Maintenance of Buildings

Књига је настала као резултат вишегодишњег истраживања и сагледавања потребe одржавања архитектонских објеката, инсталационих система и опреме. Разматрани су процес одржавања, значај одржавања за изграђени простор, као и утицаји примене одржавања на простор, процесе који се одвијају унутар простора и на људе који га користе. Обрађена материја повезује архитектонско пројектовање, реализацију и употребу објекта са аспекта одржавања и управљања ресурсима и услугама.
Књига је намењена студентима техничких факултета, посебно студентима архитектуре, као и пројектантима, истраживачима и другим колегама који су заинтересовани за ову област.
У првом поглављу представљена је релативно нова област фасилити менаџмент која поред одржавања обухвата и друге активности које су неопходне за несметано функционисање изграђеног простора и свих других ресурса. Објашњени су основни појмови, термини и дате су дефиниције које се најчешће користе у литератури.
У другом поглављу приказане су основне фазе животног века објекта и неопходност процеса одржавања у свим фазама животног века, а посебно у периоду коришћења објекта који најдуже траје и изискује највише материјалних средстава.
У трећем поглављу представљени су типови одржавања и најзначајнији критеријуми одржавања као што су: концепт, организација, технологија, квалитет, контрола и управљање, а на основу којих се може проценити и оценити одржавање.
У четвртом поглављу процес одржавања је посматран са аспекта потрошње и уштеде енергије, примене обновљивих извора енергије, као и унапређења објекта применом савремених материјала и система који би унапредили енергетску ефикасност.
У петом поглављу се говори о значају заштите објекта (од продора воде, од пожара) за процес одржавања.
У шестом поглављу је истражен међусобни утицај архитектонског пројектовања и одржавања. Такође, указано је на важност коју имају процес пројектовања и избор пројектантског решења са аспекта одржавања како би тај процес био једноставнији, ефикаснији и јефтинији.
У седмом поглављу представљени су план и програм одржавања, као и основна упутства за одржавање конструкције, инсталација, уређаја и опреме.
У осмом поглављу је дата основна структура приручника за одржавање објекта који садржи све информације о објекту и пословима које треба спроводити са аспекта одржавања и управљања ресурсима и услугама. Као пример, издвојено је неколико позиција на основу чега се може сагледати структура информација о објекту и процесима, редослед, обим и препоручена форма приказивања.
Приказана материја у књизи Одржавање објеката и управљање повезује архитектонско пројектовање, реализацију и употребу објекта са аспекта одржавања и управљања ресурсима и услугама. Такође, треба да укаже на важну и незаменљиву улогу процеса одржавања у заштити објекта/зграде у свим фазама животног циклуса, као и да допринесе развоју културе одржавања и коришћења архитектонских објеката у Србији.
Инспирацију за писање овог уџбеника пронашао сам у вишегодишњем раду са студентима, а одговорност за евентуалне пропусте и недостатке је искључиво моја.

The topic presented herein is prepared keeping in mind the common causes of cracks in buildings and how one can prevent such cracks to occur or to repair those cracks. The causes discussed are most common causes and there exists other causes too which are not covered in this note.

This study established factors affecting port infrastructure asset maintenance management at the port of Dar es Salaam. The specific objectives of the study are to, identify current infrastructure maintenance management practices of the ports authority in Tanzania, identify factors that affect the infrastructure asset maintenance management at the port of Dar es Salaam, establish the strategies to drive improvement in ports infrastructure asset maintenance management in Tanzania. The data was collected using questionnaires and document review.Questionnaires were distributed to managers, engineers, and technicians involved in maintenance activities at the Port of Dar es Salaam. Statistical package for social science (SPSS) software version 20 was used for analysis. This study also provided the strategies for
the improvement of infrastructure asset maintenance management. The study established that port maintenance management is affected by factors categorized into management issues, human resources issues, technical issues, and others. It was established that, maintenance policy and strategy, resource planning, financial issues, difficulty in the procurement of spare parts, inflation of the cost of maintenance by the operatives, data recording, storage and management, and absence of planned maintenance programs. Human resources factors include qualification of maintenance personnel, the attitude of maintenance personnel towards maintenance work, motivation of human resources towards maintenance, wages of maintenance personnel, human error in maintenance, inadequate training, and development of personnel. There was no technical factor presented which had an effect at the port. Other factors such as lack of maintenance culture, lack of successful maintenance programs by the maintenance department, natural deterioration due to age and environment, complexity of design and non-involvement of maintenance experts during the design stage, aging infrastructures, the higher utilization rate of infrastructures were established. The strategies found to have effect at the port of Dar es Salaam were established to include, proper maintenance management including effective policy, strategy, planning, and execution, improvement of data management facilities, the establishment of training programs to the key staff, personnel responsible should have enough knowledge on maintenance activities, advanced technology should be adapted, regular inspection of the facilities, aged infrastructures should be replaced.

