Medical and Court/Legal Interpreting

Resumo: Neste artigo, proponho-me apresentar e discutir algumas dificuldades recorrentes enfrentadas pelos intérpretes de Libras-Português na esfera jurídica. Este trabalho caracteriza-se por uma abordagem qualitativa e de cunho descritivo. Como instrumento, aplicou-se um questionário (on-line) para intérpretes de Libras-Português de diferentes regiões brasileiras nos meses de julho a agosto do ano de 2014. Os resultados obtidos apontaram que: (i) as formas de encaminhamento dos intérpretes de Libras-Português até o Judiciário são diversificadas, sendo muitas delas entrelaçadas pelas relações de amizade; (ii) há um desconhecimento do papel do intérprete de Libras-Português na esfera jurídica, dificultando a atuação deste profissional e, por fim, (iii) dificuldades com a terminologia específica da área jurídica. Diante dessas dificuldades, resgato contribuições teóricas de Russel (2002) que considera vários elementos relevantes para o desempenho dos intérpretes que atuam nesse meio. A partir desses resultados, compreende-se melhor o contexto de atuação dos intérpretes de Libras-Português na esfera jurídica. Além disso, corrobora-se a urgente necessidade de desenhos curriculares de formação específica por áreas para intérpretes de Libras-Português, dado que o escopo de atuação desse profissional é cada vez mais amplo. Palavras-chave: Estudos da Interpretação. Intérpretes de Libras-Português. Esfera jurídica. Dificuldades. Abstract: In this article, I propose to present and discuss some recurring difficulties faced by Portuguese-Libras interpreters within the legal area. This work is characterized by a qualitative approach of a descriptive nature. As a survey instrument, we applied an online questionnaire to Libras-Portuguese interpreters from different Brazilian regions, during a period of time from July to August, 2014. The achieved results showed that: (i) Libras-Portuguese interpreters reach the judiciary through different ways, some of them, by means of friendship relations; (ii) there is a lack of understanding of the role of Libras-Portuguese interpreters within the legal area, hindering their work performance and, finally, (iii) there are difficulties regarding the specific terminology of the legal field. Considering such difficulties, I rely on the theoretical contributions of Russell (2002), who points to several relevant elements of interpreter´s performance in this environment. Based on these results, the working context of Libras-Portuguese interpreters within the legal area is better understood. Moreover, they confirm the urgent need to design specific curricula for the area of Libras-Portuguese, since the professional scope of this field is becoming wider.

Présentation de la monographie "Principes, présences et structures de l'interprétation en milieu social dans les pays francophones", publiée dans la série "Monografías" (nº 4) de la revue "Çédille. Revue de Estudios Franceses".
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One of the basic premises of this paper is the paradigm shift in translation and interpreting studies away from a simplistic positivism to a context-based approach. This paper will, in the context of community interpreting (or ‘public service interpreting’),  examine how previously held positivist axioms of equivalence and ‘neutrality’ are being replaced by a more dynamic, interactional approach which looks at the community interpreter as an active agent in the construction of ‘meaning’ and attempts to account for cultural and individual factors involved in the translation/interpreting process. The findings of a survey conducted recently on job-induced trauma among community interpreters will also be touched upon (Baistow 2000). One of the many interesting points that has emerged from this survey is that an important source of stress for the community interpreter was the expectation that s/he should be ‘neutral’. Recognizing the community interpreter’s dynamic role as an active, decision-making protagonist rather than as a “pane of glass” or “conduit” (traditional translating/interpreting metaphors) during the interpreting encounter is, this paper claims, crucial and could offset the negative effects of stress (as described in Baistow’s study) for the community interpreter. The aim of this paper is therefore twofold: Firstly, to look more closely at what is really meant by ‘neutrality’. Is this, seemingly objective criterion, culturally defined? Secondly, to explore the community interpreter’s interactive role as a cross-cultural facilitator and to problematize cross-cultural differences.

