Magistrate

This paper deals with "warrant" which is one of the six modes of production of an accused before a Court of law in Pakistani Jurisdiction. The general procedural law is enacted in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 which is exhaustive on the subject. An attempt has been made to explain the subject in the light of the judicial precedents. What, when, where, why,who, whom, how are the modes to know this subject like all other subjects.

the term Anticipatory Bail is not found in the Code of Criminal Procedure Code but it is a terminology used in general practice. The Code describes it under Section 438 as Bail in the event of arrest. Arrest is not precluded but it prevents detention in the custody.

The rule is that there should be an apprehension of arrest and the Court should be satisfied that there is a reasonable apprehension. Gurubaksh Singh Sibba vs State of Punjab is the landmark judgment and had has since then been followed till Siddharam Mhetre was taken as an opportunity to revisit the concept of bail in anticipation of arrest.

"Liber actorum advocatiliorum" of Czarnków town from the years 1651-1682 is the only preserved book of the Czarnków chancery from the old Polish period. In spite of the fact that it contains highly precious information on the history of this town and its regions, no meaningful historical analysis has been devoted to this book yet.
The article is divided into four parts. The first part gives the physical description of the book. The second part analyses the contents of made entries. These entries were divided into twelve groups and then characterized. This part includes also a summary table of all
entries for each year individually and presents the percentage composition of each group of entries in relation to all entries. The third part presents the analysis of twelve hands of authors that made the entries in the book. The summary table presents in a chronological order all entries and lists all writing hands. The fourth part is dedicated to the life of six town writers on the basis of entries in the book of the reeve and municipal bench.
In its final part the article points at the possibilities to use the book for the detailed historical research on the history of Czarnków.

Der Aufsatz behandelt die Anfangsphase der Markierung von Amphoren in Knidos (Chronologische Gruppe II). Die Tradition der regelmäßigen Stempelung der keramischen Warentransportbehälter geht auf das letzte Drittel des 4. Jhs. v. Chr. zurück (›Schiffsbugstempel‹, Chronologische Gruppe I). Im ersten Viertel des 3. Jhs. v. Chr. werden die Stempel mit παράσημος durch einzelne Monogramme, Ligaturen, Akronyme und Abbreviaturen ersetzt. Diese Periode dauert bis zu den 250er oder sogar 240er Jahren an und inkludiert unter anderem die Stempel der Gruppen Zenon A und B. Die im Gebiet des Bosporanischen Reiches entdeckten Stempel der Zenon-Gruppe stellen völlig neue Kombinationen zwischen der Namensabkürzung »ZH« und dem Emblem »Schiffsbug« (Abb. 4–7) dar und bilden offensichtlich eine Übergangsphase zwischen den Chronologischen Gruppen I und II. Zusätzlich wird eine Liste der bekannten Verbindungen der Zenon- und Sophanes-Gruppen mit den Abkürzungen des zweiten Namens vorgelegt.

By analysing questions asked in court by both court officials and lay persons, this paper argues that language of the court in Malawi is used to self-implicate suspects. The study employed the theory of Conversation Implicature supplemented by Halliday's Interpersonal metafunction. The study reveals how the prosecution uses questions to indicate power dominance during court trials. Set of questions asked by the prosecution linguistically violates the maxim of relevance but the notion of implicature bridges the gap between what is being asked and the true meaning of the questions. The prosecution makes it even more difficult for the defendant by implying that the defendant violates maxims of quantity and manner by asking the witness questions that bring in more information at the same time irrelevant. This dominance in the court conversation may significantly affect the defence of the lay suspects since they have limited time to either build their case or attack the witness brought in court by the state. While such linguistic features used by court official serve a legal function, the outcome has a huge bearing on the laypersons who have no formal legal training. Findings of the study have huge implications in the field of law and linguistics.The study recommends that government should open up its legal system to its citizens. Aspects of legal language should also be integrated into Malawian school curricula so that the masses should be familiar with courtroom discourse, culture and its setup , which are often times seen as strange and alien.