Population in India is increasing rapidly and reached approximately 127 crores with average growth of 1.6% every year. Traffic Congestion is one of the major problems that India is facing and it has a massive impact on the quality of air, time of travelling, trade and cost. It has been noted that the government are trying their best in order to come up to this problem by creating structures such as Tunnels, Subways, Flyovers and Bridges. But unfortunately it fails as does not match up with the increase of population and due to less amount of land available for the construction. In this report there is a study on the construction of the buildings and structures with a new technology of constructing under the water. It has been noted that the underwater buildings exist since year 1960 but no one was aware of it. The underwater construction of the buildings can be advantageous to the people and the environment if proper techniques are used and if people get success in achieving such structures. If such technology is adapted everything can be built underwater such as buildings, houses, shopping complex, museums, entertainment hub, restaurants, hotels, sports stadiums etc. This can lead to a progressive and a luxurious life to the people and they can even enjoy their holidays at such places. Encouragement of underwater building is provided by the glamorous view beneath the water of fishes, sea beds, different creatures and coral reefs. This paper discuss about the materials which should be used for the construction of underwater buildings, ways of building and special requirements, the possibility of such constructions, advantages and disadvantages of underwater buildings, the impact of such buildings on environment, effect on the social life and transportation.

The public buildings such as high schools, kindergartens, nurseries, universities, dormitories and buildings in their service used by the general public are valuable assets, normally built with substantial investment in a long period of time. These assets are not always managed with the care that they require. As a result, depreciation and destruction in time reducing the ability of these buildings to fulfil their functions by reducing the time of use, durability. General usage costs will also be higher because of the buildings require costly renovations or replacements of materials frequently than might be necessary if they are maintained regularly. Limited funds are often considered as a reason for inadequate maintenance. Enough funds are needed, but very good results can be achieved with very limited budgets, if maintenance work is done in a systematic way with well-defined priorities. The paper tries to answer the question if the maintenance and rehabilitation of the existing public buildings is the most effective way for the improvement of their contemporary standards. In the first part after the background a theoretical description of the building performance management, maintenance and rehabilitation issue. A brief description of the building deterioration and depreciation is done. In the second part the performance the public buildings situation in Albania is given throw analyses of a big number of key studies. Analyses of the cons and pros of rehabilitation are followed by the analyses of costs and the feasibility. In the end is given the answer to the question: to rehabilitate or build.

