znanja u svoju zemlju.
Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 148 ispitanika koji posjeduju iskustvo mobilnosti i privremenog boravka u inostranstvu nakon pohađanja postdiplomskih akademskih studija na međunarodnim univerzitetima. Istraživanjem se želi obezbijediti procjena vrijednosti stečenih profesionalnih znanja, navika i vještina ove specifične grupe povratnika, ukazujući na njihov položaj na tržištu rada, ali i mogućnosti transfera znanja s ciljem obezbjeđivanja privrednog i društvenog razvoja.

Neka razmatranja o gospodarstvu Zapadnog Ilirika od IV do VI stoljeća
Acta Illyrica: godišnjak Udruženja BATHINVS 2, 2018

U članku se razmatraju pojedini aspekti kasnoantičkoga gospodarstva
u provincijama Panonske dijeceze (Zapadnog Ilirika) od IV do VI stoljeća. Poglavita pozornost usmjerena je na dvije južnopanonske provincije i Dalmaciju. Cilj je opisati opće ekonomske tijekove, osobito u vezi s time kako su političke, etničke i demografske promjene tijekom navedenog razdoblja utjecale na gospodarske prilike. Prvenstveni je oslonac na pisane izvore, pri čemu se na umu ima njihova sporadičnost i tendencioznost, a zapažanja se nastoje dovesti u smislenu vezu s dostupnim arheološkim podacima. Analizira se pitanje ekonomskog potencijala raznih gospodarskih aktera, mjesnih zajednica, lokalnih zemljoposjednika, crkve i državnih vlasti, odnosno udjela središnje
uprave u vođenju, održavanju i oživljavanju provincijskoga gospodarstva. Pažnja se posvećuje i gospodarskom stanju u provincijama pod nerimskom vlašću.

Some Considerations on the Economy of Western Illyricum from the Fourth to Sixth Centuries
Acta Illyrica: godišnjak Udruženja BATHINVS 2, 2018

