Liver Enzymes

The current study was designed to determine some immunological and biochemical biomarkers in patients with thalassemia major (TM) and thalassemia intermedia (TI), 20 patients with thalassemia and 20 healthy volunteers as control group. The results have shown a significant increase in WBCs also a significant decrease in neutrophil activity and IFN- in TM and TI groups as compared to controls. The levels of Hb decrease in TM and TI groups as compared to controls, while a significant increase has been observed in platelets count. The results have also revealed a significant elevation in Iron and ferritin in TM and TI groups when compared with controls while Transferrin was decreased in the patients when compare with controls. The liver enzymes (AST and ALT) have shown significantly elevated activities in TM an TI groups.

Background and Objective: honey is consumed both as food and medicine. It is used as alternative medicine to treat burns, cuts, and abscesses in ancient time. It suffered a setback in modern medicine as alternative medicine as it lacked systematic scientific studies. It gained acceptance following its effectiveness where conventional treatments failed. There is a paucity of reports on the effect of honey on liver enzymes and functions. This is aimed at investigating the effect of honey on liver enzymes and function. Methodology: The animals were separated into 4 groups (n=5). Groups 1 and 2 served as control and were fed with normal rat chow and water. Groups 3 and 4 served as test groups and were fed with rat chow, water, and honey. The animals were sacrificed at the end of 20 weeks. Sera from groups 1and 3 were collected for enzymes determination while bile from groups 2 and 4 was collected after laparotomy and common bile duct cannulation under anesthesia for biochemical analyses Results: showed that honey has no significant effects on liver enzymes and bile bilirubin levels (P>0.05). Bile secretion rate was significantly reduced in the test compared with control (P<0.05). Bile Na + , HCO3-were not significantly different while bile K + , CL-were significantly reduced in the test compared with control (P<0.05). Bile cholesterol was significantly increased in the test compared with control(P<0.05) while plasma cholesterol was significantly reduced in the test compared with control(P<0.05). Conclusion: It is therefore concluded that honey did not affect liver enzymes concentration, decreased rate of bile secretion, reduced bile potassium and chloride excretion, increased bile cholesterol excretion and reduced plasma cholesterol level.

In the study, it was aimed to investigate the changes in some biochemical parameters (urea, AST, ALT, glucose, creatinine and TSH) of women with acute exercise. 50 women aged 19-48 years participated in the study as volunteers. Urea, AST, ALT, glucose, creatinine and TSH levels were analyzed in blood samples taken before exercise and at the end of an acute exercise session. SPSS package program and Paired Samples t test were used for the comparison of pre and post test results of the obtained data. When the results were evaluated,  while there was a statistically significant difference between the pre-test and post-test values of the study group in urea, AST and ALT levels (p<0,05), it was determined that Glucose, creatinine and TSH levels were not significantly different (p>0,05). In conclusion, it can be said that acute swimming exercises applied to women are causing a significant change in liver enzymes (AST, ALT) and urea levels and these changes may be considered beneficial for the health status of the individual.

The antimicrobial activity of a methanolic extract of amurca (olive oil lees) was determined against both Gram-positive (L. monocytogenes and S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli O157:H7 and S. enteritidis) foodborne pathogens at 10 °C or 37 °C using microdilution and disk diffusion methods, and its relative activity was compared to selected antibiotics. Minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal (MBC) concentrations of amurca extract ranged from 60 to 80 μl/ml at 37 °C after 24 h against all tested strains. At 10 °C, amurca was more inhibitory with MIC and MBC values of 40 and 60 μl/ml, respectively, after 7 d against tested strains. Amurca at 40 μl/ml reduced numbers of tested pathogens by 2.5 to 3.2 log10 CFU/ml at 10 °C after 7 d, but was not inhibitory at 37 °C after 24 h. Protein prepared from amurca was not antimicrobial. The relative antimicrobial activity (inhibition zone ratio) of 80 μl/ml amurca methanolic extract compared to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamycin and tetracycline ranged from 0.36 to 1.0 against Gram-negative and from 0.45 to 2.0 against Gram-positive bacteria. In addition, amurca extract inhibited E. coli O157:H7 02-0628 and S. aureus 26127 which were resistant to tetracycline and chloramphenicol, respectively.