Questo testo è dedicato a quanti (con studi, ricerche, interventi su singoli beni e, soprattutto, sulle condizioni ambientali), hanno operato e operano per dare continuità e fondatezza culturale e scientifica ai processi della conservazione dei materiali di storia e d'arte e con l'auspicio che ci sia chi (persone e istituzioni), anche riconsiderando il lascito di Giovanni Urbani, voglia contribuire a maturare la sensibilità e la cultura necessarie a far crescere presto anche scienza pertinente a rendere programmabili e praticabili i processi della durabilità del patrimonio dei territori storici Un'immagine di Giovanni Urbani presente negli archivi dell'ISCR © 2014 per l'edizione NARDINI EDITORE www.nardinieditore.it Stampa digitale 2014 -Nardini Editore Questa pubblicazione è protetta dalle leggi sul copyright e pertanto ne è vietato qualsiasi uso improprio. ISBN 978-88-404-0414-1 SOMMARIO interattivo PRESENTAZIONE 6 -Tomaso Montanari, Ripartire dalla "rivoluzione" di Giovanni Urbani APERTURA 8 -Carlo MinellI, Voce ai giovani, anche per la continuità delle proposte di Giovanni Urbani. LA PROPOSTA INIZIALE 13 -Ruggero Boschi, Carlo Minelli, Pietro Segala, La tutela del "volto storico" dei territori umanizzati: matrice di nuovo futuro nella "società della conoscenza"? GLI INTERVENTI 30 -Bruno Toscano, Il Piano di conservazione programmata, molti anni dopo 36 -Bruno Zanardi, Giovanni Urbani (e Cesare Brandi e la Legge 1089 del 1939) 56 -Luigi Morgano Proteggere l'arte dalle cause di degrado per migliorare le condizioni di vita dei cittadini 63 -Achille Bonazzi, Anche filosofia e teologia per motivare il primato dei processi della durabilità dell'arte? 68 -Paolo Marconi, Prevenzione, manutenzione, restauro: qualità, peculiarità e funzionalità di tre diversi processi per la durabilità delle opere d'arte 88 -Marco Ciatti, Il progetto di conservazione 94 -Andrea Alberti, Non solo restauro per la tutela dei territori storici: quale cultura per dare continuità alle "proposte disperse" di Giovanni Urbani? 108 -Dario Camuffo, Verso la ricerca multidisciplinare finalizzata alla conservazione preventiva: il contributo della fisica. 124 -Elisabetta Chiappini, Maria Cristina Reguzzi, Alessia Berzolla, Verso la ricerca multidisciplinare finalizzata alla conservazione preventiva: il contributo della biologia. 131 -Annamaria Giovagnoli, Verso la ricerca multidisciplinare finalizzata alla conservazione preventiva: il contributo della chimica. 136 -Antonio Ballarin Denti, Si possono promuovere i fattori della durabilità del patrimonio storico? 139 -Dario Benedetti, È possibile una "Scienza della durabilità del patrimonio storico"? 146 -Valentino Volta, Ilaria Volta, La lettura dei territori antropizzati per promuovere le condizioni della durabilità del patrimonio culturale 150 -Silvana Garufi, La salvaguardia della natura umanizzata 158 -Silvia Cecchini, Cinque interviste per una prima ricognizione: quale futuro per la "conservazione programmata"? 197 -Davide Borsa, Con Giovanni Urbani: dalla tutela dei beni culturali alla salvaguardia dei beni comuni 233 -Ruggero Boschi, Pesci, uccelli, storici e restauratori ESPERIENZE 241 -Paolo Mandrioli , La conservazione preventiva dei beni culturali con il monitoraggio ambientale assistito 247 -Dario Foppoli, Stefania Guiducci, Tecnologie per la conservazione applicate in Valtellina 255 -Lanfranco Secco Suardo, Alcune condizioni per la ripresa dell'ordinaria manutenzione delle coperture: due esperienze ripetibili ovunque 268 -Pietro Galli, Jacopo Galli, Conservare il territorio, innovare la comunità: il progetto per il "Borgo dei creativi" a Meano di Corzano (BS) 273 -Sabrina Salvadori, Scelte e orientamenti per la conservazione della Chiesa dedicata a l'Assunzione della Beata Vergine Maria in Medole (MN) 285 -Danilo Forleo, Il piano di conservazione preventiva: l'esperienza dell'Accademia Carrara di Bergamo

This review presents the existing state-of-the-art practices of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in naturally ventilated school buildings and is mainly focused on the components of IEQ like thermal comfort, indoor air quality with ventilation, and visual and
acoustic comfort. This article also discusses the impacts of COVID-19 on naturally ventilated school buildings, highlighting the obviousness of dynamic applications that concentrate on reducing COVID-19 effects in naturally ventilated school buildings. The
importance of the concerned issues and factors are discussed in detail for future research direction. This review is a step toward the development of the IEQ standard for naturally ventilated school buildings.

Between 1960 and 1980, Côte d'Ivoire set up its urban policy, in which the SICOGI (Ivorian construction and property management company) and SOGEFIHA (Society of financial management of habitat) condominiums were born. From 1986, these 02 structures withdrew from the management of condominiums, now entrusted to the inhabitants themselves through the installation of trustees. But today, we see that these spaces are in a state of "degradation" due to the lack of maintenance to which they are subject. The objective of this article is to study the maintenance policy of trustees at the origin of the degradation of the SOGEFIHA condominium spaces of Abobo and SICOGI 220 Housing units of Adjamé. Documentary research, direct observation as well as interview were used to collect the data without omitting the mobilization of urban governance as theory of the study. The results show that the deterioration is a consequence of maintenance as well as the lack of knowledge of the trustees.

Since the end of the 20th century Spain has been
making considerable investments on the valorisation of its
archaeological Heritage. This essay describes the project
carried out in 2008 at the Roman Forum of Empúries, a
Catalan archaeological site of the most famous and visited
in the whole of Spain. The project, designed by the architect
Lola Domènech, in cooperation with the team of
archaeologists from the Museo Arqueológico de Cataluña,
is characterized by the attention to maintainability and
future management of assets, according to a process-based
view of conservation.

In buildings, maintenance management is usually one step behind what we have in the industry (Brazil data). In gyms, the figure of a "handyman" responsible for maintaining the building's structures is common. In these organizations, operational support tasks are often mixed with building maintenance. When treating the structure of the building as an asset, and understanding that the proper functioning of its systems, in addition to bringing confidence in the functioning, can also have tangible financial results, which shows the importance of a structured maintenance area. The purpose of this Article is to show how to implement a Building Maintenance Plan in buildings where this culture does not currently exist or is still far from desirable.