La publicación en la Unión Europea de la Directiva 2010/64/UE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 20 de octubre, relativa al derecho a interpretación y traducción en los procesos penales ha marcado un antes y un después en una gran cantidad de aspectos relacionados con la interpretación en sede judicial. Esta norma tiene como principal objetivo garantizar la interpretación judicial de calidad durante todo el proceso, como parte del derecho a la defensa y a un juicio justo.
España, como Estado Miembro de la UE, tiene la obligación de transponer la norma europea a su derecho interno. Se trata, pues, de un momento histórico en el que confluyen dos factores principales: la necesidad de cambiar la legislación para adaptarla a la nueva norma y la necesidad de implementar medidas para garantizar el cumplimiento de los nuevos mandatos.
En el presente artículo se realiza una revisión del estado de la cuestión sobre la interpretación judicial en España desde el punto de vista de la legislación y de la provisión de servicios, y se analizan las medidas que debe tomar nuestro país para garantizar que la interpretación en los tribunales de justicia se lleva a cabo con las debidas garantías. Estas medidas incluyen la formación de intérpretes y de operadores judiciales, la creación de sistemas de acreditación y registros, así como la consolidación del perfil profesional de los intérpretes.

The purpose of this document is to support the education and training of community interpreters. It does so by providing structured and detailed guidelines for professional conduct in accordance with principles and values that underlie widely accepted practice in the field. The concept of communicative autonomy is introduced in this document as a fundamental principle. Communicative autonomy is defined here as the capacity of each party in an encounter to be responsible for and in control of his or her own communication (despite language and cultural barriers).

Interpreters are taught they have deep roots in the Deaf community, and their work began as volunteers from schools, churches, and social services. This article expands on that history to include the time before any of those systems existed. Legal settings are the best place to gather evidence, because more reliable records are available.

This paper aims to investigate the field-level realities of the codes of conduct adhered to by different agencies in Belgium for community interpreters, and the degree of interpreter discretion in the application of these codes. We focus on the specific setting of the health care sector in Brussels, where community interpreters and intercultural mediators sent out by different agencies often operate in the same hospitals. Drawing on data obtained through participant observation, interviews with key actors in the field and desk research, we analyze how the codes of conduct applied by different agencies affect multilingual and intercultural communication in a hospital context, in particular at those levels of the communication process where misunderstandings occur most often.

Research on intertextuality in criminal trials postulates a dynamic view of legal text and demonstrates how discourse takes on different meanings at various stages in the legal process. This article examines how these intertextual dynamics affect the negotiation of issues relating to the moral responsibility of defendants in the Belgian Assize Court. Linguistic ethnographic analysis of the defence counsel’s argumentation in a strangling trial demonstrates how the ambiguity in Belgian criminal law of legal concepts related to moral responsibility opens up enormous potential for negotiation and multiple interpretations of these concepts. This article considers the implications of local constructions of irresponsibility for the assessment of criminal culpability and reflects on the relation between lay and professional input in the adjudication process.

Streszczenie W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono psychologiczne i prawnicze kryteria oceny wiarygodności zeznań świadków w kontekście pracy tłumacza w środowisku sądowym, w szczególności w odniesieniu do wierności tłumaczenia i ewentualnego wpływu transformacji na ocenę dowodu osobowego przez sąd. Pomimo znaczącego postępu technologii wykorzystywanych w kryminalistyce zeznania nadal są istotną wskazówką dowodowo-wykrywczą i mają bezpośredni wpływ na orzeczenia sądów. Przesłuchanie jako czynność procesowa przeprowadzana zarówno w postępowaniach karnych, jak i cywilnych, jest złożonym aktem komunikacji interpersonalnej, w trakcie którego kształtowane jest subiektywne przekonanie sądu co do szczerości i prawdziwości zeznań, zaś obecność tłumacza jako pośrednika pomiędzy przesłuchującym a przesłuchiwanym dodatkowo czynność tę komplikuje. Określenie wartości zeznania zależy od wielu czynników, których tłumacz powinien być świadomy, podobnie jak doniosłości swej roli, jaką odgrywa, uczestnicząc w postępowaniu sądowym. W oparciu o dotychczasową wiedzę i przeprowadzone wywiady z polskimi tłumaczami przysięgłymi, sformułowano przesłanki do przeprowadzenia pogłębionych badań na temat wpływu strategii tłumacza na ocenę świadka i złożonych przez niego zeznań. Słowa kluczowe: tłumaczenie środowiskowe, tłumaczenie sądowe, kryteria oceny wiarygodności zeznań, analiza treściowa zeznań, CBCA, SVA, kryterialna analiza danych Abstract Court interpreting and the assessment of witness veracity The present article presents the psychological and legal criteria for the assessment of the reliability of witness testimony in the context of the work of an interpreter in a court environment, specifically in relation to the accuracy of the interpretation and the possible impact of the transformation on the assessment of the personal evidence by the court. Despite the considerable technological progress in criminology, testimony is still a significant

There are three main stages in Japan’s criminal process involving interpreters: interrogations by the Police, interviews conducted by the Public Prosecutors Office, and the criminal trial, heard either by a professional judge (or judges) alone, or together with the so-called ‘lay judges.’ Even though these three stages may eventually form a single judicial process, the expectations of the interpreter, as well as the interpreting techniques, vary, thus making legal interpreting in Japan a multi-faceted and demanding endeavor. This paper gives an overview of the Japanese legal interpreting process exploring the various aspects that emerge during the three stages.