This study investigates the effects of Capsicum frutescens supplemented diet (C.F.S.D) on fasting blood glucose level, biochemical parameters and body weight in alloxan induced diabetic Wistar rats. Experimental Design: 130 -150g healthy forty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups as following; Group 1 served as a normal control and received normal feed-. Group 2 (Diabetic control) received normal feed-. Group 3 (Diabetic test 1) received normal feed + 1g Capsicum frutescens.-. Group 4 (Diabetic test 2) received normal feed + 2g Capsicum frutescens.

The present work was designed to investigate the changes in some hematological, biochemical parameters and lipid profile as well as
possible protective role of vitamin C and E against gasoline vapours induced male rats.
The rats exposed to gasoline vapours were divided into 4 groups: group-1 treated with gasoline vapours only, group-2 treated orally
with 200 mg/kg body weight of vitamin C and group-3 treated with 150 mg/ kg body weight of vitamin E and group-4 treated with
vitamins C and E. The duration of the treatment was 6 weeks. Fasting blood samples were collected serum were prepared for
estimation of some haematologic parameters (Hb content, PCV, RBCs count and lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride (TGs),
(HDL-C), (LDL-C) and (VLDL-C). Liver function was assessed by measuring the activities of liver marker enzymes (alkaline
phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)). Total serum protein (TSP) and albumin
were measured. The present results showed that gasoline vapours caused significant (p  0.05) decrease in TSP and albumin
concentration and significant (p  0.05) increase in serum ALP, ALT and AST activities in comparison with the control group.
Also, exposure to gasoline vapours induced significant (p  0.05) decrease in Hb, PCV, RBC and significant (p  0.05) increase in TC,
TGS, LDL-C and VLDL-C and decrease in HDL-C compared to control. However concomitant treatment with gasoline vapours and
administration of vitamins C and E exhibited a protective role on the observed toxic effect of gasoline vapours in male rats.
The results of the present study indicated that toxic effects of gasoline vapours may be reduced by dietary supplementation of vitamins
C and E.

Objective Fatty liver causes progression in liver damage and accelerates liver fibrosis. Fatty liver may
enhance AST and ALT enzymes in blood. Infiltration of lipid in liver is associated with an increasing in its
echogenicity, depending on the severity of the lipid infiltration.
Methods This study is a randomized non-blind clinical trial in order to investigate the effect of Artichoke
(Cynara Scolymus L.) herbal tea. The leaves of the plant were consumed twice a day (one tablespoon in
a glass of boiling water for 20 minutes on indirect heat) for 45 days. Using Pokak analytical sampling formula,
70 patients (47 females and 23 males) aged 25 to 63 years were finally tested and the effect of this
plant on parenchymal echogenic levels of liver, AST, and ALT of their liver was investigated. Liver enzymes
and abdominal ultrasound were performed at the beginning and after treatment and studied people
were grouped according to the ultrasound criteria for fatty liver disease after obtaining informed consent.
The means were compared using paired t-test and data were analyzed by SPSS V.18 software.
Results Results showed that studied people, for fatty liver disease were grouped as follows: mild (23 patients,
%32.86) as grade 1, moderate (38 patients, %54.28) as grade 2, and severe (9 patients, %12.86)
as grade 3. At the end of this study, fatty liver grade was decreased in 51 patients (P≤0.05). However, 19
women didn’t show expected change in the grade of fatty liver. The Mean±SD of the enzymes measured
in all patients before and after treatment were 52.49±26.76 and 36.13±96.01 for ALT, and 41.14±20.46
and 31.76±12.26 for AST. Statistical analysis of the results by t-test showed significant decreasing for ALT
and AST levels (P≤0.01).
Conclusion The results of this study showed that it seems this plant can be used to improve the laboratory
symptoms of fatty liver.