The Process of Building’s maintenance is very crucial. It can profoundly affect the time life of any building. In which, following regular maintenance procedures for any building will lead to broaden its efficient lifetime. Currently, buildings are designed, constructed, and installed with highly technical innovations to meet more elaborated requirements of its occupants. The issue that requires to take into deep considerations the appropriate maintenance plan during its design process to guarantee that the building will perform efficiently during its whole lifetime. Despite the severe role of building maintenance, literature had monitored that this process is ignored in Egypt. Only corrective maintenance is performed from time to time when any building component is damaged or malfunctioned. In addition, corrective maintenance is usually done without any managerial methodology. By time, this leads to the gradual deterioration of the building’s general condition, its efficient state, and will typically shorten its lifetime. The research aims to define a clear scientific methodology based on applying the four functions of management (Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling) on the maintenance process of buildings. Then, the research proposes an assessment tool to evaluate the process of maintenance management in buildings. The assessment tool is then applied to evaluate the maintenance management process of the office buildings in Egypt.

In Indian manufacturing environment today total productive maintenance (TPM) is popular philosophy; already has been adopted by many original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) particularly in automobile sector. For vendors of these OEMs either it is recommended or made mandatory to adopt the TPM concepts. With all these activities going in industries major portion of the entire manufacturing sector has become familiar with the TPM concepts. Many of the activities carried in these industries are observed parallel and repetitive type. This includes small modifications in equipment done on the shop floor as part of TPM implementation. Strangely even in some newly purchased equipment also modifications are observed on the shop floor. It clearly indicates that at design stage only customer requirement for adaptation of equipment in TPM culture; has to be considered by equipment manufacturer. On the other side these requirements has to be identified before procurement of equipment by the equipment buyers. With these background observed the need for development of new tool Design for TPM.

For safety, buildings' structural conditions should be monitored regularly. If we can find abnormal signs, damage can be minimized. To know the normal condition of a building affected by weather, an inclination angle measurement system using a bubble tube and a focused camera has been developed. Furthermore, this system has been properly placed for monitoring a civic building. The inclination angle of a medium-rise building was measured. It is discovered that the daily cycle of the inclination angle depends naturally on solar radiation. Cyclical change of the inclination angle is conspicuous on a sunny day. The direct correlation between the change of the structure’s angle and the local weather was examined using a classification method of machine learning. The daily angle change was used as input data, while the local weather of the day (sunny, cloudy, and rain) was used as output classification data. The accuracy of classification using machine learning has reached 90%. This result shows that the change of the inclination angle has been strongly affected by solar radiation. It is expected that these behaviors of buildings affected by weather can be used for the health monitoring of buildings.

Maintenance cleaning services in
Nigerian Public hospital have failed to performed
efficiently over the years. The performance of
maintenance cleaning services have been poor and
ineffective interms of main parametres of cost, time
and quality. These problems were enhanced due to
other impending factors such as; inadequate and
inexperienced staff of maintenance departments,
poor access to formal training, low motivation, and
lack of adequate management tools, like TQM.
Therefore, this study aimed atanalysing procedures
of maintenance cleaning operations and the Cost of
application of relevant TQM principles in effective
delivery of maintenance cleaning services in public
hospitals in Nigeria. The study adopted a survey
design approach and stratified sampling technique
for data administration and collection. With a
response rate of 96.15%, the collected data were
analysed using Mean Item Scores (MIS) and
Relative Important Index (RII).
The study showed based on the findings that new
practices for cleaning should be employed to
reduce waste; hospital management understanding
of the needs of both its patients and staff is most
relevant in maintenance cleaning, coordination of
information was effective from top to down level in
the hospital and also the respondents agree very
little cost will be needed to apply TQM
principles.From findings, provided
recommendations includes; stakeholders
involvement in the decision making, cleaning
services manual should be developed; innovation;
organizational quality culture should not be static.

El modelo que se presenta ha sido construido, probado y validado en el caso de del primer bimestre de avance en las obras de rehabilitación de seis clinicas de atención primaria a la salud en la ciudad de tamaño intermedio de Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México. 

El proyecto inició el 10 de junio del 2007 y el corte del primer bimestre ocurrió eal 6 de agosto del mismo año.  Rehabilitaciones puntuales estaban siendo llevadas a cabo en los Centros de Salud Urbana (CSU) de Chetumal:  CSU #1 Solidaridad, CSU #2 Heriberto Frías, CSU #3 Bugambilias, CSU #4 Aarón Merino, CSU #6 Guadalupe Victoria, CSU #7 Payo Obispo.  La empresa contratada para la ejecución del paquete de obras, Visión EnerGtiK S. de R.L. MI (VEN), confeccionó un programa amigable que permite llevar control electrónico del grado de avance en cada frente y rubro autorizado.