The paper examines a number of aspects of the late antique economy in the provinces of the Diocese of Pannonia from the fourth to sixth centuries. Particular attention is paid to two southern Pannonian provinces and Dalmatia. The aim is to outline general economic trends, especially in regard to how the political, ethnic and demographic changes affected economic conditions during this period. Written
sources are in the main focus for the analysis, while, at the same time, their randomness and tendency are borne in mind. The observations derived from written sources are attempted to be meaningfully linked to available archaeological record. The analysis is also focused on the question of economic potential of various economic actors, regional communities, local landowners, the Church and state authorities, i.e. the share of central government in managing, maintaining and revival of provincial economy. Attention is also paid to the economic situation in the provinces under the non-Roman rule.  During the fourth century Western Illyricum was an area of lively economic activity that was largely oriented to meet state needs. Written sources testify to certain products that had a supraregional character, but one may conclude that the Norican textiles were the only product that was of greater importance in broad-range and long-distance trade. In written sources Pannonia is singled out as a province rich both in agricultural products and in merchandise, but these were primarily consumed locally. Next to cities and towns, the biggest consumer was the army. The raw materials were also of supraregional importance, especially the iron from Dalmatia and Noricum as well as the stone material. The Norican marble was still quarried in the fourth century and transported to Pannonia and Italy as well. Moreover, the Dalmatian stone was one of the more sought-after items from the fourth to sixth centuries, both as a raw material and as a finished product. One of the most important products which was based on a locally accessible raw material was coinage. Western provinces were at a time supplied to a large degree with coins of the Siscia mint. Of course, it should be borne in mind that regionally mined monetary metals weren’t only used to fulfill the capacities of local mints. Locally available wood and stone materials were also important as a building material and especially used in the extensive works to strengthen the Danube frontier by restoration and construction of forts in the second half of the fourth century. To a certain extent this is also true for later times, the fifth and sixth centuries, considering the erection of hillforts in the interior of Dalmatia and in Noricum, as well as in strategic positions along the eastern Adriatic coast and on the islands. It could be argued that one of the greatest resources of the late Roman Western Illyricum, and particularly Pannonia which is singled out for it in written sources, were its people. This refers to lesser extent to slaves who are likely to have been  acquired in frequent conflicts along the frontier as well as in military campaigns across the border during the fourth century. The area of Illyricum was well-known in the later Roman Empire as a recruiting ground, which continued even after a significant part of Western Illyricum was already dominated by barbarian groups. The large size of population, if judged by what is claimed in written sources, was likely to have been a good basis for general internal consumption, which is why the western Illyrian provinces were also major importers of goods, even the goods that were produced locally, such as wine and olive oil in Dalmatia. In addition, demand for luxury products and better quality goods has also to be taken into account. That is why high-quality olive oil from the Zadar area could be exported to Italy despite the local deficit of this product in Dalmatia. The quality of raw material as well as the skillful manufacturing and workmanship of the art product itself were the reason why the sarcophagi of the Salona-Brač workshops were still in demand in the sixth-century Italy. The production capabilities and the volume of import were also influenced by general military and demographic circumstances. The exposure of the Danube areas, the collapse of the Danube frontier and frequent wars and campaigns had an extremely adverse effect on the demographic condition throughout this period both due to violent deaths and capture as well as displacement of people, to which losses caused by the epidemics such as the bubonic plague in the mid-sixth century have to be added. Even if the image of Pannonia devoid of people as portraited by the sixth century written sources is exaggerated, there is no doubt that the number of inhabitants decreased significantly in comparison to the fourth century. This great demographic decline contributed, much more than the other factors, to the far-reaching deterioration of the urban structures and disappearance of cities and towns, which, along with the permanent withdrawal of the Roman army, inflicted an irreparable blow to the economy as production capabilities and demand were greatly reduced.  To be sure, at least until the mid-fifth century Pannonia still imported the goods, but to what degree the political instability had an affect is shown by the example of Valeria where the import of African pottery was discontinued in the early fifth century as the province came under the control of the Hun groups. On the other hand, the limited possibilities of import could encourage the local production. Regardless of the fact that the new rulers such as the Ostrogoths were very keen in preserving the late Roman traditions, little could be done for the more lasting recovery of at least some Pannonian regions. The vitality was preserved in Dalmatia, especially in its coastal area, for a long period, and, to a certain extent, in Noricum for much of the fifth century. At certain periods Dalmatia even experienced more positive demographic impacts due to the population influx from the more endangered regions. The relative economic strength of Dalmatia was supported with the efforts of the state authorities (the Ostrogothic ones perhaps even more than the Eastern Roman ones) as well as the needs of the Church. It is worth pointing out that the war between Ostrogoths and Eastern Romans surely gave a boost to the Dalmatian economy since Salona became a permanent military base, and the stay of the imperial army spurred an increasing demand for raw materials and products due to logistics needs. The province’s relative prosperity is also indicated by a demand for luxury goods and the import of products from the eastern and southern Mediterranean. Favorable circumstances lasted until the last decade of the sixth century, which saw new overwhelming challenges to the late antique economy in Dalmatia that ultimately crushed the previous growth.

The integration of the countries of eastern and southeastern Europe into global flows of migration has become a major issue not only in migration policy debates , but also in analysing longer term social change in the region. Changes in the magnitudes of migrant remittances can be of crucial social and political importance. In this study, I link a conceptual contribution with a three-step empirical inquiry. First, I conceptualize migrant remittances as a form of external economic dependency. Next, I describe recent changes in the strength of the empirical relationship between migrant remittances as percentages of the GDP and per capita GDP for all societies of the world utilizing data from two online data sets. Employing what Charles Tilly (1984) called " variation-finding comparison, " I examine, next, the – as it turns out, quite sizeable – residual variation in the relative magnitude of remittances that remains after controlling for per capita GDP, and interpret it as a marker for patterns of remittance dependency. Finally, I trace the recent trajectories of the societies that had, until one generation ago, constituted the Soviet " bloc " against the backdrop of the global distribution in remittance dependency. The data have been adopted from two sources: Estimates for migrant remittances as percentages of the GDP of their home country come from the online World Develop

BASIC DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HUNGARY ACCORDING TO THE POPULATION CENSUS FROM 1910 The subject of this research was the general census of the population of Hungary from 1910, with the aim of showing the basic demographic characteristics of its population based on the results of the census. The census was carried out simultaneously throughout the Austro -Hungarian Empire. The authors paid special attention to the territories of today's Vojvodina. The general population census of Hungary from 1910 is particularly interesting for researchers for several reasons. It was more modern, more comprehensive and more detailed than all the previous Hungarian population censuses. It recorded the state of the population and society in the time closest to the disintegration of the Hungarian state, and it fixed an image of Hungary as of a state with reminiscences of the past, but also with the processes typical of modern capitalist and civic development. The inventory is especially valua...