Objective: The present study aims at critical analysis and investigation of liver function test and hepatotoxity with use of NSAIDs in patients of Non-Traumatic musculoskeletal painful disorders. NSAIDs are most commonly used by medical fraternity worldwide for relief from acute, recurring or chronic pain conditions and are easily available in India in many forms over-the-counter analgesic, sometimes resulting in adverse drug reactions (ADR). The use of NSAIDs and gastrointestinal and renal disturbance is well known. The most frequent ADR due to NSAIDs use was gastrointestinal effects leading to discontinuation of treatment The liver plays a central role in drug metabolism. However, little is known about the cause and effect of NSAIDs on liver and liver enzymes. Most NSAIDs induce hepatic toxicity are due to individual patient susceptibility (idiosyncrasy), and intrinsic associated with mainly hepatocellular tissue. Hepatic toxicity response ranges from asymptomatic or transient derangement in liver function test to fulminant liver damage. The hepatotoxicity due to risk factors associated with NSAID toxicity must be kept in mind by physicians whenever prescribing NSAIDs, because much of underreporting is usually due to transient and asymptomatic effects on liver.

In the present investigation, the valorization of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) wastes into food application with health benefits was studied. Growing interest in the replacement of synthetic food antioxidants by natural ones has fostered research on vegetable sources and screening of raw materials to identify new antioxidants. Different parts of sweet potato contain various phenolic activities. The sweet potato peel had the highest antioxidant activity as compared to other parts. It was reported that sweet potato contains bioactive compounds such as Flavonoids, Polyphenols, The present study was executed to examine the antioxidant components of sweet potato peel and their addition to fermented cow's milk to improve lipid profile in rats fed high fat diet. Fermented milk was prepared from cow's milk fortified with 1% and 2% of sweet potato peels (SPP), before inoculation with starter culture containing (S. thermophilus TH4, L. acidophilus La5 and L. bulgaricus).

Terminalia is used in folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases. The objective of this study is to investigate the hepatonephro protective activity of a polyphenol-rich fraction (TMEF) obtained from Terminalia muelleri Benth. (Combretaceae) against CCl4-induced toxicity in mice. TMEF was administered (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/d) for 5 d. CCl4 was administered at the end of the experiment. Hepatic and renal biomarkers were measured in the serum. Glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were estimated in the liver and kidney tissues. The active constituents of TMEF were identified by HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS/MS. TMEF is rich in ellagitannins, galloyl esters, phenolic acids, and flavone-C-glucosides. TMEF pretreatment significantly (p &lt; 0.001) inhibited the CCl4-induced increase in ALT (17, 43, and 53%), AST (20, 46, and 58%), ALP (20, 48, and 56%), LDH (21, 47, and 58%), hepatic MDA (23, 49, and 54%), renal MDA (22, 35, and 52%), creatinine (48, 66, ...

The effect of leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium (GL) on some tissue enzymes and protein level of alloxan-induced diabetic rats was studied. Graded doses of the extract (200, 300 and 400 mg/kg b.
w.) were administered to the diabetic and corresponding non-diabetic rats for 14 days. At the end of which total protein, aminotransferases (ALT and AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) were assayed in the liver whole homogenate (LWH). Total liver protein concentration which was significantly increased (p<0.05) in untreated diabetic rats when compared to nondiabetic control rats was non significantly (p>0.05) changed in all test groups after treatment, compared to the control. Whereas in the non diabetic counterparts, protein level decreased in all treatment groups relative to the non diabetic control. However, this decrease was only significant (p<0.05) in the group administered 200mg/kg b. w. The decrease was therefore independent of the dose of extract. There was observed general significant decrease (p<0.001) in AST, ALT, ALP and GGT activities of diabetic test groups when compared to the corresponding non-diabetic groups. Compared to the diabetic control there was significant decrease in AST, ALT, ALP and GGT activities (p<0.001 for AST; p<0.05 for ALT, ALP and GGT) of diabetic rats administered 300mg/kg b. w. However at a test dose of 400mg/kg body weight, ALP and GGT activities rather increased significantly (p<0.05 for ALP; p<0.001 for GGT) relative to diabetic control. Hence the water soluble fraction of ethanol extract of Gongronema latifolium leaf is not likely to cause liver pathology, and can provide alleviation and protection to the animal liver in chemical diabetes with a dose up to 300 mg/kg b. w.

