Limits

A highly sensitive, accurate and simple spectrophotometric method was established for determination of naproxen (NAP). The method involved ion-pair complex formation between naproxen and bromophenol blue (BPB). The colored product was measured at 432 nm. The reaction conditions were optimized. The absorbance was found to increase linearly with increase in concentration of NAP which was corroborated by correlation coefficient value. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration range of 1-110 µg mL -1 with molar absorptivity of 9.756×10 3 L mol -1 cm -1 . The limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) for the proposed method are 0.292 and 0.973 µg mL -1 , respectively. Recovery of the method was carried out by standard addition method. Recovery studies and statistical data proved the accuracy, reproducibility and the precision of the proposed method. The common excipients did not interfere in this analysis. Hence the method is useful for routine estimation of naproxen in pharmaceutical formulation and human serum samples.

Bis zu der Scheidung von seiner Frau MacKenzie bleibt Jeff Bezos mit einem Besitz von 131 Milliarden Dollar der reichste Mann der Welt. Dicht auf ihn folgt Bill Gates mit 96,5 Milliarden Dollar. Die Aldi-Süd-Erben Karl Albrecht Junior und Beate Heister landen mit 36,1 Milliarden Dollar auf Platz 23 der Forbes-Liste[1]. Laut Statista[2] besaßen deutsche Bundesbürgerinnen und Bundesbürger im Jahr 2017 ein durchschnittliches Pro-Kopf-Geldvermögen von 52.390 Euro. In Österreich betrug das Pro-Kopf-Geldvermögen 53.980 Euro und in der Schweiz erstaunliche 173.990 Euro. Auch wenn noch Vermögenswerte wie Haus, Auto etc. dazu kommen würden, bleibt der Vergleich schwindelerregend: Jeff Bezos und Bill Gates würden jeweils immer noch mehr als 490.000 Schweizer, 1,5 Millionen Österreicher oder 1,6 Millionen Deutsche besitzen.

À partir de travaux précédents et d'une vignette clinique, nous proposons de considérer certains actes transgressifs à l'adolescence dans la continuité d'une activité fantasmatique développée, alimentant les idéaux narcissiques et l'omnipotence du désir. Le choix du délit pour exprimer une impasse du fonctionnement psychique apparaît ici sur un double versant : du trouble de la limite entre l'interne et l'externe et du défaut de régulation du surmoi, ouvrant sur la question de l'investissement du masochisme.

Augusto Del Noce (1910-1989) is widely regarded in his home country of Italy as one of the most important political philosophers of the second half of the 20th Century. Renowned for his ability to demonstrate the impact of ideological movements on the history of the 20th Century, Del Noce's work covers a range of topics including modernity, technology, contemporary Catholicism, secularism, eroticism, communism, fascism, and progressivism among other topics. Perhaps controversially, Del Noce is best known for his claim that the failure of Marxism in the 20th Century has not led to its complete dissolution, but rather its incorporation (minus it's revolutionary aspect) into a new ideological totalitarianism that now appears in the form of secular progressivism. Although Del Noce holds a distinguished place within Italian philosophical and intellectual circles, his work has largely remained unknown in most parts of Europe and the English-speaking world. Recently however, as Del Noce's writings have begun to be translated into English, a new and expanded engagement with his work has taken place. While new analyses of Del Noce's thought have slowly appeared in a variety of academic disciplines, no work has yet examined Del Noce's significance for the field of education. As a result, in this essay Matthew Carlin rectifies this oversight by examining a wide range of Del Noce's writing, paying particular attention to how his historico-political analysis of the emergence of modern progressivism necessitates the creation of a new education of limits for the 21st Century.

El arte es un claro reflejo del entorno en el que se produce. La función de este recurso ha sido múltiple ajustándose a las necesidades de cada época; en la actualidad, es utilizado como medio de expresión crítico. Sin embargo, por diversos motivos estos artistas que actúan como críticos no son aceptados, sino más bien todo lo contrario.