This contribution is devoted to the voices of users of video remote interpreting (VRI) in a particular setting, namely legal interpreters and police officers. Focusing on an aspect that has received little attention to date, viz. the interpreters’ and legal stakeholders’ perceptions of VRI as a novel configuration in the legal setting, we use the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) as a theoretical framework to analyse a set of interviews that were conducted with interpreters and police officers after they had completed a simulated VRI session. As a first step, the participants were prompted to compare this simulated experience to their real-life experience to check the degree of reality of the simulated encounters. Next, they were asked to talk about attitudes towards VRI and to reflect on their experience with VRI during the simulation. Among the key outcomes of this investigation is that the two social groups – police officers and interpreters – have different views, but also that there is a considerable degree of variation among the interpreters, indicating a low degree of stabilisation of VRI as a concept and practice among the interpreters.

At that point where Language Access becomes a matter of life or death, freedom or prison, understanding or confusion we find law enforcement professionals, health care providers and interpreters trying to pinpoint why their interaction is paramount for the quality of their services.
Representatives of these groups came together to also discuss other aspects of this three-pronged partnership, aiming at strengthening ties to be able to implement solutions that will reduce liability, increase ROI, ensure compliance and add value to the services they provide to Limited English Proficiency individuals.

Language Access is not an interpreter issue. It’s a rights issue. And compliance is not optional.

While it is claimed that the role of medical interpreters is constantly changing, perhaps it is the understanding of their role that is evolving. The aim of this chapter is to provide an initial exploration of the contextualized issues and challenges related to interpreting therapeutic communication. The qualitative data analysis of nine specialist certified medical interpreters showcase some of the therapeutic factors that influenced their approach and practice. In addition to the interlinguistic and intercultural communicative goals, interpreters utilized their interpersonal, communication, and mediation skills to meet several therapeutic objectives. Interpreters described mediating therapeutic interaction and intervention , playing a therapeutic mediation role in addition to well-known linguistic and cultural mediation roles. Interpreters described their preoccupation and engagement in the therapeutic process, suggesting specialist medical interpreters play an important role in the therapeutic process.

Аннотация: в статье рассматривается судебный перевод в России, еще не получивший надлежащего признания в стране. Анализируются взгляды российских учёных, а также исследуется зарождение и развитие судебного перевода в других странах. Спрос на устных переводчиков, специализирующихся в этом виде перевода, постоянно растёт в многонациональных странах. В связи с судебным переводом выделяются две проблемы: обеспечение доступа к правосудию представителям языковых меньшинств и финансовые возможности судов. Предложена программа мероприятий, направленных на решение этих проблем.

The late twentieth century has seen the professionalization, regulation and enhancement of sign language interpretation in Ireland. However, the historical roots of interpreting between Deaf and hearing people run deep. Interpreters at work in the courts have long been the most visible and, to contemporary opinion, fascinating instance of mediated communication between the languages of Deaf individuals and communities, and the legal jargon of magistrates. This paper examines some examples of trends in courtroom sign language interpreting in the nineteenth century. Who were the ‘interpreters’ of the day, and what was their connection to the Deaf defendants, witnesses and prosecutors they spoke for? Was there an embryonic awareness of ethical boundaries and the need for linguistic and cultural equivalence – or was there just the opposite? Was there regional variation in the consistency and quality of interpreter provision? Did official views and practice on interpretation change as the century progressed – for better, or perhaps for worse?

Presentation at 'Word-Bridges: Translation in Ireland 1700-1900' conference, National University of Ireland, Galway, 20 February 2015.

La publicación en la Unión Europea de la Directiva 2010/64/UE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 20 de octubre, relativa al derecho a interpretación y traducción en los procesos penales ha marcado un antes y un después en una gran cantidad de aspectos relacionados con la interpretación en sede judicial. Esta norma tiene como principal objetivo garantizar la interpretación judicial de calidad durante todo el proceso, como parte del derecho a la defensa y a un juicio justo. España, como Estado Miembro de la UE, tiene la obligación de transponer la norma europea a su derecho interno. Se trata, pues, de un momento histórico en el que confluyen dos factores principales: la necesidad de cambiar la legislación para adaptarla a la nueva norma y la necesidad de implementar medidas para garantizar el cumplimiento de los nuevos mandatos. En el presente artículo se realiza una revisión del estado de la cuestión sobre la interpretación judicial en España desde el punto de vista de la legis...

