Legal Processes

The Disciplinary Board of the Virginia State Bar is part of the Virginia State Bar under Part Six of the Rules. No language in Chapter 39 of Title 54.1 authorizes the Virginia State Bar or the VSB Disciplinary Board to impose any penalties on a licensed attorney for professional misconduct, and certainly not license revocation that takes away a right that Section 54.1-3900 grants to all licensed attorneys in Virginia. The only authority that the General Assembly has granted to the organization of the Virginia State Bar is the authority to investigate and report attorney misconduct. Again, Section 54.1- 3910 establishes the Virginia State Bar. The enabling statutes could not be clearer on the Bar's limited authority overseeing attorney misconduct:
The Virginia State Bar shall act as an administrative agency of the Court for the purpose of investigating and reporting violations of rules and regulations adopted by the Court under this article. (Emphasis added.)

Contrast this statutory language in Section 54.1-3910 that establishes the Virginia State Bar with the language in Virginia Code§ 54.1-3934, Revocation of license by Board, which expressly empowers the Board of Bar Examiners to revoke an attorney's license under specific conditions:
The Board of Bar Examiners may, for good cause, revoke any license issued by it at any time before there has been a qualification under it in any of the courts of this Commonwealth.

The emergence of forensic neuropsychology-an empirical science assuming on the philosophical level a causal vision of the world and humans in particular-coincided with the change in the paradigm of criminal policies: in connection to increasing security concerns in many European societies, legislators have introduced new legal regulations targeting the elimination, or at least a reduction of (the) risk of specific types of crime (mainly sexual and violent crime). The contemporary criminal policy, based on fear and on the will to eliminate future threats, creates a singular frame for the interpretation of neuroevidences. Such an evidence most probably be evaluated as a source of indicators or even and instrument for assessment of the offender's future dangerousness. Within forensic neuropsychology the problem of whether a psychopath can be held responsible for the crimes of rape and murder with extreme cruelty has also emerged. This dilemma was brought to the fore by the case of Brian Dugan. This case is an example of the entering new qualitative evidence into practical legal discourse. Evidence that brings with it scientific assumptions that the human behavior is determined by its neurobiological constitution. Such an assumption cannot be adapted to legal anthropology, but at the same time neuroscientific evidence cannot be ignored in cases with "neuroelement" (e.g. psychopathy)-such evidence must be critically assessed by legal decision-makers (judges). Therefore, it is necessary to develop and discuss in the field of the theory of evidence the directives for assessing such "anthropological intrusions" in practical legal discourse.

This study evaluates the claim that all three branches of the U.S. federal government are producing secret law.  It conducts an empirical analysis of the classified legislative addenda through which Congress regulates classified intelligence programs.  It distinguishes secret law from secret fact, constructs normative options, and recommends principles for governing secret law, starting with the cardinal principle of public law’s supremacy over secret law.

The paper deals with the history of the Venetian criminal trial in early modern age. Particularly the research speaks of the relations between inquisitorial and 'open' (or adversarial) trial. It was the last procedure which may be considered the mean through which were achieved new forms of social control.

Il processo ha radici non solo nella ragione, ma anche nelle emozioni e nella volontà. Di qui la divisione del volume in tre parti: Estetica, Retorica e Metafisica. Si tratta di una divisione che non ha bisogno di altre specificazioni (neppure nell'’indice), poiché individua sin dal principio tre idee fondamentali del metodo nei movimenti quasi incalzanti di una sinfonia. Il nómos non è estraneo al páthos. È il contenuto di una vera e propria Estetica come scienza. Non mancano, cioè, le emozioni; bisogna solo convincersi che possano contare. Le emozioni giuridiche, infatti, hanno in comune con i giudizi estetici nella letteratura e nell'’arte in generale la stessa capacità di elevarsi al senso di una regola universale. È ciò che si scopre, ad esempio, nei giudizi equitativi o nella finzione giuridica con cui il giudice tratta il torto legale per ciò che realmente è, ossia come l’'oscurità della legge di fronte a se stessa. Lo testimonia, tra l’'altro, in queste pagine la giustizia eterna del Doge nel Mercante di Venezia di Shakespeare. Ma il discorso giudiziale è anche il luogo della volontà e della decisione. Di qui la Retorica. Come si arriva alla sentenza? Le parti nel processo non sanno fino in fondo come andrà a finire. La sentenza del giudice non è mai l'’unica soluzione possibile del caso, né le premesse sono in grado di giungere da sole ad una sola conclusione. Alla fine prevarrà la decisione. Si dovrà, cioè, tagliare (questo significa il termine latino 'decidere'), separare in due le cose che si hanno e mettersi da una parte piuttosto che dall’'altra, sotto la spinta estrema di un obbligo [Sollen] o di una necessità [Müssen]. D’'altronde, anche scegliere di non scegliere è, a sua volta, una scelta. La Metafisica definisce, infine, gli orizzonti più puri del processo. Sono i confini della motivazione come regola giuridica fondamentale. Una sentenza senza motivazione non ha senso. D’'altronde, il significato della norma “"Tutti i giudici enunciano le ragioni della loro opinione"” (art. 527, comma 2, del Codice di procedura penale) esprime, soprattutto, il principio teoreticamente indisponibile di ogni sentenza. Un fondamento che va ben al di là del codice.

