Magnesia

This paper briefly discusses the theory behind the use of caustic calcined magnesia (CCM) in the hydrometallurgical industry, then focusses on its practical application and the factors that need to be considered in both the selection of CCM and its efficient utilisation. Using a cobalt recovery system as an example, the changes in CCM behaviour in response to variation in production, storage, delivery and application conditions are provided. This paper will appeal to those with interests in the marketing, procurement and utilisation of caustic calcined magnesia.

In Kleinasien und Syrien gibt es zahlreiche Tempel, deren Architektur Hinweise auf eine Kultausübung auf dem Dach gibt. Dabei handelt es sich zum einen um Treppenhäuser, die zum Tempeldach emporführen, zum anderen um Türöffnungen in den Giebelfeldern von Tempeln. Beide Eigenschaften treten bisweilen auch an ein und demselben Tempel auf, so dass zunächst ein Zusammenhang zwischen diesen beiden Eigenschaften naheliegend erscheint. Im folgenden soll jedoch gezeigt werden, dass Treppenhäuser und Giebeltüren unterschiedlichen Kulttraditionen und Funktionen dienten. Die Treppenhäuser entstammen der religiösen Tradition Mesopotamiens und Syriens und führen auf Flachdächer oder Terrassen auf den Tempeln, auf denen Opfer und andere Rituale stattfanden. Die Herkunft der Giebeltüren liegt dagegen in Anatolien. Hier wurde die Epiphanie der jeweiligen Gottheit durch Schauspieler aufgeführt, der Tempelgiebel wurde dabei zur Bühne eines rituellen Dramas. Die Verbreitung beider Architekturformen und damit Kulttraditionen fand in hellenistischer Zeit statt und ist Ausdruck der seleukidischen Religionspolitik.

Greek religious ritual revolved around the performance of sacrifice, and thus the sacrificial altar was the most important cultic structure in the sanctuary. 1 The sacrificial ritual was a transitory experience for both the participants and the audience, an experience in which their identity within society and in relation to the gods was reconstructed and reinforced through the shared experience of the slaughter and consumption of a domestic animal. In East Greece 2 during the Hellenistic period, this temporal ritual was concretized by the construction of permanent, monumental built altars which were architectonic in form and lavish in sculptural decoration. Three of these built altars, located at Magnesia, Priene, and Kos, represent a specific historical moment, during the late third and early second century BCE, in which we can recreate the performance of the sacrificial ritual through the preserved archaeological remains of the apparatus on and around which the sacrifice occurred. A close reading of these altars results in new questions concerning the central cultic ritual and its physical reenactment, as performed in a narrow chronological and geographical context, questions which suggest that religious ritual may have contained more fluidity than previously thought. 3 In addition, the archaeological evidence indicates that the movements of the audience were carefully controlled throughout the ritual, creating a series of 1

Στην ανακοίνωση θα εξεταστούν στοιχεία που αφορούν στις αγροτικές εγκαταστάσεις και στα αγροτικά προϊόντα, που παράγονταν στην περιοχή των Φθιωτίδων Θηβών κατά τους αρχαίους χρόνους. Αντικείμενο της έρευνας θα αποτελέσουν οι εγκαταστάσεις αποθήκευσης και μεταποίησης των αγροτικών προϊόντων, που παράγονταν στην περιοχή ενδιαφέροντος. Κύριο πρωτογενές υλικό θα αποτελέσουν τα ανασκαφικά δεδομένα (αγροικίες, αγροτικές εγκαταστάσεις κλπ.). Επίσης, θα μελετηθούν οι φιλολογικές πηγές (αρχαία γραμματεία και επιγραφές), ώστε να ερμηνευθούν τα είδη και οι μέθοδοι παραγωγής και αποθήκευσης των προϊόντων της γης. Παράλληλα, θα διερευνηθούν οι συνθήκες ζωής και οι μέθοδοι εργασίας των αγροτών στους οικισμούς και στην ύπαιθρο χώρα των Φθιωτίδων Θηβών καθώς και το δίκτυο των οικισμών και των σχετιζόμενων με αυτούς αγροτικών εγκαταστάσεων. Σκοπός της μελέτης θα είναι να συγκεντρωθούν όλα τα ανασκαφικά δεδομένα που σχετίζονται με τα προαναφερθέντα ζητήματα. Σε συνδυασμό με τα ιστορικά και τα τοπογραφικά στοιχεία που διαθέτουμε για την περιοχή, θα γίνει προσπάθεια να εξαχθούν συμπεράσματα για τον πρωτογενή τομέα παραγωγής κατά τους αρχαίους χρόνους στις Φθιωτίδες Θήβες.