La asistencia de intérprete en el procedimiento penal. Especial referencia a su papel en la vista oral 1) Introducción: el derecho a intérprete como exigencia del derecho al proceso debido En su nota de prensa del 11 de marzo de 2014, la Dirección General de Justicia de la Comisión Europea publica el último Eurobarómetro sobre la confianza de los ciudadanos europeos en los sistemas judiciales de su país. España está entre los 6 últimos del total de 29 Estados miembros: Fuente: Eurobarómetro 385 de noviembre de 2013 -Justicia en la UE 1 El grado de confianza manifestado por la ciudadanía española en su sistema judicial se sitúa en unos márgenes claramente mejorables. Los sistemas judiciales son aparatos muy complejos que deben actualizarse al ritmo de los tiempos, de modo que se garanticen los derechos de los ciudadanos. En España, el sistema procesal penal es quizá el que necesita de una mayor y más urgente renovación, pues todavía se rige por la Ley de Enjuiciamiento Criminal, o LECrim, que data del siglo XIX.

This paper aims to investigate the field-level realities of the codes of conduct adhered to by different agencies in Belgium for community interpreters, and the degree of interpreter discretion in the application of these codes. We focus on the specific setting of the health care sector in Brussels, where community interpreters and intercultural mediators sent out by different agencies often operate in the same hospitals. Drawing on data obtained through participant observation, interviews with key actors in the field and desk research, we analyze how the codes of conduct applied by different agencies affect multilingual and intercultural communication in a hospital context, in particular at those levels of the communication process where misunderstandings occur most often.

L’article exposa la política de bilingüisme del Canadà pel que fa a les llengües de treball de l’Administració de justícia, als drets d’accés a la justícia en la llengua oficial pròpia i com aquesta política s’ha de posar en relació amb la política de normalització del francès que practiquen des de fa dècades les autoritats quebequeses. S’analitzen en primer lloc els dispositius legislatius que han permès el reconeixement d’un seguit de drets lingüístics a les comunitats de llengua oficial en situació minoritària (anglòfons al Quebec i francòfons fora d’aquesta província) i com la jurisprudència, principalment la de la Cort Suprema del Canadà, ha anat modificant el reconeixement d’aquests drets de manera evolutiva, considerant primer que el dret a fer servir una llengua oficial o l’altra als tribunals derivava d’un compromís polític però no es reconeixia com un veritable dret lingüístic, fins a la sentència Beaulac, on es donava una interpretació àmplia i liberal d’aquests drets i es considerava l’absoluta obligatorietat per a l’Administració de fornir les millors condicions per a llur desenvolupament. D’altra banda, aquest context legislatiu i jurisprudencial s’ha de posar en relació amb la política de normalització lingüística del francès a l’Administració quebequesa, la qual ha de reconèixer, però,  els drets dels anglòfons a una justícia en llur llengua en una província on el francès està declarat com a única llengua oficial.

Cultural differences bring certain complexities to the work of medical interpreters. They face unique, and sometimes conflicting demands from healthcare providers, culturally diverse patients, their healthcare organizations, and their professional associations. It is important for this topic to be explored from the professional interpreter’s perspective, as they are the ultimate experts of their own practice. Their accounts point to the fact that intercultural mediation is an integral and important part of their work, and that the vast majority of interpreters worldwide is practicing it competently and responsibly.

Intercultural Mediation in Healthcare showcases the results of an international doctoral study exploring the perspectives of 458 interpreter practitioners from 25 different countries. The book reveals the intricacies of how interpreters are bridging cultural gaps between providers and patients, with data compiled and cross-referenced from four different data sources. The academic research and published standards of practice for the profession were reviewed and analyzed.  Interpreters were ultimately given a voice to describe this important component of their work.  According to medical interpreters, they play a significant role in intercultural communication mediation; a role that goes well beyond being a linguistic conduit. This book provides useful information not only to interpreters, but also to other related stakeholders: educators, researchers, administrators, and policy makers, or anyone who wishes to better understand where interpreters fit in the provision of culturally and linguistically appropriate services.