Título: La prisión preventiva. En la jurisprudencia de Cuyo Autor: Gorra, Daniel Gustavo Publicado en: LLGran Cuyo2011 (febrero), 81 I. Introducción: Generalidades: 1. Concepto: "Es la máxima medida cautelar por cuanto se la adopta cuando se han reunido en el proceso serios elementos de juicio que llevan a la convicción suficiente sobre la existencia del hecho y la correlativa culpabilidad del imputado, el que como presupuesto de esta situación ya ha sido indagado y procesado".

Fallo comentado: Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Criminal y Correccional Federal, sala II (CNFedCrimyCorrec)(SalaII) ~ 2009-12-15 ~ Miceli, Felisa Sumario: I. Introducción. II. Análisis de la inconstitucionalidad alegada. III. Conclusiones I. Introducción Plantear la inconstitucionalidad de una norma requiere y exige la mayor cautela posible por parte del juez o tribunal-cualquiera sea la instancia-, que tenga que expedirse respecto de la misma. La Constitución Nacional y la interpretación de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación cómo última intérprete de la ley fundamental, constituyen el marco de referencia normativo para el contraste con la norma cuya constitucionalidad ha sido puesta en discusión. La inconstitucionalidad es de carácter excepcional; una decisión en este sentido tiene que haber sido rigurosa y minuciosa en el análisis de la norma teniendo en cuenta el criterio que puede establecerse como antecedente frente a otros casos similares. Nuestro sistema judicial consagra el carácter difuso sobre el control de constitucionalidad de las leyes; cualquiera sea la instancia, los magistrados tienen la facultad para expedirse sobre la inconstitucionalidad de una ley; en oposición al sistema concentrado donde existe un órgano específico (Tribunal Constitucional) con esa facultad. Estas consideraciones generales nos dan ciertos parámetros para considerar que no se puede andar por la vida planteando inconstitucionalidades ante cada revés o decisión judicial adversa. Tiene que haber en juego un derecho o garantía constitucional cuya vulneración sea manifiesta; en varias oportunidades se trata de "forzar" la norma en búsqueda de una inconstitucionalita en el caso concreto. En el ámbito procesal penal, tal vez sea uno de los ámbitos más delicados para cuestionar la constitucionalidad de una ley, y el contraste es nada más ni nada menos, con el principio de legalidad (Art.18 C.N.). En el fallo objeto de análisis se discute la constitucionalidad de un artículo del Código de Procedimiento Penal de la Nación (353), frente a vías recursivas pendientes de resolución. II. Análisis de la inconstitucionalidad alegada La defensa plantea la inconstitucionalidad del Art. 353, que prevé la elevación de una causa a juicio, aún cuando hubiere recursos pendientes de resolución como los que detalla la normativa referida. De acuerdo a la defensa se encuentran vulneradas las garantías constitucionalidades consagradas por el artículo 18 de la Constitución Nacional. La pregunta es ¿se vulnera el derecho de defensa en juicio y el debido proceso legal, por la elevación a juicio de una causa donde existen recursos pendientes de resolución? También podemos formular otro interrogante: ¿desnaturalizar un proceso, al impedir la elevación a juicio por estar pendientes los recursos, constituye también una violación al debido proceso legal al alterar los pasos procesales de las instancias? La primera aclaración que hace el tribunal de Alzada, siguiendo los criterios de la CSJN, es exigir el daño concreto que ha generado la supuesta inconstitucionalidad de la norma; es decir tiene que existir un gravamen cierto y concreto. El planteo de inconstitucionalidad debe aclarar cual es la normativa constitucional vulnerada. No puede tratarse de de un planteo general y escueto carente del sustento de razonabilidad adecuada para estar en presencia de una inconstitucionalidad manifiesta. Es cierto que en más de una oportunidad no faltara quien alegue que el sentido común (o su sentido común), exijan que primero deban resolverse los recursos pendientes antes de proseguir la causa, y más aún si se alegará que la resolución de tales recursos podrían llegar a tener algún efecto sobre la resolución del juicio, según la cuestión de fondo que se discute en la vía recursiva. Si optáramos por resolver los recursos pendientes, ¿se correría el riesgo de que la demora de resolución de los mismos pudiera provocar la prescripción de la causa?