It is understood that a marble of a female
head found during excavations in the South Stoa of
the Sanctuary of Magnesia Artemis was planned and
shaped as a head of a female statue in a mantle, with
traces of the mantle fabric preserved on its upper and
lateral parts, and it was then reworked. The facial
features of the Magnesia head show an ideal typology
rather than a portrait. The typological and stylistic features of the work were compared in detail with examples from the Hellenistic Period found in the geography
of Magnesia and the settlements associated with it in
two different ways. The Head of Magnesia is a part of
the Portrait Sculpture tradition of the Woman in
Mantle, which became widespread in the Aegean
Islands and Western Anatolia from the middle of the
IInd century B.C., and was erected in the Agora of
Magnesia as a votive or honoring statue at the end of
the IInd century B.C. or the beginning of the Istcentury
B.C. It was a statue of a veiled woman. Later, the head
should have been reworked and placed inside the
mantle on the body of a female statue in pudicitia pose,
to be seen from the front, as in Saufeia, Baebia and
other examples in Magnesia. The Early Imperial
Period, reached as a result of the stylistic evaluation, is
also supported by the architectural features of the
buildings thought to be related in the South Stoa,
where the work was located.

In this study, magnesia stabilized zirconia based nanocrystalline ceramics were produced through a polymer precursor route using gadolinium and boron. The powders were characterized during the various steps by structural and morphological techniques (FT-IR, XRD, and SEM). XRD results proved that a tetragonal phase is predominant for all samples with varying magnesium contents and no monoclinic zirconia solid solution appears. The crystallite sizes of the samples were calculated using Scherrer equation. The smallest crystallite size was obtained for the sample containing Zr/Mg/Ce/Gd/B ratio of 82/0/10/8/0. The lattice parameters were calculated for cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, and orthorhombic structures. SEM results show all the samples have spherical grains. The average grain diameters were calculated for all the samples. The smallest average grain diameter was obtained for the sample containing Zr/Mg/Ce/Gd/B ratio of 82/0/10/8/0.

This paper examines the question of a city that offered successful resistance to the Pontic troops during the early stages of the First Mithridatic War. The main narrative source, Appian’s Mithridatica, informs us that a Magnesia surrendered to the king, but that another city
of the same name offered noteworthy resistance. However, Appian does
not clearly differentiate whether the defiant city was the Lydian Magnesia (on Mt. Sipylus) or the Carian one (on the river Maeander).
Other classical writers offer additional but often contradictory information. The same confusion exists in much of the modern literature on the Mithridatic wars. A satisfactory solution can be reached, however, by a careful reexamination of the existing sources and their reliability, and by employing a recent numismatic find.

The ceramic shells were fabricated with ceramic slurry containing magnesia as filler material and colloidal silica binder. The shell characteristics in terms of hot bending strength, thermal expansion and hardness were measured. The non–linear nature of thermal expansion in the ceramic shells is on account of phase transmission of stuccoing sand. The MgO was found at the interface of magnesia investment shell mould and AZ91E alloy.

