Literary Science

With the internet, numerous linguistic innovations were introduced into Slovene street poetry, i. e., they were adopted and integrated into lyrics by Slovene street poets. On one hand, these changes were useful, as the vocabulary became more current and closer to the everyday usage, but on the other hand this new media opened the question whether a stylistically marked word that appears on the internet and is transferred into general use by a young poet is already slangism or not. Slovene street poetry was affected by the internet in other ways, i. e., in terms of its transmission models, communicative options, advertising, marketing, and self-promotion.

The ancestral homeland of rap music is in Africa, where rhythms similar to rap rhythms existed within the folk music of individual tribes. It was only in the second half of the 20th century that this interesting form of verbal-vocal-musical art (which over time became known as street poetry) took shape on the American streets. Like everything else, street poetry came to Slovenia with a delay of several years. The 1990s were a turning point, when important events took place in both American and Slovenian street poetry. The millennium brought new expressive possibilities and increased production of rap music. After twenty years, which have passed since the release of the Slovenian cult rap album "Unimportant Scene" ("Leva scena") from Ali-En, we have found ourselves at a point where it is necessary to systematically define street poetry and include it in the system of literary science. This article presents an introduction to the classification of street poetry.

Работа представляет собою критический анализ научных исследований, вышедших к 200-летнему юбилею И.А. Гончарова (2012). Автор ставит под вопрос редко проговариваемые предпосылки, на которых основана работа значительной части современных российских исследователей литературы XIX века. Подход к литературе и постановка проблемы в их работах связаны с утверждением эстетической объективности и политической нейтральности как ключевых черт, на основании которых писатель может войти в литературный канон.

ÖN SÖZ
Şurası kesin ki vicdanlı bir öğretmen, sürekli yeni şeyler öğrenir, onları kendi bilgi dağarcığının bir parçası hâline getirir, bilgilerini yenileriyle güncel ve taze tutar, metotlarını sürekli yeniler ve sınıfına bu yeni bilgiler ve yeni öğretme metotları ile gider. Hiçbir zaman mevcut bilgileriyle yetinmez, eski bilgilerle sınırlamaz kendini, daima yeni şeylerin susuzluğunu çeker.
Sosyal bilimlerin başat şubelerinden biri olan edebiyat bilimi, bilimsel yetkinliğini oldukça geç zamanlarda ispat etmiştir. Bu güçlüğe bir de edebi metni anlamak için hemen her sosyal bilimden ve kuramdan taşınan metotlar ve bunlarla ilgili terimleşme sorunları da eklenince edebiyat araştırmacılarının işi iyice zorlaşır.
Türkiye üniversitelerinde daha çok Türkoloji odaklı ilerleyen edebiyat bilimi, maalesef kuramsal ve metodolojik olarak dünyada bugün çağdaşlarının geldiği noktadan en az birkaç on yıl geridedir. Pek çok üniversitede lisans ve lisansüstü düzey-de ders olarak okutulmasına rağmen, edebi metin çözümleme yöntemleri konusunu kapsayıcı bir bakışla ele alan çok az kaynak vardır. Bunların büyük bir kısmı da Berna Moran’ın kitabını tekrarlarlar. Üstelik bunlar; eleştiri yönteminin ilişkili olduğu felsefi arka plana ve dayandığı teorik zemine de temas etmez. Yöntem ve kuram ayrımını da net bir şekilde ortaya koyamadıkları için edebiyat çalışmaları pratiğinde işlevsel olarak kullanılamazlar.
Elinizdeki kitabın farklı bölümlerinde edebiyat biliminin farklı çalışma alanları gruplandırılarak tanıtılmıştır. Bu tanıtımda daha çok alanın metodolojik cephesine hâkim olan yaklaşımlara odaklanılmıştır. Okura çok yönlü bir perspektif kazandırmak amacıyla bu bölümler, kendi konusunu farklı tartışmalar ve bakış açıla-rı ışığında ele almaya çalışmıştır.
Öte yandan bu çalışmanın her bir bölümünde yeri geldikçe bir metot tanıtılmıştır. Burada amaç, sayıları belki de yüzlerle ifade edilebilecek edebiyat bilimi metotlarının tam bir listesini vermek değil; onların teorik çerçevesini ortaya koymaktadır. Zira metotların kuramsal arka planına işaret etmek, soyut önermeler olan kuramların edebiyat araştırma metodolojisine nasıl yansıdığını ortaya koyacaktır. Zira yöntemler, edebiyat araştırmaların-da ve metin incelemelerinde sundukları perspektifle metinlerin yeni bir gözle okunmasını ve değerlendirilmesini sağlayacak araçlardır.
Kitabın kullanıcı için işlevsel olan bir başka tarafı da her bölümde geçen Terimlerin; ele alınan konuyla ilgili ilave Notların hemen orada geniş bir şekilde açık-lanmış olmasıdır. Okur için bir başka işlevsel taraf ise edebiyat bilimi kavramlarının ve edebi olguların yine ilgili bölüm içinde Türk edebiyat bilimi geleneğindeki seyrine yer verilmiş olmasıdır.