En formulant un peu grossièrement, donc, et sans les nuances qu'il serait nécessaire d'introduire, on peut dire que jusqu'à la fin du XVIIIè siècle -à savoir, de Cicéron jusqu'au seuil du classicisme et du romantisme allemands -les écrits sur la traduction proviennent surtout de deux sphères : de la poétique et de l'exégèse des Écritures. Dans la première, la tâche a été pensée et à partir de considérations empiriques qui surgissaient du travail concret du traducteur (où les versions des oeuvres classiques gréco-romaines occuperaient un rôle central), et à partir d'une doctrine générale des arts du langage -la rhétorique et la poétique -, où la conception dominante soumit la traduction aux oppositions et hiérarchies de la mimésis -original/dérivé, modèle/copie, etc. -, ce qui se perçoit encore chez les encyclopédistes et dans le classicisme français, par exemple, où s'imposa avec force la métaphore de la traduction comme peinture ou copie d'un original. Parmi les témoignages les plus remarquables de cette tradition, on peut mentionner d'ores et déjà ceux Dans la sphère théologique, où Saint Jérôme et Luther sont deux piliers fondamentaux, la réflexion sur la traduction fut subordonnée à l'exégèse des Saintes Écritures et très souvent dirigée par des considérations dogmatiques en relation avec la transmission du canon biblique. Les discussions fructueuses, cependant, foisonnèrent, particulièrement pour défendre ou s'opposer aux versions, méthodes et suppositions de ces deux grands traducteurs. De ces disputes rendirent compte, entre autres, Thomas More, Tyndale et Fray Luis de Léon. 5 * C'est seulement à la fin du XVIIIè siècle que la pensée de la traduction subit un tournant décisif par rapport à la double tradition antérieure, particulièrement en Allemagne, où elle devint tributaire de la réflexion philosophique et herméneutique; on commença à interroger la tâche dans le cadre de théories générales sur le langage, la raison, la culture ou la vie de l'Esprit. Schleiermacher, par exemple, sans abandonner tout à fait les considérations empiriques, dans son essai Des différentes méthodes du traduire, s'interroge sur la nature du traductif à partir de la sphère des processus interprétatifs et communicatifs entre les hommes déterminés comme subjectivités; la traduction reste associée à une investigation sur ce que signifie "comprendre" le sens d'un texte ou le message d'un émetteur. Il s'ouvrait ainsi un chemin fructifère qui fut parcouru jusque dans ses dernières conséquences tant par les penseurs du classicisme consiste en grande partie à prendre en charge de manière critique -dans une sorte de mouvement négatifl'histoire A partir de l'éclatement des significations du symbole du récipient -significations qui oscillent entre le grec et l'hébreu -, on essaiera donc de penser une éthique de la traduction, ou, plus précisément, une traduction comme fondement éthique, laquelle serait hétérogène aux formulations éthiques reposant sur d'autres formes de "duction", particulièrement sur la "déduction" logique, qui domine, par exemple, la morale kantienne. Il semble que ce soit le destin de la réflexion morale, et dans une certaine mesure de la pensée en général, de reposer sur différents préfixes qui annoncent différentes "ductiones". 21 A la dé-duction, qui promet la conduction ou la communication comme une descente -un tirer depuis en haut -dans l'aire logicomathématique, s'ajoute l'in-duction, qui promet la "duction en" -un faire avancer, un conduire vers -dans le champ expérimental. La pro-duction, qui caractérise le domaine pratique, et la repro-duction, ne seraient que d'autres variantes parmi les nombreuses possibles. Face à toutes, on prétend voir dans quelle mesure la spécificité de la traduction, qui promet la conduction et la communication -le "passage à travers" -dans le domaine des textes, quoique non exclusivement, est un modèle propre et distinct qui peut s'utiliser pour penser d'une autre manière. Qu'arriverait-il si on se servait de la traduction pour analyser ces sujets traditionnellement réservés à d'autres formes de duction, à savoir l'éthique, la soustrayant ainsi de la déduction de lois universelles (Kant) ou de la production du plus grand bonheur possible (utilitarisme). A cette question, ce qui suit prétend ébaucher une réponse. Et, d'ores et déjà, on peut rappeler ce qu'affirmait le même Benjamin: « Le concept de style philosophique n'a rien de paradoxal. Il a ses postulats. Ce sont : l'art du discontinu, par opposition à la chaîne de déductions... la répétition des motifs par opposition à la platitude de l'universalisme... La présentation de la vérité comme unité et comme singularité n'exige nullement un ensemble continu et cohérent de déductions à la manière de la science ». 22 de la pensée et des métaphores concernant la traduction auxquelles Benjamin s'oppose, pour ensuite offrir une ébauche sommaire des aspects à traiter dans les trois restantes, dans lesquelles se présentent les éléments du * Regardez, le soleil obéit à ma syntaxe.