Undoped and Mg doped ZnO nanofibers with different doping concentrations were successfully synthesized using the electrospinning technique. The nanofiber structures were calcined at 300 oC, 400 oC, 500 oC, and 600 oC respectively. It was observed that the nanofibers turned into a nanoparticular structure at the calcining temperature of 400 oC. The nanoceramic mats were characterized by the Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy and by the scanning electron microscopy. The electronic band transitions of as-deposited and calcined films were identified by the evaluation of the photoluminescence measurements at room temperature. It was observed that the exitonic transition energy of the ZnO nanostructure blue-shifted to a high energy value with an increasing Mg doping ratio. In order to estimate the decomposition temperature of the nanofibers turning into a nanoparticular structure, the nanofiber structure was calcined at temperatures between 300 oC and 400 oC, the temperature ramp being 20 oC. The evaluation of the emission spectra of the calcined structures show that the decomposition of electrospun nanofibers started at 320 oC. In addition, band gap energies of the samples were determined by the transmittance measurement of the samples and by the UV-VIS spectrophotometer at the room temperature.

In this study, magnesia stabilized zirconia based nanocrystalline ceramics were produced through a polymer precursor route using gadolinium and boron. The powders were characterized during the various steps by structural and morphological techniques (FT-IR, XRD, and SEM). XRD results proved that a tetragonal phase is predominant for all samples with varying magnesium contents and no monoclinic zirconia solid solution appears. The crystallite sizes of the samples were calculated using Scherrer equation. The smallest crystallite size was obtained for the sample containing Zr/Mg/Ce/Gd/B ratio of 82/0/10/8/0. The lattice parameters were calculated for cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, and orthorhombic structures. SEM results show all the samples have spherical grains. The average grain diameters were calculated for all the samples. The smallest average grain diameter was obtained for the sample containing Zr/Mg/Ce/Gd/B ratio of 82/0/10/8/0. #

Every death is an early death. Humanbeing has managed to face the realities has never given up seeking for solution fort he realities. Death has been the unknown and enigma of the adventure which takes place among birth, life and death triangle. Even if death contains in itself the hope or alleviation that life goes on in another world, people cry for goings and get happy for comings from past to present. Death has meant leaving the beloved ones and sending him or her to an unknown place for
people for ages. In this sense, an idea of a place to reach the dying by making a grave to memorialize the dying has occured. Person becomed sedentary used the land near him. At first, graves were the funeraries called intramural funeraries but as the planned city progressing, this has turned into extramural funeraries. Grave concept makes difference according to diffrerent perioda and cultures in the course of time.
These graves present us valuable cues in analyzing social and cultural structures of the societies. In the simpliest term, the process that starts with burrying the body by digging enable to come up the various kind of graves including monumental graves. In ancient Roma and Greek, deaths were respected and the confounder effect of death on living people frightened them. These reasons became effective about burrying the deaths in upstate but it wasn’t as effective as urbanization and burrying
in upstate became a strict application with the help of laws. “Nekropolis” is the cemetery land in upstatefrom the viewpoint of Greek urbanism. Necropoll is formed of death and city words meaning underworld . Necropolls help us with illuminating about social life, economy, religious beliefs, cultural activities of society, ethnicity,  daily stuff from past to present. Extensity and range of necropolls will provide important datas about duration of te city from the establishment of the ancient city
A lot of datas have been reached with the help of field survery in Magnesia city and scientific Works and this scientific duration goes on without slowing down and the structures belonging city have been founded out one by one. Magnesia necropolls are important lands including socio-cultural information about city and waiting fort he coming up. The thesis study of post graduate that I have been studying is the first study about Magnesia necropolls and will add new things to our knowledge about the city. The content of the thesis have been explained in detail under the topics, target- scope-method.