Daniel Holcombe, MA, currently teaches Spanish at Arizona State University, where he is a doctoral student in Spanish and a teaching and research associate. His focus includes literature, culture studies, cultural brokering, and interpreting and translation. Mr. Holcombe first received constructive interpreter training in 2006, after interpreting for family and friends for 20 years. He actively teaches interpretation and translation in medical, educational, social services and other settings. He also writes and updates curricula for various interpretation and language courses. Further, he is an experienced assessor and administrator of medical and social service interpreters in 16 languages. Mr. Holcombe enjoys facilitating communication, bridging cultures, encouraging interpreter training and professional development, fully realizing that trained interpreters are the first step toward ensuring equal medical treatment for limited English proficient (LEP) populations in North Carolina and across the U.S. With his thumb on the pulse of state and national interpreter certification movements, Mr. Holcombe served as chairman and later as president,

The conception of sign language interpreters as communication professionals was formed in the 1960s, but the pedigree of the role extends centuries further into the past. The common law is an ideal seat of inquiry for a study, as both the best-documented venue, and the birthplace of protocols that were ultimately applied throughout generalist interpreting practice. Symbolic interactionism, with intercultural and communication accommodation theories unite with literature from deaf studies, signed languages and gesture, interpreting, and disability legal history, to construct a novel approach to the main research questions:

• What was the path for interpreters prior to organized institutions for deaf people?
• How did legal developments create the role of sign language interpreter?

Community interpreting is a new and still developing field of research in Poland. With the outbreak of the Ukrainian Crisis in 2014, followed by the Refugee Crisis in 2015, its role has become especially crucial and apparent. However, more detailed formal legislation in that regard is still lacking. There are also many complex issues connected with the perception of community interpreting in Poland. The paper will focus on the actual status of community interpreting in Poland, in connection to already existing formal legislation, role and possible work opportunities in the field of community interpreting.

This white paper will also attempt to answer the following questions: • What does it truly cost to provide interpreting services, and what impact does it have in providing cost-efficient and patient safe healthcare services? • Why is the current situation unsustainable? • In a country founded upon themes of multiculturalism and equality, what must be done to ensure that all patients across the US have access to meaningful safe services with measurable impact for a healthier America? The answers are direct, succinct and logical, but they will take rigor to instantiate and discipline to promulgate throughout the health care system.

We invite submissions for contributions to a conference dedicated to exploring recent research in the fields of translation studies and multilingualism. Taking inspiration from Jean-Noël Robert's concept of hieroglossia-the relationship between a "founding" sacred language and another considered ontologically or theologically dependent on it-we invite papers that broadly explore how translations, media, and lingualisms can place different languages in relationships of power and status to one another. Possible themes include, but are not limited to: • language relations as seen through translation • media and technology as shaping notions of language • discourses of modernity and tradition among languages, or of conceptions of sacred/vernacular, elite/non-elite, and written/spoken language • practices of di-, poly-, or heteroglossia • translation and technology (digital opportunities; AI; VR) • multilingualism, bilingualism, and other lingualisms • immigration and interpreting (legal, medical, and socio-political dimensions) • cultural translation • translation and the literary/cultural canon • translation and the market (publishing houses, self-publishing, digital publishing) • historicizing language and power • intermedial translation We hope that the conference will also engage professional interpreters and translators, and we welcome submissions that focus on these practice areas as well. Lodging and meals will be covered for conference speakers. Contingent on funding levels, we hope to be able to support domestic travel as well. Please submit 250-350 word abstracts to Julieta Paulesc ([email protected]) by February 1, 2020. Notifications will be sent out soon after the deadline.