Le sfide che vanno al di là dell’umanamente possibile sono diventate il pane quotidiano degli sportivi che cercano in tutti i modi di superare i limiti imposti dalla natura e dalla scienza. Ma quali sono questi limiti? Siamo in grado di riconoscerli? E se li riconosciamo, siamo in grado di capire quando è giusto fermarsi?

Abstract

This is a study of power at the limits of the nation-state: an examination of the institution of the national border that focuses on the practices of the border people, from the perspective of cultural and performance theory. The site of this study is the trilateral border region of Prespa, where Albania, Greece and Macedonia/FYROM meet over the waters of two lakes. This ethnography offers an analysis of the discursive ways in which the border, a materialization of state power, affects the lives of the people who live around it, forming among them particular subjectivities. These border subjects are both formations of the territorial nation-state power, and sites of its articulation. With their negotiations and representations of identity, their haunting by past violence, their excesses and their secrecy, they carve out the border as a material sphere essential to the legitimacy of nation-state authority. The border provides the nation-state with a state of exception. The Prespa borders, as all national borders, are subtended by violence that is instrumental to the institution of the nation-state and the legitimation of its power.

The border is theorized in this study as the space of distance between the Nation and the Subject, the no-man’s land where both the nation and its subject, stripped bare, institute and reiterate each other anew, locked in confrontation: the border is primarily a space of threat. My investigations used participant-observation and oral history techniques to document a broad range of practices of daily life in Prespa. I accommodate modes of representation such as storytelling, historical narrative, and theoretical analysis to take up challenges that the category of “performance” poses upon writing.

Technology, as the epitome of our contemporary society, permeates the realm of international migration. Migrants and refugees are increasingly using mobile phones and digital features available online to prepare for migration and while on the move. Concurrently, advances in computer science allow for progressively more accurate analysis of the data generated by mobile devices and online searches. In particular, big data can be used to determine specific behav-ioral patterns, geolocation, and human interactions. This Article investigates the implications of these technological advances for states under international human rights law. It argues that big data can and should be used as a tool for the protection of migrants' human rights by enhancing both decision-making and measures to prevent unnecessary deaths at sea, ill-treatment and human trafficking of migrants. Consequently, the article examines whether the development of new technologies can affect states' capabilities for the identification of individuals in need of protection. It posits that to the extent that protection is mandated by human rights instruments, states may have a positive obligation to use available technologies to identify and assist vulnerable migrants. It evaluates this possibility against the protection of migrants' right to life, the prohibition of torture, inhuman, and degrading treatment, and the prohibition of slavery and forced labor. In doing so, the article also emphasizes the limits and risks posed by the unrestrained use of new technologies, notably with respect to the protection of migrants' right to privacy and data protection.

The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (or Rio+20) was conceived at a time of great concern for the health of the world economy. In this atmosphere ‘green economy’ was chosen as one of two central themes for the conference, building on a burgeoning body of literature on the green economy and growth. This research examines the relationship and influence between the double crisis and the rise of ‘greening’ as part of the solution. The aim is to understand what defines and distinguishes the proposals contained in twenty-four sources on the green economy (including policy documents by international agencies and think tanks, and research papers), and what is the meaning and implication of the rising greening agenda for sustainable development as it enters the 21st century. Through a systematic qualitative analysis of textual material, three categories of discourse that can illuminate the meaning and implication of greening are identified: ‘almost business as usual’, ‘greening’, and ‘all change’. An analysis of their relationship with Dryzek’s classification of environmental discourse leads to the identification of three interrelated patterns: (1) scarcity and limits, (2) means and ends, and (3) reductionism and unity—which deepen our understanding of the tensions between emerging propositions. The patterns help explain the meaning and implications of greening for sustainable development, revealing an economisation and polarisation of discourses, the persisting weak interpretation of sustainable development, and a tension between the fixing or shifting of dominant socioeconomic paradigms that underpin its conceptualisation.
Keywords: green economy, sustainable development, limits, scarcity, paradigm shift, Rio+20

Kappa-error diagrams are used to gain insights about why an ensemble method is better than another on a given data set. A point on the diagram corresponds to a pair of classifiers. The x-axis is the pairwise diversity (kappa), and the y-axis is the averaged individual error. In this study, kappa is calculated from the 2x2 correct/wrong contingency matrix. We derive a lower bound on kappa which determines the feasible part of the kappa-error diagram. Simulations and experiments with real data show that there is unoccupied feasible space on the diagram corresponding to (hypothetical) better ensembles, and that individual accuracy is the leading factor in improving the ensemble accuracy.