Background: The present study was carried out to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic fruit extracts of Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) against thioacetamide-induced liver damage in male albino wistar rats. Methods: Twenty-five (25) male albino rats, (200-250 g) were used for the study and they were placed into five groups (A to E). Groups A, B, and C were given silymarin (50 mg/kg), low dose of the extract (300 mg/kg) and high dose of the extracts (600 mg/kg) respectively for ten (10) consecutive days through the oral route (p.o). On the eleventh (11th) day, thioacetamide (TA) was administered at the dose of 200mg/kg subcutaneously to groups A to D. Group E was not given any form of treatment whatsoever and served as normal control. Forty-eight hours after TA administration, blood samples were collected from all the animals through the retro-orbital sinus into appropriately labeled plain bottles for assay of serum liver enzymes, albumin and total bilirubin. Also, liver was excised for histopathological assessment. Result: The fruit of Phoenix dactylifera had an oral LD50 >6000 mg/kg in rats. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, saponins, steroids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids. There was a significant rise in the level of biochemical makers of liver damage like ALT, AST, ALP and total bilirubin and a fall in albumin in TA-treated groups when compared with the respective values for extract and silymarin treated groups (p<0.001). Also, when compared with the normal control group (Group E), with the values of 36.40±4.28 U/L, 43.20 ± 4.31 U/L, 62.55 ± 5.8 U/L, 8.12 ± 0.52µmol/L and 49.84 ± 4.42g/L for ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin and albumin respectively, group B had respective values that were significantly different from it (p<0.05) whereas group C values were not significantly different from group E values (p>0.05). Histopathological findings in the test groups showed mild alteration in histoarchitecture when compared with TA group which showed extensive vacuolation, inflammatory cells and generalized necrosis. Conclusion: P. dactylifera has a hepatoprotective effect in thioacetamide induced hepatic necrosis in rats.

Diazinon is one of the most widely used organophosphorus insecticides, to control plant pests in agricultural fields and is known to be a harmful environmental pollutant in the world. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of alcoholic extract of Althaea officinalis against Diazinon-induced liver damage in adult male hamsters. 42 male hamsters were divided into six groups: The positive control group received distilled water, The negative control group received Diazinon poison, The group receiving the Althaea officinalis extract (300 mg/kg) and the group receiving the Althaea officinalis extract (600 mg/kg) received alcoholic extract of Althaea officinalis at doses of 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg of body weight, The group receiving Diazinon and the Althaea officinalis extract (300 mg/kg) and the group receiving Diazinon and the Althaea officinalis extract (600 mg/kg) received Diazinon toxin first and then alcoholic extract of Althaea officinalis at doses of 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg of body weight. Daily the hamsters were treated orally for 15 days. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken and serum levels of Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase, Alkaline phosphatase, the whole (total) Bilirubin, the whole (total) protein and serum Albumin were measured. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test using SPSS software. In Diazinon group, there was a significant increase in serum levels of Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase, Alkaline phosphatase, the whole (total) Bilirubin and a significant decrease in serum (total) protein and Albumin levels compared with the positive control group. Alcoholic extract of Althaea officinalis caused a significant and dose-dependent decrease in the levels of hepatic enzymes and the whole (total) Bilirubin and significant increase in the whole (total) protein and serum Albumin levels. The result of this study showed that Althaea officinalis has a protective and therapeutic effect against Diazinon-induced hepatotoxicity in hamster.

Objective: To study the effect of breast cancer treatment on liver enzymes in diabetic and cardiac breast cancer females. Study Design: Cross-sectional type of study. Setting: Liaquat National Hospital Karachi. Period: January 2008 to January 2010. Patients and Methods: Total 47 breast cancer patients. Out of these, 22 were diabetic and 25 were cardiac patients, visiting the oncology OPD of the hospital. Patients with metastasis to distant organs were excluded from the study. Treatment was carried under the supervision of an oncologist. Samples were collected twice during the study. First sample was collected at disease presentation before starting any type of treatment and second time, sample was collected 14 weeks after the last chemotherapy dose. Statistical analysis: Data was analyzed using statistical package (SPSS version 11.0). “Students t-test”and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the means and standard deviations of quantitative/continuous variables. In all statistical analysis p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: In all patient groups after treatment alkaline phosphatase was significantly high as compared to that before treatment (p<0.05) whereas alanine transaminase increased significantly without including Tamoxifen in the treatment. Variation pattern of liver enzyme was the same in both patient groups. Conclusions: Altered profile of liver enzyme was similar in both patient groups therefor the variations cannot be attributed to hyperglycemia in diabetic females and the alterations in liver enzymes were attributed to liver damage by chemotherapy and fatty infiltration of liver induced by Tamoxifen. Key words: Liver enzymes, Breast cancer, Diabetic and Cardiac patients.