Based on the birth, marriage, and death records in the parish of St Tryphon in Kotor, the paper presents and analyses the key determinants of local demographic trends during the last Venetian-Ottoman war (1714-1718). To the extent permitted by the sources, the author has focused on the fluctuations in the number of births, marriages, and deaths in the pre-war, wartime, and post-war periods. Links between these numbers have been juxtaposed to the origins and professions of the persons involved and the results obtained from Kotor have been compared with the trends in Dubrovnik and Pula. These comparisons indicate that – although the Second Morean War was not fought in the immediate vicinity of Kotor – the war events had a considerable bearing on the town’s demographic trends. This is particularly evident in the mortality rate, which rose steeply when the war was most intense. Military migrations, that is, the arrival of soldiers in the town, also increased the biological potential of the population, which led to an increase in the marriage rate. These trends reveal Kotor’s military profile and show the soldiers (and their migrations) as an interesting social group.

Poučavanje hrvatskoga jezika u Brazilu uvijek je bio većinski pothvat naše iseljeničke zajednice, kao što je već navedeno u tekstu „Poučavanje hrvatskog jezika u Brazilu“, objavljenom u Hrvatskome iseljeničkom zborniku 2019. Tada sam već naveo kako je rijetko bilo prilike dobiti službene podrške (od države) kako bi postojala stalna ponuda tečajeva i kako bi se poučavanje jezika moglo razvijati kao samostalno područje nastave i znanosti. U spomenutom tekstu, ali i u znanstvenome članku „Hrvati u Brazilu kao nevidljivo iseljeništvo“ također 2019. godine u Časopisu za suvremenu povijesti, sažeto je objašnjena povijest i razlozi relativnog nepoznavanja situacije naših ljudi u ovoj zemlji, a time i jezične situacije. Imajući navedeno u vidu, ovdje će biti riječi o budućnosti hrvatskoga jezika u najmnogoljudnijoj zemlji Latinske Amerike i jednoj od vodećih ekonomija svijeta pa će se tako predstaviti sada postojeće aktivnosti i rezultati te mogućnosti razvoja i napretka za koje se nadam(o) da će biti sluha i suradnje. Time će se govoriti o nastavi i tečajevima hrvatskoga jezika, njihovoj transformaciji za vrijeme pandemije bolesti COVID-19, pripremi i objavljivanju prvog (multimedijalnog) udžbenika za govornike portugalskoga jezika te ostalim popratnim aktivnostima kojima je cilj njegovati i razvijati pisanu i govorenu hrvatsku riječ u Brazilu.

Migracije stanovništva predstavljaju važnu determinantu u prostornom razmeštaju stanovništva u centralnoj Srbiji. Intenzivne migracije iz ruralnih u gradska naselja uslovile su neharmoničan odnos procesa deagrarizacije, s jedne i procesa urbanizacije, s druge strane. U radu se analizira migraciona komponenta i promene nastale tokom pola veka (1961–2011. godine) i sagledavaju se posledice tih migracionih kretanja na obim stanovništva u gradskim i ostalim naseljima. Cilj rada je predstavljanje tranzicije migracionih fenomena u naseljima u centralnoj Srbiji, u periodu ubrzanog društveno-ekonomskog razvoja, koji su karakterisale migracije na relaciji selo – grad 1960-ih godina, preseljavnja između gradskih naselja 1980-ih godina, prisilne migracije 1990-ih godina, kao i njihove posledice i implikacije po demografski razvitak. U prvoj deceniji 21. veka, tranzicioni trendovi tipova populacione dinamike se manifestuju kroz širenje demografski najugroženijih prostora zahvaćenih izumiranjem stanovništva, uz sve jasniju diferencijaciju prostora koje odlikuje imigracija. Migraciona komponenta je u centralnoj Srbiji pretrpela promene, ne toliko u pogledu obima migracionih kretanja koliko u pogledu smera migracionih tokova između gradskih i ostalih naselja, koji su bili determinisani različitim ekonomskim i socijalnim aspektima, kao i trendovi koji su se odvijali istovremeno s intezivnom emigracijom međunarodnog karaktera iz Srbije. Migracije su tako, s jedne strane dovele do znatne koncentracije stanovništva na malom prostoru, a sa druge strane do naseobinske dezintegracije na širokom, pretežno ruralnom prostoru. Zaostajanje u ekonomskom razvoju ostalih naselja i pojedinih oblasti intenziviralo je emigraciju stanovništva u radnom i reproduktivnom periodu.