O presente artigo discute a fronteira existente entre os domínios de Afrodite e de Ártemis, contíguos, eles possuem um ponto de interseção que une e separa  dois momentos na vida do homem e, sobretudo, da mulher, a sexualidade.
The current article discusses the border between Aphrodite’s and Artemis’ domain. Together, they have an intersection point that joins and separates two moments in man’s life and, above all, in woman’s life, that is, sexuality.

* Este trabajo es resultado parcial del proyecto de investigación (HAR2008-02434/HIST). También es producto de las reflexiones del Grupo de Investigación "Historiografía e Historia de las Religiones" reconocido y financiado por la Comunidad de Madrid. Agradezco a los lectores anónimos las sugerencias que han propuesto para la mejora del texto.

As discrediting political opponents is easier than solving the environmental crisis, the idea that ecology comes with an authoritarian streak is a go-to conservative trope. However, democracy has always been a core principle of the many shades of green politics. Viviana Asara explores the intellectual roots of degrowth to show how it is based on a willingness to question the way things are.

... seems to break this impasse, it is not without its own conceptual problems. ... His research interests include ecological economics, coevolutionary theories of sustainable development, institutions and ... Critical environmentalists see in the WFD, the fall of a sustainable water policy ...

Amplified Piezoelectric Actuators offer the advantage of large deformation (up to 8%) and large strokes. Because of a prestress applied to the piezo ceramics and an efficient mechanical amplifier, they can produce large strokes both in static and dynamic conditions including resonance. For these reasons, these actuators can be used for micro positioning, structure shaping, structure active damping, vibration generation, fluid control functions or energy harvesting, in various domains such as spacecraft, aircraft, instrumentation, optics, machine tools & production equipment. This paper presents these actuators, explains their properties as regard amplification and dynamic forces, and describes some applications.

This dissertation determines theoretical targets for producing biogas. Calculations were based on the relationship between the mass of substrate used (assumed to be glucose) versus the amount and composition of gas produced. Methane, hydrogen and carbon dioxide were considered as gases produced by biogas processes. The calculations undertaken to determine the production rates and environmental targets of the biogas production system were based on mass and energy balances as well as the second law of thermodynamics. These were applied to determine the limits of performance of the process. These limits are important due to the fact that they cannot be exceeded even if we genetically engineer organisms or change the equipment design or operation. Combining the results enabled us to plot an attainable region that showed the achievable composition of the gas as well as the minimum work and energy requirements for biogas production. It shows that the process is hydrogen and enthalpy (heat) limited. Furthermore the results show that a maximum of 3 moles of methane per mole of glucose are produced sustainably which in turn produces a large heat load of 142 kJ/mol of glucose.

The hadrosauroid dinosaur Pararhabdodon isonensis is known from partial cranial and postcranial material from the Maastrichtian of the south Pyrenean foredeep basin (northern Catalunya, Spain). We revise and emend the taxonomic history, stratigraphic context, osteology, and systematic position of this taxon. Our study leads us to rediagnose P. isonensis on the basis of a maxilla that combines an extremely elevated jugal joint with a subvertical and concave lateral surface of the maxilla ventral to the jugal joint, as well as a craniocaudally broad dorsal process; and a proximal half of the humerus medially offset 30º from its long axis. Our parsinomy heuristic analysis of P. isonensis and 22 other iguanodontoideans infers the phylogenetic position of the former as the sister taxon to Hadrosauridae (restricted here to the clade comprising Hadrosaurinae and Lambeosaurinae). One dentary, previously referred to P. isonensis, was collected at a site that is both stratigraphically and geographically separated from the type locality of P. isonensis. The dentary becomes the holotype of a new taxon, Koutalisaurus kohlerorum, on the basis of a uniquely elongated and medially projecting edentulous portion. This results in a distance between the symphysis and the lateral wall of the dentary that is three times the mediolateral breadth of the bone. K. kohlerorum shares with other hadrosauroids a tooth row that extends caudal to the apex of the coronoid process and, with Hadrosauridae, a tooth row that is, in occlusal view, straight and parallel to the lateral face of the dentary.

