Microbiology and Public Health

Over the years it has been proven that a mutualistic relationship exists between termites and microorganisms inhabiting their gut.
Microbiological analyses were carried out on termitarium, macerated dead termites and mango barks from farm settlements in Ibule
– soro Akure, Ondo state, Nigeria. Bacteria isolates such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus subtilis, Actinobacter
sp and Microbacter sp were identified while fungal isolates such as Chrysosporium tropicum, Mortierella rolfi, Aspergillus niger,
Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium chrysogenum were also identified from the analyzed samples. Isolates such as Actinobacter sp,
Aspergillus niger, Mortierella rofli and Penicillium chrysogenum showed mild antagonism against selected clinical pathogens used; the
selected pathogens include: Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp and Streptococcus pyogenes respectively. The results obtained
from antibiotic sensitivity tests showed that Microbacter sp and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were multiple antibiotic resistant isolates
(MDRIs). However, molecular characterization of these multiple antibiotic resistant isolates was carried out via plasmid profiling to
determine the size of the bacterial plasmids. These isolates were again subjected to antibiotics treatment after being cured of their
plasmids to determine if their initial resistance to antibiotics is chromosomal or extra – chromosomal. The findings of this research
revealed that termite nests serve as reservoirs for microbes which possess antagonistic properties and that the genetic basis for
antibiotic resistance of screened multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated from termite nests were plasmid based. It is therefore
recommended that advanced culture independent approaches should be used to explore the microbial diversity of the termite nests
in the near future for greater research focus.

Human breast milk is the optimal source of nutrition for all infants but especially for those born prematurely. As stated by the American Academy of Pediatrics, breast milk, especially in neonatal intensive care units is the optimal food for infants. When a mother is not able to produce enough milk for her infant, the next best source of nutrition is donated human breast milk. However, human breast milk is not a sterile fluid and therefore can contain microorganisms that could be transferred to the infants who consume it. Because of this risk donor milk must be processed to ensure its safety, but with processing the milk's important nutritional components can be altered or removed entirely. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the processing method on the macronutrients of human milk. During a 1-year period (2013-2014), more than 400 milk samples from individual donors were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose and energy density. Banked donor milk mean values (in weight/ volume) were found to be 1.1% ± 0.04% for protein, 3.3% ± 0.03% for fat, 6.1% ± 0.6% for lactose, and mean total energy was 60 kcal/dL. Amino acids of pooled donor milk were also compared before and after processing. Our data shows that the processing only had a minor effect on the macronutrients of the donor milk. Additionally, the macronutrients were stable and remained constant over time.

Fresh meat (Beef) samples were obtained from two abattoirs in Calabar (Anantigha and Ikot- Enebong), and analyzed microbiologically to assess the microbial load using standard microbial techniques. The mean microbial load on the fresh meat obtained from Anatigha abattoir ranged from 1.07x104 to 2.76x104cfu/g and total coliform count ranges from 1.13x103 to 2.33x103 cfu/g while the fresh meat obtained from Ikot-Eneobong abattoir ranged from 2.07x104 to 2.94x104cfu/g and total coliform count ranged from 1.57x103 to 2.80x103cfu/g. The 48 isolates identified includes Bacillus sp, E.coli, Enterococcus sp, Citrobacter sp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp, Serratia sp, Salmonella sp and Proteus sp. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, Citrobacter sp, and Enterococcus sp were the most predominant. The result also shows that there were significant differences (p< 0.05) in the bacteria and total coliform counts obtained from the two abattoirs. This result revealed that fresh meat due to lack of proper preservation is often contaminated. However the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the fresh meat shows that the health standard requirement for beef has fallen below standard for human consumption. This calls for proper attention on meat hygiene and handling process.

The specialty of family medicine is centered on lasting, caring relationships with patients and their families. Family physiciansintegrate the biological, clinical and behavioral sciences to provide continuing and comprehensive health care. The scope of family medicine encompasses all ages, sexes, each organ system and every disease entity. Read more about the history, scope and definition of family medicine by reviewing the following resources.



Public-health-family-medicine



Family medicine is a three-dimensional specialty, incorporating (1) knowledge, (2) skill and (3) process. At the center of the process element is the patient-physician relationship with the patient viewed in the context of the family. It is the extent to which this relationship is valued, developed, nurtured and maintained that distinguishes family medicine from all other specialties.



Family physicians integrate the biological, clinical and behavioral sciences to provide continuing and comprehensive health care. Family medicine encompasses all ages, sexes, each organ system and every disease entity. Family physicians also pay special attention to their patients' lives within the context of family and the community.

Adolescent Medicine
Geriatric Medicine
Pain Medicine
Sleep Medicine
Sports Medicine
Sexual Health
Geriatric Medicine
For more details, PS: https://clinicalcasereports.conferenceseries.com/events-list/case-reports-on-public-health-family-medicine

Background: Medication adherence describes a patient&#39;s behavior of accurately following drug regimens; nonadherence describes a patient&#39;s inability to accurately follow drug regimens. Several factors such as psychosocial, educational, health-related, and environmental-related factors could contribute in determining the level of adherence to antiretroviral drug. This was a study to assess the level of adherence antiretroviral combination therapy and the health status of people living with HIV in Calabar, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Questionnaires were administered to 350 HIV persons who attended antiretroviral treatment (ART) clinic to obtain their sociodemographic data, knowledge of ART, service received, and drug history. Stool samples were collected and examined using direct microscopy, formol–ether concentration technique, and modified Ziehl–Neelsen technique for enteric parasites, whereas blood samples were collected for HIV status examination using serial HIV testing algorithm, hemoglobin levels using cyanmethemoglobin method, and counting of CD4 using Partec CyFlow counter. Results: The results showed that 79.43% (278/350) of the participants adhered to antiretroviral drugs, with most of them (47.84%, 133/278) having CD4 counts between 201 and 400 cell/μl. Stigma was the major reason for nonadherence to treatment. Those who adhered to therapy had a lower infection rate and an elevated mean hemoglobin level than those who did not adhere. Conclusion: There was also an elevated hemoglobin level, lower enteric parasite infections, and an improved CD4 count among the adherents than those who did not adhere.

Background: Medication adherence describes a patient's behavior of accurately following drug regimens; nonadherence describes a patient's inability to accurately follow drug regimens. Several factors such as psychosocial, educational, health-related, and environmental-related factors could contribute in determining the level of adherence to antiretroviral drug. This was a study to assess the level of adherence antiretroviral combination therapy and the health status of people living with HIV in Calabar, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Questionnaires were administered to 350 HIV persons who attended antiretroviral treatment (ART) clinic to obtain their sociodemographic data, knowledge of ART, service received, and drug history. Stool samples were collected and examined using direct microscopy, formol-ether concentration technique, and modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique for enteric parasites, whereas blood samples were collected for HIV status examination using serial HIV testing algorithm, hemoglobin levels using cyanmethemoglobin method, and counting of CD4 using Partec CyFlow counter. Results: The results showed that 79.43% (278/350) of the participants adhered to antiretroviral drugs, with most of them (47.84%, 133/278) having CD4 counts between 201 and 400 cell/µl. Stigma was the major reason for nonadherence to treatment. Those who adhered to therapy had a lower infection rate and an elevated mean hemoglobin level than those who did not adhere. Conclusion: There was also an elevated hemoglobin level, lower enteric parasite infections, and an improved CD4 count among the adherents than those who did not adhere.