Anti k dönemin iki önemli kenti Magnesia ve Ephesos, Antik Çağ’da özellikle Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemi’nde bölgede önemli roller üstlenmiştir. İki kent arasındaki yakın ilişkilerin en güzel örneği, Ephesos’a girişi sağlayan iki kapıdan birisinin adının “Magnesia Kapısı” olmasıdır. Ayrıca iki kent arasındaki “Homonoia” (birlik) anlaşmaları da bu ilişkiyi vurgulamaktadır. Ephesos’tan güneye giden yola açılan kapıya “Magnesia kapısı” adının verilmiş olması, iki kent arasında başka bir kent olmadığının da kanıtıdır. Bu kapının varlığı bize Magnesia ile Ephesos arasındaki bir yolun kullanımda olduğunu da göstermektedir. Bölgede yer alan Naipli Köyü’nde ele geçen bir yazıtta yolun bir bölümünün Amy zo nlu işçiler tarafından yapıldığından bahsedilmektedir. Varlığı antik kaynaklardan da bilinen yolun Magnesia sınırları içerisinde bulunduğu ve güzergâhın iki kent arasındaki kısmının Magnesia’dan başlayarak Ephesos’ta “Magnesia Kapısı” olarak adlandırılan yerde sonlandığı bilinse de yolun tamamı günümüzde tespit edilememiştir. 2009 yılında bölgede yapılan geziler kapsamında edinilen bilgilerden, yolun Magnesia Batı Kapısı’ndan başlayarak, Naipli Köyü’ne kada r mevcut topografyanın izin verdiği güzergâhtan gittiği düşünülmektedir. Naipli Köyü’nden itibaren bahsi geçen antik yolun bir kısmının anakaya tıraşlanarak yapılmış olması yolun açık bir şekild e takip edilmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Yol bu noktada Naipli Köyü’nün batısında, köye 1,6 km mesafede başlayan sıra dağların eteklerinde, yaklaşık 1 km. boyunca devam etmektedir. Güzergâh topografyaya uygun şekilde takip edildiğinde ise Çamlık Köyü sınırları içerisinden devam edip günümüzde ulaşımı sağlayan karayolu güzergâhı ile Ephesos’a bağlanılmaktadır.

Undoped and Mg doped ZnO nanofibers with different doping concentrations were successfully synthesized using the electrospinning technique. The nanofiber structures were calcined at 300 8C, 400 8C, 500 8C, and 600 8C respectively. It was observed that the nanofibers turned into a nanoparticular structure at the calcining temperature of 400 8C. The nanoceramic mats were characterized by the Fourier transform infraredattenuated total reflectance spectroscopy and by the scanning electron microscopy. The electronic band transitions of as-deposited and calcined films were identified by the evaluation of the photoluminescence measurements at room temperature. It was observed that the exitonic transition energy of the ZnO nanostructure blue-shifted to a high energy value with an increasing Mg doping ratio. In order to estimate the decomposition temperature of the nanofibers turning into a nanoparticular structure, the nanofiber structure was calcined at temperatures between 300 8C and 400 8C, the temperature ramp being 20 8C. The evaluation of the emission spectra of the calcined structures show that the decomposition of electrospun nanofibers started at 320 8C. In addition, band gap energies of the samples were determined by the transmittance measurement of the samples and by the UV-VIS spectrophotometer at the room temperature. #

The data presented here is part of a pilot project funded by the Berliner Antike-Kolleg and the Einstein Foundation Berlin. In the focus of this short-term project (Oct. - Dec. 2015) is the collection of architectural fragments in the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin - Antikensammlung, in particular the fragments of the temple of Artemis Leukophryene in Magnesia on the Maeander (Western Turkey, end of 3rd / beginning of 2nd century B.C.).

In cooperation with the Excellence Cluster 264 Topoi and the Freie Universität Berlin, the project critically assesses both analog and digital techniques of architectural documentation for a comprehensive exploration of the architectural collection. A team of archaeologists, Bauforscher, conservators, and natural scientists is also investigating the remains of color (polychromy) on these fragments as well as other techniques of surface rendering.

Three architectural fragments were recorded with photography, architectural drawings by hand, different techniques of 3D scanning, and Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI).

Die hier präsentierten Daten sind das Ergebnis eines vom Berliner Antike-Kolleg und der Einstein Stiftung Berlin initiierten Pilotprojektes. Im Fokus stand die Sammlung von Architekturfragmenten im Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin - Antikensammlung, insbesondere die Fragmente des Tempels der Artemis Leukophryene in Magnesia am Mäander (Westtürkei, Ende des 3./Anfang 2. Jh. v. Chr.).