La primera operación necesaria para la determinación de una arquitectura que se define como territorial implica la definición física de un límite. Una frontera cuya primera consecuencia es el establecimiento de un orden capaz de diferenciar entre el fuera-hostil y el dentro-seguro. Este permite cualificar un primer estadio de permanencia, otorgado por el refugio más inmediato y que, sin embargo, permite sucesivas derivadas de su significado tanto en cuanto a la definición inicial de ese límite interior-exterior como a la materialidad de su formalización. La total confianza en esta idea se convierte en la base sobre la que, en el año 63, Charles Moore y su equipo (MLTW) construyen el proyecto para el Condominio I en el Sea Ranch, ejemplo real de los “dominios étnicos” de Sussane Langer, pero también de una reflexión sobre la construcción del límite tan europeísta como americana. El reto de la construcción doméstica se halla aquí en la definición de un umbral que, más allá de limitar la evidente intemperie, permita al habitante conocer su ubicación en cada momento, jerarquizándose y especificándose para convertirse en un espacio con identidad propia capaz de ser leído en una auténtica clave californiana.


The first necessary operation for the determination of an architecture that is defined as territorial implies the physical definition of a boundary. A frontier whose first consequence is the establishment of an order capable of differentiating between the hostile-out and the safe-in. This boundary allows qualifying a first stage of permanence, granted by the most immediate refuge and yet allows successive diversions from its meaning both in terms of the initial definition of this interior-exterior boundary and the materiality of its formalization. Full confidence in this idea becomes the basis on which, in 1963, Charles Moore and his team (MLTW) build the project for Condominium I in the Sea Ranch, a real example of Sussane Langer’s “ethnic domains”, but also a reflection on the construction of the border that is as Europeanist as American. The challenge of domestic construction is here in the definition of a threshold that, beyond limiting the obvious outdoors, allows the inhabitant to know their location at any time, hierarchizing and specifying itself to become a space with its own identity that can be read in an authentic Californian key.

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the ensuing ''war on terror" have focused attention on issues that have previously lurked in a dark corner at the edge of the legal universe. This book presents the first systematic and comprehensive attempt by legal scholars to conceptualize the theory of emergency powers, combining post-September 11 developments with more general theoretical, historical and comparative perspectives. The authors examine the interface between law and violent crises through history and across jurisdictions, bringing together insights gleaned from the Roman republic and Jewish law through to the initial responses to the July 2005 attacks in London. The book examines three unique models of emergency powers that are used to offer a novel conceptualization of emergency regimes, giving a coherent insight into law's interface with and regulation of crisis and a distinctive means to evaluate the legal options open to states for dealing with crises. Particular attention is given to the interface between international law and regulatory mechanisms and emergency powers, as a key element of the contemporary political response to violent crises.

The paper explores the purpose and value of setting maritime limits and boundaries and, in particular, argues that to do so is crucial in order to provide a clear jurisdictional framework so as to better realise the benefits to be derived from the value marine resources contained within the maritime spaces claimed by coastal States. The problems associated with maritime jurisdictional uncertainty are also noted. The spatial limits of maritime claims under international law are outlined together with the key ways in which the limits of such claims can be established. Challenges and uncertainties in defining maritime limits and boundaries are then highlighted with particular reference to the Pacific island States regional context.

O artigo analisa como o direito brasileiro vem tratando o discurso de ódio, especialmente no âmbito das redes sociais, e se está aparelhado para solucionar conflitos que põem em rota de colisão a liberdade de expressão e outros direitos fundamentais. Partindo-se da defesa de ampla liberdade de expressão, examina-se quais são os limites que se podem impor a discursos discriminatórios e ofensivos. Analisam-se as experiências jurídicas estadunidense e alemã em relação ao tema, bem como se apontam tentativas regulatórias das mídias sociais digitais na Europa e no Brasil, na tentativa de estabelecer limites ao hate speech. Propugna-se a implantação de um sistema de autorregulação regulada dos provedores de serviços de internet, com procedimentos e medidas eficazes a combater violações cometidas nas mídias sociais digitais, com o desenvolvimento de uma cultura de respeito à diversidade. Do ponto de vista jurisdicional, procurar-se-á indicar qual o modelo seguido pelo direito brasileiro. A...