The meaning of negativity within the context of interpretative practices is likely to unravel, thus manifesting different or even divergent heuristic strategies. However, these have been equivocally referred to as negative hermeneutics, an expression that occurs in the discourse of authors such as Ricœur and Jameson. This “negative,” either challenging or complementing “positive” hermeneutics, has consequences for the thought of “literary science,” if there is such a thing and such a possibility.

В центре внимания данной статьи находятся два очерка, посвященные творчеству М.Ю.Лермонтова: работа Д.С.Мережковского «М.Ю.Лермонтов. Поэт сверхчеловечества» и статья латышского писателя Александра Чака «Солнце полуночи» («Pusnakts saule»). Важным представляется определенное сходство представителей двух культур в прочтении произведений Лермонтова. В статье утверждается взаимопроникновение и взаимодействие двух культурных пространств в рамках литературного процесса первой половины XX века.
Ключевые слова: модернизм, русско-латышские литературные связи

In the 1970s a new musical genre called rap appeared in the United States, continuing the tradition of rock and punk music. In about twenty years, this new form of protest poetry created global sociolinguistic changes because its presence helped shape a special social group with a special lexicon and grammar. Rap uses both standard and colloquial vocabulary and syntax. Its traditional origin in poor black urban neighborhoods justifies the use of the term street poetry.

With the emergence of Christianity, philosophical aesthetics gained a new concept. Christian aesthetics condition beauty with faith in God, Heaven, virtue, and the following of religious doctrine. It finds its opposition in the Devil, Hell, weakness of spirit, and the breaking of the commandments, which leads man to sin. To help him resist temptation and follow God’s will, the Church in the medieval and early modern periods encouraged the use of ugliness. Through illustrative depictions, it made uneducated, pious, and naïve Christians realize the weight of punishment waiting for them after sinning. The ugly, associated with the Devil and his impact on men, became “the diabolical” within Christian aesthetics after taking on the role of intimidation to “correct” upbringing which would protect the “true” Christian from sin and show him the way to God. Christian aesthetics, and its educational ugliness, were present already in The Freising Manuscripts (972–1039). Consequently, it comes as no surprise that the concept of Christian ugliness remained at the forefront of texts by authors Trubar, Valvasor, and father Romuald throughout the Middle Ages and the early modern period.

Die in diesem Beitrag vorgestellte Analyse schließt sich dem literaturwissenschaftlichen Eastern Turn und der transdisziplinären Adoleszenzforschung an. Die Romane Die undankbare Fremde (2012) von Irena Brežná, Novemberfäden (2002) von Katja Fusek und Mehr Meer. Erinnerungspassagen (2009) von Ilma Rakusa erzählen von jungen weiblichen Hauptfiguren aus der Tschechoslowakei, die sich mit der Migration in die Schweiz auseinandersetzen. Mithilfe der Theorien der Fremderfahrung und der Verschränkung (Bernhard Waldenfels), der Übersetzung (Joachim Renn, Andreas Langenohl/Manred Weinberg/Ralph J. Poole), des Postmonolingualismus (Yasemin Yildiz) u.a. werden die Romane in Bezug auf die Übersetzung der Fremderfahrung innerhalb der Migration und Adoleszenz zu neuen Erfahrungen untersucht. Diese Übersetzung wird dabei auf die Anwendung des Äquivalenz- und Adäquanzprinzips überprüft.

Identity Aspects and Speech Analysis in Franz Xaver Kroetz's Drama " Mensch Meier " The paper is a study of Franz Xaver Kroetz's Mensch Meier dramatic scenes based on literary theory and sociolinguistics, combining the sociological approach and the methods of conversational analysis. It aims to show the ways in which the author represents social reality. To achieve this, it was established what features of language used in creating the fictional world were employed to characterize a member of the working class in his attempt to advance in society.