Ovaj tekst kritički analizira rešenja koje nudi Pakt o imigraciji i azilu usvojen tokom francuskog predsedavanja EU 2008. godine. Pakt o imigraciji i azilu treba da strateški pogura krei-ranje zajedničke imigracione politike. Rano je reći hoće li u tome uspeti i jesu li države članice na to spremne. Mnogo je izvesnije da su spremne i voljne da se bore protiv neregularnih migracija, a to dokazuje i nova i kontroverzna Direktiva o povratku. Srbija želi članstvo u Evropskoj uniji, a pre toga bezvizni režim sa EU za svoje građane, stoga mora usaglasiti svoju migra-cionu politiku sa evropskim standardima. Ključne reči: liberalizacija viznog režima, Evropski pakt o imigraciji i azilu, Direktiva o povratku, masovna regularizacija neregularnih migranata, integracioni ugovori

Defection of the population from Banat to Bačka, and sometimes to a smaller extent
vice versa, was a very frequent phenomenon in the first half of the 18th century. The author
presents statistical data about the defections and the correspondence of the district, chamber
and higher state authorities about the return of the defectors, as well as the measures for the
prevention of such undesirable fluctuation of subjects. This is testified by the documents
from 1719 to 1725, according to which the defection in both directions included several
hudred persons. The paper also presents a document with the names of the defectors from
Banat to Bačka, who were settling in the Bačka district, specially in Cseb, for many years.

The central theme of the paper is to study the migration processes in Kotor in the 18 th century. The emphasis was on the share of immigrants from Montenegro's hinterland into Kotor. The research was based on the analysis of the original archival material from the Bishop's Archives in Kotor, the books of the Church of St. Tryphon. By inspecting the above mentioned material, the time span of the census, the ways of identification , and the gender and professional structure of the immigrants are presented and analyzed. Finally, the share of Montenegrin immigrants in each book of births (births, weddings and deaths) is analyzed, with an emphasis on displaying topics from the social everyday life of the population.

U Centru za tražioce azila u Bogovađi migranti igraju igru koja liči na jednu koju znamo, ali se pravila donekle razlikuju i naziv je drugačiji. U situaciji u kojoj jedva imaju šta da obuku i pojedu, daleko od svojih porodica i domova, posle prepešačenih hilјada kilometara, spavanja pod vedrim nebom, umorni od stalnih rizika, oni se - igraju. U strahovito teškim životnim okolnostima, negde u tuđini, u čoveku se javlјa iskonska potreba za igrom.

Trenutne migracijske politike so oblikovane na način, da zastavljenih demografskih in ekonomskih ciljev ne morejo doseči, saj predvsem spodbujajo vračanje migrantov nazaj v države izvora. Diskriminacijska obravnava delavcev migrantov ne zagotavlja stalnosti bivanja delavcev migrantov in plačevanja ustreznih prispevkov, s katerimi naj bi delavci
migranti pomagali podpirati naraščajoče število delovno neaktivnega prebivalstva ob tem, da bi bilo hkrati zagotovljeno spoštovanje njihovega dostojanstva in pravic.

The article deals with the comparison of the censuses of 1991, 2002, and 2015 data. It analyzes the changes of ethnic, migration and educational structure of the Urban Municipality of Ljubljana. While stating that the classical analysis of the data on ethnicity, language, and religion within the census data is not possible any more, the author presents the application of migration analysis in order to surmise the changes in ethnic structure. Moreover, the article applies the complex analysis of assessing the differences in educational attainment of population in Ljubljana. Analysis showed that the Urban municipality of Ljubljana changed considerably as regards migration or socioeconomic characteristics. The processes of pronounced gentri-fication on one hand were coupled pauperisation on the other, with the latter being especially characteristic for the migrant population.