Background: This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of milk thistle seeds (MTSs) in counteracting the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in a contaminated diet fed to broilers. Methods: Two dietary inclusion rates of AFB1 (0, 0.250 and 500 ppb) and MTS (0, 0.5 and 1%) were tested in a 3×3 factorial manner. The effect of nine experimental treatments was assessed using 216 one-d-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks in a randomized complete design with 4 replicates of 6 birds each from one to 21 days of age. The effects of dietary AFB1 and MTS on serum biochemistry factors, antibody titer against Newcastle disease (ND) and influenza disease (ID) in broilers were evaluated at the end of this period. Results: Statistical analysis of the main effects of diets indicated no significant changes in uric acid, cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL), ID, and phosphorus compared to the control (P&gt;0.01). Also, addition of 500 ppb of dietary AFB1 into the diet was as...

This study was designed to investigate the biochemical changes of liver function occurring due to STZ-induced
diabetes mellitus in mice. Animals made diabetic by a single ip injection of STZ (150mg/kg bw) and serum
samples were collected after two, four and six weeks of injection. Alterations in blood glucose level, body
weight, relative percentage of live weight, the biochemical activity of liver enzymes (ALP, ACP, AST, ALT, LDH),
total bilirubin, and cholesterol levels were estimated. Significant decrease of body weight was found, significant
increases in blood glucose sugar, the relative percentage of liver weight, levels of ALP, AST, LAT, bilirubin and
cholesterol, and insignificant increase in the activity of ACP; while serum LDH was increased significantly by the
second and fourth week but decreased at the sixth week. The study concluded that STZ-induced diabetes affects
significantly the biochemical function of liver and causes disturbances in the activity of liver enzymes.
Keywords: Streptozotocin, diabetes mellitus, liver enzymes, biochemical alterations.

Liver is the main organ that plays an important role in the biotransformation of medicine in human body. Therefore, drug-induced liver injuries are much more common than official medical statistics show in different countries and on different continents. This circumstance is associated with many factors: the latent course of drug-induced liver injuries, inadequate interpretation of clinical symptoms and clinical laboratory parameters, insufficiently careful investigation of anamnesis, different frequency of use of various medicine in different countries.

Drug-induced liver injuries are lesions that are associated with the use of medicine. Drug-induced liver injuries must be diagnosed as early as possible, as the continued administration of medicine can repeatedly exacerbate the severity of clinical manifestations and significantly affect the outcome of the disease as a whole. In addition, legal aspects are also important in this regard, since an unrecognized drug-induced liver injury with continued use of this medicine that allegedly caused this injury is a matter of a frequent professional investigations.

The reaction of the liver on medicine depends on many factors: the initial state of liver function (already existing liver disease), heredity, gender, age, alcohol intake and other medicine. Presence of these factors in patients significantly increases the risk of development of liver injuries associated with taking medications, and if the drug-induced liver injury develops, the prognosis of its course will be heavier. Statistically-valid are frequent drug-induced liver injuries in women. The same type of medicine can cause different types of liver injuries in terms of clinical and morphological manifestations. Diagnostics of drug-induced liver injury is often difficult and requires from a specialist certain skills not only the necessity to carefully collect an anamnesis of a patient with a developed disease, but also a good orientation in his clinical and morphological manifestations.

Aim: To assess the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on CD 4 + cell count and liver enzymes in HIV-infected patients six months post-therapy based on age and sex distribution. Methods: A cohort of 200 (66 males, 134 females) consenting HAART naïve patients, aged between 16 and 65 years with confirmed cases of HIV infection (by Western blot method) at Lokoja, Nigeria having a baseline CD 4 + cell counts ≤350 cells/µL were initiated on HAART for six months. Two blood samples were collected, one at pre-HAART (baseline) and the other at post-HAART (follow-up) phase. CD 4 + cells were counted and liver enzymes levels were evaluated using the Partec® Cyflow Counter and Reflotron® Plus Auto-Analyzer, respectively. Results: The immunological outcome of 6 months HAART shows that there was slight increase (statistically, considered not significant, P>0.05) in the post-HAART mean±SEMCD 4 + cell count in the different age and sex strata investigated, when comparison was made with the pre-HAART mean±SEMCD 4 + cell count. Also, the post HAART liver function test show that the liver enzymes levels were not significantly (P>0.05) elevated when compared to the baseline values. Conclusion: Six months of HAART repleted CD 4 + cell counts of HIV-infected patients of different age and sex strata, with no risk of liver damage.