Language is one of the main tools through which individuals are able to express their identity, and this is becoming increasingly evident in the various spheres of public life in contemporary multicultural societies. In a Europe characterised by an increasing transnational mobility and by massive migration flows, the number of non-native people who, for various reasons, do not live in their country of origin is increasing. According to a report published in February 2011, it was estimated that in London alone roughly 340 languages other than English are spoken. As for Italy, figures are remarkable: a report published by Caritas/Migrantes in 2012 revealed that there were 5.011.000 legal migrants, which results in potentially limitless language combinations. Behind these numbers we find a social and communicative question which can no longer be ignored: the final report issued by the Special Interest Group on Translation and Interpreting for Public Services (2011: 10) points out that, in many cases, migrants do not speak the language of the host country. Therefore, translation and interpreting are the only ways which give them access to hospitals, police stations, courts, etc. In these settings, translation and interpreting become a fundamental human right, as they can have an enormous impact on the daily lives of individuals and, in many cases, they can make the difference between freedom and captivity, between life and death. However, the right to linguistic assistance is still not safeguarded in many European countries (Garwood 2012; Falbo & Viezzi 2014). As for the legal setting, the lack of professional recognition of court interpreters results in a violation of the right to language assistance in criminal proceedings. Therefore, language becomes a mean of discrimination, a real violation of article 21 of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights. Progress can be made with the implementation of the European directive 2010/64/UE on the right to translation and interpreting in criminal proceedings, which has been defined as “the first European norm which guarantees a fair trial” (Gialuz 2011: 9). The objective of the present paper is to provide a snapshot of the current state of court interpreting in Italy, with a special focus on the implementation of the directive 2010/64/UE and the social role interpreters play to protect language rights in Italy.

Bibliography

Directive 2010/64/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 October 2010 on the right to interpretation and translation in criminal proceedings, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32010L0064:EN:NOT.

Dossier Statistico Immigrazione 2012, 22° Rapporto Caritas e Migrantes. http://ssai.interno.it/download/allegati1/amelio_dati-2012_dossier_scheda.pdf.

Falbo, C. & Viezzi, M. (2014) (eds) Traduzione e Interpretazione per la Società e le Istituzioni, Trieste, EUT.

Garwood, C. J. (2012), “Court Interpreting in Italy. The Daily Violation of a Fundamental Human Right”, The Interpreter’s Newsletter, 17, pp. 173-190.

GIaluz, M. (2011), “Novità Sovranazionali”, Processo Penale e Giustizia, 2, pp. 9-13, http://www.processopenaleegiustizia.it/public/riviste/2/articolo_18.pdf.

Special Interest Group for Translation and Interpreting for Public Services Final Report, 9 December 2011, http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/scic/news/2011_sigtips_en.htm.

La interpretació judicial és un element clau per evitar qualsevol estat d’indefensió de la persona jutjada. Tanmateix, ha estat un àmbit relativament poc explorat al context espanyol fins fa poc, sobretot en comparació amb països com els Estats Units d’Amèrica (Berk-Seligson, 1985; 1990/2002; Dueñas González et al., 1991). A l’Estat espanyol, la recerca prèvia en aquest àmbit s’ha basat principalment en entrevistes i qüestionaris com a mètodes de recollida de dades per obtenir informació empírica de la situació de la interpretació judicial als jutjats i tribunals (vegeu, per exemple, Ortega Herráez, 2006; o el projecte SOS-VICs), en canvi, pràcticament no trobem informació més directa de com es produeix la comunicació mediada en un jutjat. La tesi de Liudmila Onos (2014) va incloure l’observació de 56 sessions judicials, però no va obtenir els permisos per gravar-les i això va esdevenir una limitació important a l’hora d’analitzar els aspectes lingüístics de les interaccions interpr...

The objective of this chapter is to outline ways in which different technologies can be used to administer legal interpreter certification tests as a means to conduct them more efficiently and cost-effectively. Firstly, an overview of the different ways in which technologies can be used in interpreter testing will be given. Then the chapter discusses the various options available to develop, administer and/or mark screening and certification test via computer. The implications of using technology to develop computer-based tests are outlined in order to help readers make an informed choice on the basis of their needs and their circumstances, including available budget, time, space, equipment and IT support.

Although an impressive amount of material for practitioners has been published in recent years on legal interpreting, the vast majority of it does not extend its reach to looking at the deep roots of historical court interpreting. There have however been some works over the years looking at historical non-Irish contexts where Deaf people encountered the courts. This presentation seeks to fill a gap in this literature, and examine the historical roots of sign language interpreting in Irish courts in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

The purpose of this document is to support the education and training of community interpreters. It does so by providing structured and detailed guidelines for professional conduct in accordance with principles and values that underlie widely accepted practice in the field. The concept of communicative autonomy is introduced in this document as a fundamental principle. Communicative autonomy is defined here as the capacity of each party in an encounter to be responsible for and in control of his or her own communication (despite language and cultural barriers).

Introducción al contexto profesional en el que se ejerce la interpretación judicial y policial, combinando aspectos teóricos y prácticos. Se revisará la legislación vigente y la evolución histórica de la profesión en general, para posteriormente centrarse tanto en la ley italiana sobre el derecho a interpretación en los procesos judiciales, así como el contexto profesional en Italia.