This paper explores the use of blogs in the literary criticism classroom as a means of enhancing student interaction with unseen literary passages. Unfortunately, the majority of students find literary criticism challenging since it does not simply require the identification of the thematic concerns of the unseen passage, but also the ability to comment on various literary aspects such as, imagery, diction and figurative language. Therefore, one major barrier that students would need to overcome is that of effectively visualising what the poem or prose passage is depicting. This visualisation would lead to the proper identification of literary aspects and the effect the author or poet intends to create. In other words, students must first establish a sense of confidence with the passage-one that is normally lacking during their first months of experience with literary criticism of unseen poetry / prose passages. This research, based on a pilot project, seeks to address this lack of confidence by using a specifically-created blog where the students are free to express their thoughts and comments on a particular poem or prose passage in an online collaborative atmosphere which goes beyond the classroom setting. This fosters confidence, whilst concomitantly promoting other supplementary skills.

This article discusses common stylistic elements of street poetry and traditional poetry, and also those that are distinctive only for street poetry. Using a comparative method, I examine the most typical elements of street poetry, such as “flow”, voice-articulated rhythm, which can frequently approach meter because of its “on beat” technique.

In this project, I examine the impact of early literary criticism, early literary history, and the history of knowledge on the perception of the laureateship as it was formulated at specific moments in the eighteenth century. Instead of accepting the assessments of Pope and Johnson, I reconstruct the contemporary impact of laureate writings and the writing that fashioned the view of the laureates we have inherited. I use an array of primary documents (from letters and journal entries to poems and non-fiction prose) to analyze the way the laureateship as a literary identity was constructed in several key moments: the debate over hack literature in the pamphlet wars surrounding Elkanah Settle’s The Empress of Morocco (1673), the defense of Colley Cibber and his subsequent attempt to use his expertise of theater in An Apology for the Life of Colley Cibber (1740), the consolidation of hack literature and state-sponsored poetry with the crowning of Colley Cibber as the King of the Dunces...

Zhang maintains that world literature is on the rise in a globalized world. Now, all literary traditions, particularly non-Western and even “minor” European traditions, should introduce their works to a global readership. But not everything that circulates in the world is world literature; only the best or canonical works of the world’s different literatures matter here. Given the imbalance of power in economic, political, and even military terms, what is now well known as world literature is still limited to major Western literary traditions. But by translating canonical works of non-Western literatures into a lingua franca like English, and following up with criticism and scholarship, we will be able to establish a set of canonical works that is truly world literature.

Literary theories have arisen to address some perceived needs in the critical appreciation of literature but flipside theory is a novelty that fills a gap in literary theory. By means of a critical look at some literary theories particularly Formalism, Marxism, structuralism, post-structuralism, psychoanalysis, and feminism but also Queer theory, New Criticism, New Historicism, postcolonialism, and reader-response, this essay establishes that a gap exists, which is the lack of a literary theory that laser-focuses on depictions of victims of social existence (people who simply for reasons of where and when they are born, where they reside and other unforeseen circumstances are pushed to the margins). Flipside criticism investigates whether such people are depicted as main characters in works of literature, and if so, how they impact society in very decisive ways such as causing the rise or fall of some important people, groups or social dynamics while still characterized as flipside ...

Aim of research is to find the answers to the questions generated in a curious mind. The discovery, preservation and communication of the historical and present record of human society when combined with scientific deliberation, rewards the seekers and the readers. A lot of efforts can be seen to understand research and its process. Seldom do we find contents pertaining to research in the area of art or humanities. The paper entitled 'Research Methodology' seeks clarity towards an approach to research and is comprised into three parts to generate a bird eye view from general aspects of research to research in humanities stream. Wherein Part I contains basic as well as pertinent aspects related to importance of research, definitions, objectives, stimulus-its significance and types: where the classification is based on general, nature, purpose and design. Research is seldom neutral, but reflects a range Researcher's personal interest, values, abilities, assumptions, aims and ambition. Everyone is a philosopher and has an own concept of the world. The alternative to having a philosophy is not having no philosophy but having a bad philosophy. Part II includes an introduction to Research Theories, Philosophies and Methods with inclination to humanities as the main stream. Research involves a systematic process that contains multiple steps sometimes inter linked as well. Part III probes into the concepts and layers of Research Process along with certain amount of light on aspects pertaining to literary studies.