Judicial review and the doctrine of natural justice can provide a very powerful way of challenging unjust decisions in the employment context. The paper examines two decisions in the Supreme Court of Queensland in which breaches of natural justice were found and led to relief being granted.
It is important to remember, however, that judicial review does not solve the ultimate problem in that decision makers whose decisions have been set aside can resume the process again from the beginning.

"This anthropological study describes a specific form of mediation, as it is practiced in Ethiopia (Northeast Africa) by members of the Oromo and Amhara ethnic groups. It introduces elders as male household-heads in their advanced ages, who settle conflicts and arrange marriages for the members of the junior generations. There are not only 'easy' cases dealt with, which one might assume to be too 'unimportant' for state courts or other juridical institutions but also aggravated cases that may affect the wider group or that have inter-ethnic dimensions. The study uses specific case studies of marriage, bride abduction, physical injury and homicide for illustration. Within the book, reference is made to speech-act-theory and the 'new ethnographic' approach related to it. Both rhetoric strategies and non-verbal means of communication are discussed, such as postures, gestures, spatial arrangements, numerical symbolisms, or the deliberate use of certain kinds of dress and of material objects. Special attention is paid to the use of ritual in mediation procedures. The book brings to light significant regularities that are inherent to the different types of elders' proceedings. Peculiar elements and phases can be distinguished that re-occur in all types of processes analysed in the study. This cannot exclusively be explained by reference to 'process', as a general idea of people negotiating law. It moreover hints to the existence of a formal 'procedure', which follows its own rules. Accordingly, a change of perspective 'from process to procedure' is suggested in the book's programmatic title.

http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/title_2776.ahtml

Book Order US:
http://www.amazon.com/From-Process-Procedure-Aethiopistische-Forschungen/dp/3447066113/

Book Order Germany:
http://www.amazon.de/Process-Procedure-Mediation-Formality-Ethiopia/dp/3447066113/
http://www.buchhandel.de/detailansicht.aspx?isbn=9783447066112"

El objetivo de este artículo es ahondar en la historia de la industria colonial de la seda en México y de sus trabajadores para demostrar, a partir de un análisis microsocial, la existencia de procesos de exclusión laboral de género de rancia raigambre, así como los mecanismos de integración manifiestos en el marco de modernización institucional que supusieron las reformas borbónicas en ambos lados del Atlántico. Para ello se ha hecho un examen de la bibliografía sobre el tema, se han reconstruido brevemente las políticas virreinales para reavivar la industria y, con esa contextualización necesaria, se han podido entender las circunstancias en que ese proceso se llevó a cabo. Se ha recurrido a fuentes de múltiples fondos del Archivo General de la Nación de México para profundizar en un episodio de la historia social de la Nueva España. En el devenir de la investigación se ha encontrado que las mujeres en la industria de la seda no se hallaban limitadas al rubro de hilanderas y que p...

In response to the editors' request from the editors of the Warsaw international journal, Quaestiones Medii Aevi Novae, for a placement of the history and historiography of medieval Poland in a broader medieval European framework, I use the law as a subject suitable for that analysis. As studied by general medievalists over the past quarter century, the law entails several phenomena which are comparable, that is, not strictly speaking similar, but conceptually consistent across time and space. Such phenomena include: litigation, disputes, and settlements; norms, rules, and normative frameworks; relationship between rule and process; areas of substantive law, such as property, violence and criminality, and status. After a brief survey of the quite disparate historiographies of these subjects produced in Poland and in the English-speaking world, the article, first, identifies the range of comparable phenomena salient for legal history, and, second, moves to a close case study of such phenomena, based on the Henryków Book. In particular, the Book's two authors present a rich array of disputes and settlements. The article uses that material to present a collective study of dispute settlement, and closes with an overview of those patterns in dispute settlement which are directly comparable to their counterparts elsewhere in medieval Europe—thus situating a key part of historical reality in a broader medieval perspective.