Guava leaves have been used to treat cough and
pulmonary diseases; they have also served as anti inflammatory
and haemostatic agent in china. This work is therefore aimed at
investigating the effects of guava leaf extract on the liver
enzymes of adult wistar rats. Twenty apparently healthy wistar
rats were used for this study. They were allocated into four
groups (A, B, C & D) of five animals each. Group A served as
the control and was orally administered with 0.5ml of distilled
water; the experimental groups B, C, & D were orally
administered 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 750mg/kg of guava leaf
extract respectively for fourteen days. Twenty four hours after
the last administration, the animals were dissected. Blood for
serum preparation were collected through cardiac puncture. The
activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine
aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphotase (ALP) were
determined using randox kit method. There were no biochemical
alterations in the activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase
(AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphotase
(ALP).

This study carried out to increase production efficiency Persian sturgeon fingerling. For this experiment, in four treatments, 600 Acipenser persicus fingerling (10.76 ± 0.74 g and 14.49 ± 0.7 cm) were introduced into 12 fiberglass tanks with 300 liters water. The fingerlings were reared for 60 days. The diets with 150, 300 and 450 mg of 4 bacterial strains Lactococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Weissella cibaria and Enterococcus faecalis (powder per 1-kg of pelleted diets to make certain concentrations 1.5 × 109 (T2), 3 × 109 (T3) and 4.5 × 109 CFU/g (T4). The diet of the control group (T1) was also free of probiotic bacteria. The results showed that there was no significant difference in growth indices in different treatments (p>0.05), but the maximum and minimum mean final weight were observed in juveniles of T2 and T1, respectively. The results of liver enzymatic indices and LDH, IgM and lysozyme activity and the number of colonial intestine bacterial flora showed that the minimum and maximum values of these indices were observed with significant differences in T2 and T1, respectively (p < 0.05). The maximum and minimum number of intestinal lactic acid (probiotic) bacteria also occurred in T2 and T4 with a significant difference respectively (p < 0.05). In spite of the fact that a diet containing probiotics could not have a significant effect on growth indices in Persian sturgeon fingerling in the weight range of 10-60g, but the diet of containing probiotics with 1.5×109 concentration (T2), significantly improved the safety, enzymatic and bacterial flora of the intestine.

The aim of this study was to determine the association between antiretroviral (ARV) drugs and Aspergillus flavus in experimental rats. Methods: Inbred albino Wister rats, aged18-21weeks; weighing 200-250g were used. The experiment was carried out in two models, excluding antifungal drugs. In model 1; the rats were infected with Aspergillus flavus and treated with antiretroviral drugs; grouped into four of six rats each, based on their weights. Group A: Neat control while Groups B-D were administered with varying concentrations of Nevirapine, Zidovudine and Lamivudine, Zidovudine, Lamivudine and Nevirapine. In model 2, the animals were immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide and then administered with ARV and A. flavus. In both models; pre and post inoculation blood samples were collected to assay for liver enzymes and the liver was harvested for histological assessment and recovery of A. flavus. Results: In model1, pre-inoculation liver enzyme values showed no statistical increase between control group and experimental groups (P> 0.05) while the post-inoculation liver enzyme values were statistically significant (P<0.05) between control and experimental group, with increase in values of ALT, AST and ALP. In model 2 ALT and ALP were increased in both pre-and post-inoculation of experimental group, when compared with control. Histological evidence of liver damage was observed in both models. Conclusions: The experimental administration of ARV drugs in rats may enhance the pathogenicity of opportunistic aspergillosis thereby impeding the metabolic functions of the liver.