In the area of street poetry the end of the 20th century meant a radical turning point. General popularization of internet caused its affirmation in lyrics of the street poetry. The living language directives make authors and authoresses modernize their vocabulary and actualize presented contents using elements of internet environment. At the same time new forms of sound records, communication, advertising, marketing, (self-)promotion etc. have been introduced by internet. The following article will present internet influence on street poetry in America and Slovenia as well. Some examples of the authors` and authoresses` lyrics will also be presented.

Literature comes to its readers/audience with complexity and uniqueness. Behind literature, there are authors that bring morality, religion, and other hidden missions. Literary criticism works to reveal every element in literature. It bridges the authors' agenda and the audience's needs. Aware with these complicated tasks, literary criticism has to face the problematic challenges: define its focus of analysis or let itself goes everywhere to follow the authors' agenda and the audience's needs.

This paper will present the historical development of the aesthetics of ugliness in Slovene poetry. The contact between aesthetics of ugliness and a concept of “modern” will be introduced after that. Dealing with Cankar’s aesthetics of decadence in his controversial poetry book "Erotica", specifically in Vienna Nights, will follow. In conclusion, the following question presents itself: was the bishop Jeglič really disturbed by the sensual input in Cankar’s poems, or was it the more serious problem concerning the questionable attitude towards the church and religion, and the even mocking tone towards religious dogmas?

Palimpsest is an international journal for linguistic, literary and cultural research founded at the Faculty of Philology in Stip in 2016. It is published electronically twice a year, the first issue in May and the second one in November.
The journal publishes papers in the area of linguistics, literary science, teaching methodology and culturology. In addition, there is a section reserved for reviews of books, monographs, and other publications in the sphere of philology and culturology. The international journal Palimpsest publishes papers in the following languages: Macedonian, English, Russian, German, Italian, French and Turkish.
All papers are double-blind peer-reviewed by two independent reviewers prior to being accepted for publication.

Those scholars who waver between the so-called centres and margins are asked to negotiate the growing split between doing theory in vastly different cultural and academic contexts: from the theoretical language they use to their interaction with dissimilar ideological, political and ethnic backgrounds. This gap, and all of its symptomatic manifestations, has been the subject of study at least since the 1980s, particularly in the field of postcolonial studies where the split between the “object” and “subject” of investigation seems to be more emphatic and more urgent. In this paper, I examine some of the theoretical constructs through which this split becomes apparent. In the context of the emerging critique of certain aspects of post-structuralist theory in the United States, particularly in the work of Rey Chow, I discuss some of the theoretical misappropriations of post-structuralism in the Greek academic context and particularly in relation to the reception of the poets belonging to the generation of the 1930s. More specifically, I concentrate on the critique of the perceived hellenocentrism of this generation as paradigmatic of the tension between ethnic studies and poststructuralist discourse in Greece.

This paper explores the use of blogs in the literary criticism classroom as a means of enhancing student interaction with unseen literary passages. Unfortunately, the majority of students find literary criticism challenging since it does not simply require the identification of the thematic concerns of the unseen passage, but also the ability to comment on various literary aspects such as, imagery, diction and figurative language. Therefore, one major barrier that students would need to overcome is that of effectively visualising what the poem or prose passage is depicting. This visualisation would lead to the proper identification of literary aspects and the effect the author or poet intends to create. In other words, students must first establish a sense of confidence with the passage-one that is normally lacking during their first months of experience with literary criticism of unseen poetry / prose passages. This research, based on a pilot project, seeks to address this lack of confidence by using a specifically-created blog where the students are free to express their thoughts and comments on a particular poem or prose passage in an online collaborative atmosphere which goes beyond the classroom setting. This fosters confidence, whilst concomitantly promoting other supplementary skills.

This article examines three recent publications in the field of urban literary studies. It argues that spatiality has become a key term within this discipline, with the inferences of the spatial turn during the 1980s and 1990s having been firmly assimilated with the methodological procedures of textual analysis today. However, the article argues that the textual construction of the relationship between space and identity has not been fully and satisfactorily articulated within the field, with a hard-headedly materialist account of representational space sitting uncomfortably alongside a cultural materialist understanding of identity. This difficulty, it suggests, accounts for some of the theoretical dilemmas represented in the books under discussion, despite their many strengths.