Spremembe etnične in migracijske ter izobrazbene strukture prebivalstva mestne občine Ljubljana-primerjava podatkov popisov 1991, 2002 in 2015 V prispevku so s primerjavo podatkov popisov 1991, 2002 in 2015 analizirane spremembe etnične in migracijske ter izobrazbene strukture prebivalstva mestne občine Ljubljana. Ugotovljeno je, da klasična analiza podatkov o etničnosti, jeziku in veri v okviru popisa ni več mogoča, mogoča pa je podrobna analiza migracijskih procesov, iz katerih lahko posredno sklepamo tudi na spremembe v etnični strukturi prebivalstva. Namen prispevka je prikazati analitsko vrednost podatkov, zbranih z registrskim popisom 2015, na primer tudi pri ugotavljanju razlik v izobrazbi. Analiza je pokazala, da se je od zadnjega klasičnega popisa prebivalstvena struktura Ljubljane izrazito spremenila tako po migracijskih kot po socioekonomskih obeležjih in da je prišlo do vzporednih procesov gentrifikacije na eni strani in pavperizacije na drugi, slednja pa je zlasti značilna za priseljensko prebivalstvo. Ključne besede: etnična in narodna pripadnost, migracije, mestna občina Ljubljana, pri-seljenci, družbeno razslojevanje.

In the 1970–1980s the fieldwork in the Kobuleti Village revealed more than 30.000 artefacts associated with the Early Neolithic period. However, recent fieldwork in Kobuleti, carried out by the authors, demonstrated that the cultural layers of the site belong to the Early Holocene period. The stone industry of the site has indicated the use of blank removal. The conic and bullet shaped cores were used in order to get bladelets and microblades. The complex of flint and obsidian tools consists of numerous retouched blades, bladelets and microblades, burins, and chisels. There are series of bladelets and microblades with abrupt retouch. Generally speaking, the typology of the complex indicates that the site was used as a temporary hunting camp.

Predmet istraživanja bio je opšti popis stanovništva Ugarske iz 1910. g., a cilj da se na osnovu rezultata popisa prikažu osnovne demografske odlike stanovništva. Sem sadržajnosti popisa važna je činjenica, da se radi o najsavremenijem ugarskom popisu, koji je ujedno bio i poslednji pred njen raspad 1920. godine. Popis je simultano vršen u celoj Austrougarskoj. Autori su posebnu pažnju posvetili teritorijama današnje Vojvodine. Pri izradi studije korišćeni su prvenstveno sumarni i detaljni rezultati popisa za Ugarsku, podaci za austrijske krunovine, kao i relevantna stručna literatura. Pri obradi podataka upotrebljene su osnovne statističke metode, a u prezentaciji rezultata dijagrami, tabele i jedna karta. Popis oslikava Ugarsku u razvoju, uz rast stanovništva, sa dinamičnim migratornim kretanjima, sve izraženijim procesom urbanizacije, jačanjem građanskih elemenata društva i procesa industrijalizacije, rastom obrazovnog nivoa, određenim promenama u etničkoj strukturi i slično. Uz to, uočene su pojave koje su zabrinjavale savremenika: snažna ekonomska emigracija i rast broja porodica s jednim detetomodnosno smanjenje nataliteta u odnosu na prethodna vremena. Popis iz 1910.g. je vanredno vredan istorijski izvor za izučavanje demografske, društvene i privredne istorije Vojvodine i Ugarske u doba dualizma (1867-1918).

Неготинска крајина је током ХIХ века била изложена великим миграционим таласима и приливу становништва из Влашке и Бугарске. Поред румунско–српске и косовско–метохијске миграционе струје које су определиле етничку слику становништва појединих насеља, унутрашње (локалне) миграције су допринеле томе да се ојача етнички елемент доминантне заједнице. Мокрање, као насеље у којем је до почетка ХIХ века доминирало влашко становништво, кроз процес локалних миграција у ХIХ веку је ојачало такву етничку структуру. Кретање броја становника Мокрања и просечне годишње стопе раста указују на периоде могућег прилива и одлива становништва током ХIХ века, што се огледа кроз старосно–полну структуру 1890. године.