In Kooperation mit dem Exzellenzcluster 264 Topoi und der Freien Universität Berlin, beurteilt das Projekt kritisch sowohl analoge als auch digitale Techniken der architektonischen Dokumentation für eine umfassende Erforschung der Architektursammlung. Ein Team von Archäologen, Bauforscher, Restauratoren und Naturwissenschaftlern untersucht auch die Reste der Farbe (Polychromie) auf diesen Fragmenten sowie andere Techniken der Oberflächendarstellung.

Porous mullite, mullite-corundum ceramics with highly open porosity were prepared by slip casting method using Al paste as the pore former. In the present investigation, the samples were obtained from to types of alumina oxides powders (α-Al 2 O 3 and γ-Al 2 O 3 ), SiO 2 and kaolin, some compositions of samples were doped with MgO additive. Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 in all samples were in 2.57:1 ratio, because that was conformed by mullite stechiometric compositions (3Al 2 O 3 . 2SiO 2 ). The ratio of α-and γ-Al 2 O 3 was 1:3. 30 wt% of kaolin was as additional component in the mix of Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 . The quantity of MgO was 5 wt%. Ceramics were sintered at the temperatures of 1200, 1300 and 1750 o C. The influence of starting raw materials and MgO additive has been studied by main testing as differential thermal analysis, XRD diffraction, Hg porosimetry, nondestructive acoustic method and three point bending strength.

In the region of East Greece during the Hellenistic period, we witness the broad emergence of a luxurious type of built stone altar - monumental in scale, architectonic in form, and lavish in sculptural decoration.  While the formal typology and political significance of these altars have been the subject of inquiry, their function as the site of the central cultic ritual - the sacrifice - repays investigation.  In this paper, I examine the ways in which the position, design, and ornamentation of the built altar shaped the experience of the spectator during the performance of the sacrifice, using as examples the altars of Asklepios at Kos, Artemis Leukophryene at Magnesia, and Athena Polias at Priene.

Each altar's position, architectural form, and sculptural decoration were carefully planned to heighten the experience of the ritual.  Marble pavements in front of the altars demarcated the space in which the audience stood.  The architectural form of the altar promoted a tension between inclusion and exclusion.  The height of the podium, the narrow entrance into the interior, and the colonnade surrounding the inner space created a boundary that separated the rituals observed by all from those reserved for a privileged few in the inner sanctum of the altar.  Free-standing or high-relief sculptures of the gods adorned the exterior facades of all three altars.  By means of these sculptures, the gods became permanent witnesses to the sacrificial ritual, accompanying the mortal audience assembled on the surrounding pavement.

Through the manipulation of physical movements, lines of visibility, and the perception of scale, the built altars of Hellenistic East Greece exploited the threshold between mortal and divine, thus amplifying the emotional impact on the spectator.

Undoped and Mg doped ZnO nanofibers with different doping concentrations were successfully synthesized using the electrospinning technique. The nanofiber structures were calcined at 300 8C, 400 8C, 500 8C, and 600 8C respectively. It was observed that the nanofibers turned into a nanoparticular structure at the calcining temperature of 400 8C. The nanoceramic mats were characterized by the Fourier transform infraredattenuated total reflectance spectroscopy and by the scanning electron microscopy. The electronic band transitions of as-deposited and calcined films were identified by the evaluation of the photoluminescence measurements at room temperature. It was observed that the exitonic transition energy of the ZnO nanostructure blue-shifted to a high energy value with an increasing Mg doping ratio. In order to estimate the decomposition temperature of the nanofibers turning into a nanoparticular structure, the nanofiber structure was calcined at temperatures between 300 8C and 400 8C, the temperature ramp being 20 8C. The evaluation of the emission spectra of the calcined structures show that the decomposition of electrospun nanofibers started at 320 8C. In addition, band gap energies of the samples were determined by the transmittance measurement of the samples and by the UV-VIS spectrophotometer at the room temperature. #