Background: Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae) a tropical perennial herb plant that is widely cultivated to be eaten either fresh with food or dried in tea or soft drink has been reported to possess a number of medicinal and aromatic properties. This study aimed at evaluating the protective effects of C. citratus aqueous extract against liver injury induced by hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), in male rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five rats were randomly divided into five different groups of five animals in each group; (1) Control. (2) Received H 2 O 2 (0.5%) with drinking water. (3), and (4) received H 2 O 2 and C. citratus (100 mg•kg-1 b wt), vitamin C (250 mg•kg-1 b wt) respectively. (5), was given C. citratus alone. The treatments were administered for 30 days. Blood samples were collected and serum was used for biochemical assay including liver enzymes activities, total protein, total bilirubin and malonaldehyde, glutathione in serum and liver homogenates. Liver was excised and routinely processed for histological examinations. Results: C. citratus attenuated liver damage due to H 2 O 2 administration as indicated by the significant reduction (p<0.05), in the elevated levels of ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, TB, and MDA in serum and liver homogenates; increase in TP and GSH levels in serum and liver homogenates; and improvement of liver histo-pathological changes. These effects of the extract were similar to that of vitamin C which used as antioxidant reference. Conclusion: C. citratus could effectively ameliorate H 2 O 2-induced oxidative stress and prevent liver injury in male rats.

Aim: Fascioliasis is a well known veterinary trouble in cattle and is to date an important human being disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional capacity of the liver based on the activity of specific enzymes, proteins and glucose in serum and also to investigate the influence of mechanical and toxic effects of fascioliasis on blood picture and biliary tract of cattles. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out between January and April 2016. Blood and fecal samples were collected from 22 cattles with naturally acquired bovine fascioliasis and no other disease out of 150 cattles and 10 non-infected cattles were brought to the Veterinary

Background: The co-existence of viral hepatitis caused by HBV and HCV become common causes of severe liver complication and immunological impairment among HIV infected individuals. The aim of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV and their correlation with CD4 and liver enzyme levels among HAART naïve HIV positive individuals. Method: A Cross-sectional study was conducted from March-May, 2011 at University of Gondar Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. HBV and HCV serological tests and liver enzymes as well as CD4 T cell level determination were assessed following the standard procedures. Socio-demographic data was collected by using structured questionnaire. The data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 20.0 statistical software and p &lt; 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Result: Among 400 study participants, the overall prevalence of HIV-viral hepatitis co-infection was 42(11.7%). The prevalence of HIV-HBV, HIV-HCV and HIV-HBV-HCV ...

Background: Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae) a tropical perennial herb plant that is widely cultivated to be eaten either fresh with food or dried in tea or soft drink has been reported to possess a number of medicinal and aromatic properties. This study aimed at evaluating the protective effects of C. citratus aqueous extract against liver injury induced by hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), in male rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five rats were randomly divided into five different groups of five animals in each group; (1) Control. (2) Received H 2 O 2 (0.5%) with drinking water. (3), and (4) received H 2 O 2 and C. citratus (100 mg•kg-1 b wt), vitamin C (250 mg•kg-1 b wt) respectively. (5), was given C. citratus alone. The treatments were administered for 30 days. Blood samples were collected and serum was used for biochemical assay including liver enzymes activities, total protein, total bilirubin and malonaldehyde, glutathione in serum and liver homogenates. Liver was excised and routinely processed for histological examinations. Results: C. citratus attenuated liver damage due to H 2 O 2 administration as indicated by the significant reduction (p<0.05), in the elevated levels of ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, TB, and MDA in serum and liver homogenates; increase in TP and GSH levels in serum and liver homogenates; and improvement of liver histo-pathological changes. These effects of the extract were similar to that of vitamin C which used as antioxidant reference. Conclusion: C. citratus could effectively ameliorate H 2 O 2-induced oxidative stress and prevent liver injury in male rats.

Resumen Context: Nevirapine (NVP) is used in human immunodeficiency virus exposed neonates. This could present safety concern due to decreased liver metabolizing enzymes activity and renal clearance in neonates. Aims: To determine the hepatotoxic effect of NVP in juvenile albino rats. Methods: Juvenile albino rats were weighed, divided into groups and treated orally with 4-32 mg/kg/day of NVP for 14 days including a recovery group. The control groups were treated with water (placebo) and normal saline (solvent). At the end of NVP treatment, rats were weighed and sacrificed, blood was collected and serum extracted. Serum was analyzed for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB) and conjugated bilirubin (CB). The liver was harvested via dissection, weighed and evaluated for AST, ALT, ALP, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and histological damage. Results:...