This thesis is an examination of physical pain in ancient tragedy, with the focus on three plays: Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound and Sophocles’ Philoctetes and Trachiniae. The study unfolds the layers of several conceptual systems in order to get closer to the core—pain and its limits in tragedy. The first chapter aims to show that Aristotle’s model for the analysis of tragedy in his classificatory tract, the Poetics, centered on the ill-defined concept of mimesis, is an attempt to tame pain and clean tragedy of its inherent viscerality. The second chapter looks at the dualist solution advanced by Plato and Descartes, while showing that a discourse rooted in dualism alienates pain from tragedy. The third chapter provides axes of analysis for three tragedies where pain plays a central role by using the idea of pain as an experience of the limit and looking at the different ways in which pain splits the subject. The thesis also advances the idea that, for the most part, conceptual frames act as analgesic systems that obstruct the exposure to the experience of intensity in ancient tragedy.

This paper addresses a critical issue for many coastal States: rising global sea levels. While the causes of climate change still excite controversy and debate, it is now widely accepted that significant sea level rise is taking place and that this trend appears likely to accelerate in the future. This phenomenon raises a number of important challenges for coastal and island States. Among these threats is the likely impact of rising sea levels on national claims to maritime jurisdiction. Significant changes to coastlines and therefore baselines and the potential submergence of key basepoints may potentially lead to the loss of broad national claims to maritime jurisdiction. The loss of significant areas, even all, of the maritime jurisdictional zones claimed by certain coastal States is likely to have profound economic consequences as jurisdictional rights over the valuable resources within these maritime spaces would also necessarily be lost. Certain generally low-lying Pacific Island States, notably Kiribati, Marshall Islands and Tuvalu, which also have geographically restricted territorial extents, appear to be especially vulnerable to these threats. Some of the options to address these potentially dire threats are then briefly addressed.

There has been no shortage of books written on vital aspects of oceans law and policy. But there are few with the breadth and diversity of coverage, written by the most prominent law of the sea scholars and practitioners assembled in a single volume, such as in The Limits of Maritime Jurisdiction. The appeal of this book is undeniable: it is authoritative and scholarly yet accessible and refreshingly practical both to the seasoned scholar and the practitioner, dealing with important contemporary law of the sea issues from an enduring, intellectually robust and critical perspective.

The Algerian-French writer Albert Camus is commonly recognized as one of the main representatives of the twentieth-century existentialist movement, whose concern with the meaning of human existence in the world of the dead god continues to reverberate in our time. His philosophical and political imagination was importantly shaped by the terrifying events of the twentieth century, which, in his view, exposed the inadequacy of the most cherished moral standards of the Western philosophical tradition. Throughout his oeuvre, Camus manifested a steadfast commitment to the social and political issues of his day. His interventions took the form of philosophical, political and lyrical essays, novels, short stories and theatre plays, as well as works of journalism. Largely disregarded as a political thinker worthy of the philosophical canon, Camus has recently been praised for providing a peculiar political sensibility that is of prescient relevance to the perplexities of contemporary politics.

I examine the reasons Aristotle presents in Physics VIII 8 for denying a crucial assumption of Zeno's dichotomy paradox: that every motion is composed of sub-motions. Aristotle claims that a unified motion is divisible into motions only in potentiality (δυνάμει). If it were actually divided at some point, the mobile would need to have arrived at and then have departed from this point, and that would require some interval of rest. Commentators have generally found Aristotle's reasoning unconvincing. Against David Bostock and Richard Sorabji, inter alia, I argue that Aristotle offers a plausible and internally consistent response to Zeno. I defend Aristotle's reasoning by using his discussion of what to say about the mobile at boundary instants, transitions between change and rest. There Aristotle articulates what I call the Changes are Open, Rests are Closed Rule: what is true of something at a boundary instant is what is true of it over the time of its rest. By contrast, predications true of something over its period of change are not true of the thing at either of the boundary instants of that change. I argue that this rule issues from Aristotle's general understanding of change, as laid out in Phys. III. It also fits well with Phys. VI, where Aristotle maintains that there is a first boundary instant included in the time of rest, but not a " first in which the mobile began to change. " I then show how this rule underlies Aristotle's argument that a continuous motion cannot be composed of actual sub-motions. Aristotle distinguishes potential middles, points passed through en route to a terminus, from actual middles. The Changes are Open, Rests are Closed Rule only applies to actual middles, because only they are boundaries of change that the mobile must arrive at and then depart from. On my reading, Aristotle argues that the instant of arrival, the first instant at which the mobile has come to be at the actual middle, cannot belong to the time of the subsequent motion. If it did, the mobile would already be moving towards the next terminus and thus, per Phys. VI 6, would have already left. But it cannot have moved away from the midpoint at the very same moment it has arrived there. This means that the instant of arrival must be separated from the time of departure by an interval of rest. I show how Aristotle's reasoning applies generally to rule out any continuous reflexive motion or continuous complex rectilinear motion. On my interpretation, however, the argument does not apply to every change of direction. When, as in the case of projectile motion, multiple movers and their relative powers explain why the mobile changes directions, distinct sub-motions are not involved. Aristotle holds that such motions cannot be continuous, not because they involve intervals of rest, but because they involve multiple causes of motion. My PAGE 1 Why Continuous Motions Cannot Be Composed of Sub-motions