Background: The significance of hyperuricemia as a risk factor of incidence of myocardial infarction has been a debate for recent decades. However, Hyperuricemia has been shown to predict the development of heart failure, elevated in weight, hyper-insulinemia of secondary hypertension. Several studies have demonstrated that hyperuricemia is also associated with elevated inflammatory biomarkers levels and development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aims of the present study were to assess inflammatory biomarkers status and liver enzymes among hyperuricemia patients in Gaza Strip Materials and Methods: A case-control study has been conducted on 70 subjects with hyperuricemia and 70 healthy subjects with normal uric acid as control aged between 41-70 years. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), complement 3 (C3), ferritin, fibrinogen and liver enzymes were measured. Results: The results pointed out the average levels of ESR, CRP, C3, ferritin, fibrinogen AST and ALT were significantly higher in cases compared to controls. Pearson correlation showed that a positive significant correlation between uric acid and CRP (r = 0.

This study designed to evaluate blood parameters of 3-4 years Huso huso on pen in the center of the fishing and processing Ashuradeh (Chalasht) from the Gorgan Bay in different seasons.Blood samples from 10 Huso huso withaverage weight2698.01 ± 757.32 g and length 77.98 ± 5.53 cm were collected in each season (autumn 2014 to summer 2015) and activity of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and variation in hematological parameters such as hemoglobin, erythrocyte count, leucocytes count, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in the blood samples of fish were measured in each season. There is significant difference in the enzymes levels were observed. (P<0.05). The lowest activity of aminotransferases and alanine aminotransferase were also observed in autumn. With the exception of mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) that was the highest in the spring, the other blood parameters mentioned were highest in the autumn. The number of WBC (6.67 ± 0.35×103 mm3), RBC (0.97 ± 0.01×106 mm3) and hemoglobin values (6.96 ± 0.15 g/dl) had its lowest level in winter. But the levels of hematocrit (%21.80 ± 0.62), hemoglobin, MCV and MCH values respectively 187.50 ± 3.87 fL and 63.36 ± 1.45 pg/cell showed the lowest level in spring. The results of this study showed seasonal variations effect on haematological parameters in Huso huso and should be considered when these parameters are utilized to evaluate fish health status.

The effect of leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium (GL) on some tissue enzymes and protein level of alloxan-induced diabetic rats was studied. Graded doses of the extract (200, 300 and 400 mg/kg b. w.) were administered to the diabetic and corresponding non-diabetic rats for 14 days. At the end of which total protein, aminotransferases (ALT and AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) were assayed in the liver whole homogenate (LWH). Total liver protein concentration which was significantly increased (p&lt;0.05) in untreated diabetic rats when compared to non-diabetic control rats was non significantly (p&gt;0.05) changed in all test groups after treatment, compared to the control. Whereas in the non diabetic counterparts, protein level decreased in all treatment groups relative to the non diabetic control. However, this decrease was only significant (p&lt;0.05) in the group administered 200mg/kg b. w. The decrease was therefore independent of the do...

Spleen cells from BALB/cJ mice which had been immunized with human lactate dehydrogenase-1 (LDH-1) were fused with SP2/0-Ag14. Two hybridomas were produced which recognized the antigen. Competitive RIA revealed that one antibody ('Smit-LDH') recognized the H subunit of LDH while the other ('Hem-LDH') recognized both II and M subunits of LDH. With the use of these antibodies we developed an assay for LDHS activity in which serum is incubated for 30 min at room temperature with the two antibodies ('Smit-LDH' and 'Hem-LDH' in the ratio 64 : 1.3, pg/ml) immobilized on latex beads to extract LDH-1 through LDH-4. After centrifugation, the LDH activity of the supernatant is measured and represents LDH-5 activity. Latex beads coated with bovine serum albumin were used as control. The LDH-5 activity as determined by our assay correlated well (r = 0.98) with the values obtained by an electrophoresis method. There was no interference due to LDH-1 through LDH3 up to 3000 U/l and LDH-4 up to 350 U/l. Serum samples with total LDH activity above 1000 U/l were appropriately diluted in order to avoid interference by LDH-4. Use of these monoclonal antibodies allows precise, rapid and direct measurement of LDH-5 activity in serum.