La question des « limites » trouve son origine dans l’assertion – ou l’intuition – de l’existence d’une forme d’altérité matérielle ou physique qui serait appelée à borner le développement des sociétés humaines, et dont la non prise en compte aurait des conséquences potentiellement catastrophiques. Dans leur formulation la plus récente, ces « limites » sont conceptualisées sous forme de seuils critiques ou tipping points qui ne devraient pas être dépassés en termes de réchauffement global, de perte de la biodiversité, d’acidification des océans, de perturbation des cycles biogéochimiques globaux ou de mise en circulation de produits chimiques. 

Cet article vise à replacer le débat actuel sur les « limites » dans son contexte historique et d’en établir une généalogie. La perspective adoptée permettra de montrer que si la problématique du climat a été le vecteur d’un retour des « limites » dans les débats globaux, elle a aussi contribué à renouveler et à transformer ce débat. Par ailleurs, nous verrons que construction des « limites » et construction du « sans limites », se sont répondues à différents moments de l’histoire. Apparaît alors une histoire de transgressions successives des « limites », préparées et facilitées discursivement par des formes spécifiques de construction de l’abondance.

Until the late fifteenth century, although most educated Western Europeans were well aware that the world was a sphere, its actual shape was irrelevant to them, for virtually all believed that the knowable world, or as the ancient Greeks had termed it, the oikoumene , was restricted to the temperate regions of Europe, Asia and north Africa. In the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, explorers and academics tested these limits both in thought and action. The inhabitable world reached out to cover the globe. There has been considerable attention paid to the interplay between thought and action in breaking down these limits and on the steady expansion of the concept of the knowable world, so that the knowable world came to coincide with the globe, but for the most part the focus has been on the eastward, westward and southern expansion of the limits. 1 There has been very little interest in the redefinition of the northern extremes of the knowable world. The northern limits, despite lying relatively close at hand, were the last to be challenged. Virtually all European writers living south of north Germany thought that the frigid and torrid zones of the Arctic and the Equator, and an unbroken expanse of Ocean stretching from Asia to Europe, defined the limits of the knowable world. Even educated Germans living relatively close to Scandinavia had ill-conceived ideas of the region. Gunther of Paris, for instance, writing in twelfth-century Germany, described how the inhabitants of the island in the Scythian sea could not plough or harrow the land because it had become infertile from continual cold. Instead, they were forced to live by piracy and were on occasion reduced to eating their own limbs. 2 By the sixteenth century, northern Europe remained almost more on the peripheries of geographical I am grateful to the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich for granting me the Sackler Research fellowship, which funded this research. 1 For the redefining of the limits of the world, see for example, Geoffroy Atkinson, Les nouvelles horizons de la renaissance francaise (Paris, 1935); W. G. L. Randles, De la terre plate au globe terrestre: une mutation épistémologique rapide (1480-1520) (Paris, 1980); Anthony Grafton with A.

Patents are a key element of our knowledge based economy. They are meant to operate as an instrument for fostering innovation by generating incentives through the grant of temporary exclusive rights. The present paper starts by describing some major trends in patent law and practice and throws some light on the concerns to which modern patent law gives rise: extension of patentable subject matter, growing attention for patent quality, appearance of patent thickets and restrictive licensing practices, emergence of governance issues such as the North-South divide, increasing influence of “epistemic communities�?, as well as an enlarged role of ethics and of human rights. Some of these trends have led to serious concerns with regard to current patent law and practice and urged competent authorities to launch a patent reform debate (Chapter 1). In aiming at a better comprehension of these trends and concerns, an analytical model has been deployed revolving around the objectives and func...