Originally a doctoral dissertation in anthropology in 1981, based on fieldwork in rural Maharashtra in 1975, 1976 and 1979.  The work was revised for publication in 1999 (those familiar with my work will know that I spent the intervening years doing research in and on Yugoslavia).  It is still, to my knowledge, one of very few close ethnographic studies of the processes of adjusting statuses and handling disputes in a caste panchayat.  The work is an artifact of its time in terms of theory (the dispute processing paradigm in law and social science of the 1970s), but also in regard to its subject matter. Though Nandiwalla panchayats still meet (and were criticized in the Indian press in 2017), the kind of process analyzed here no longer functions.  The Nandiwallas were also the type group for my formulation of "service nomads", and the ethnography analyzes their adaptation.

The jurisprudence experiences profound transitions in Ukraine and worldwide. Legal systems are changing, influenced by economic, political, and social factors. There are conservative, revolutionary, and evolutionary trends arising in law practice and legal thought. The most promising tendency is evolutionary jurisprudence that keeps no illusions of eternal laws and momentarily made changes. In evolutionary jurisprudence, morality as the beliefs about the good and the evil, ethics as the philosophy of rules, and law as the science of fair judgments are considered to be three historical stages of the development of legal knowledge. The evolution of legal thinking leads to the development of an autonomous processual (pragmatic) model of law, along with known models of authoritative command, the social contract, and procedural justice. In the autonomous processual model, the rule of law and the reality are united: the law is inalienable from life. The law is essentially the rule that realizes itself: laws of nature are repeating by objects of experiments, human laws are performing by subjects of legal culture. Laws of nature should be recognized as legal norms with the further establishment of the rule of law in the sphere of science. Valid methods of legal processes research must take into account autonomy of these processes and autonomy of their elements, individual regularities of their existence, practical knowledge of the autonomy of matter and the autonomy of will, as well as dynamic nature of legal processes. Personal autonomy allows the human, organization, or artificial intelligence to change the status quo by reasonable judgments and actions based on the internal logic of the legal process, which links the actions with consequences. Legal progress in the autonomous processual model overcomes the static bias, the alienation of elements from the system and subsystemic erosion of justice. The law as a fair form of freedom allows each person to be an agent of the rule of law in own sphere of competence, saving law enforcement resources, refusing to absolutize coercion, invalidating obsolete and unrealistic norms. Evolutionary balancing of freedom and responsibility, of rights and duties, creates the legal environment, safe and favorable for the successful life and human development.

Sheliazhenko, Yurii. "Autonomous Processual Model of Law." Philosophy of Law and General Theory of Law, no. 1 (2019): 91-111.

Юриспруденція в Україні та в усьому світі переживає трансформації. Відбуваються глибокі зміни правових систем під впливом економічних, політичних і соціальних факторів. Існують консервативні, революційні та еволюційні напрямки правотворчості та праворозуміння. Найбільш перспективним напрямком є еволюційна юриспруденція, вільна від ілюзій незмінності права та одномоментних переворотів. У еволюційній юриспруденції мораль як віра в добро і зло, етика як філософія правил і право як наука про справедливі судження вважаються трьома історичними стадіями розвитку юридичних знань. Еволюція праворозуміння веде до розробки автономно-процесуальної (прагматичної) моделі права поряд з відомими моделями владної вказівки, суспільного договору, справедливого процесу. У цій моделі сила закону бачиться в єдності з реальністю, невідчужуваності права від життя. Закон в принципі є правилом, яке реалізується саме по собі: закони природи повторюються об’єктами експериментів, людські закони творяться суб’єктами правової культури. Закони природи слід визнати нормами права з перспективою встановлення верховенства права в сфері науки. Методичною передумовою добросовісного дослідження правових процесів є визнання автономії цих процесів та їх елементів, індивідуальних закономірностей їх існування, пізнаної на практиці автономії волі та автономії матерії, а також динамічної природи правових процесів. Особиста автономія дозволяє людині, організації або штучному інтелекту розумними судженнями та діями міняти status quo на основі внутрішньої логіки правового процесу, що пов’язує дії із наслідками. Правовий прогрес у автономно-процесуальній моделі долає статичність, відчуженість елементів від системи і підсистемну нівеляцію верховенства права. Право як справедлива форма свободи дозволяє кожній особі бути агентом верховенства права в своїй сфері компетенції, заощаджуються ресурси правозастосування, відкидається абсолютизація примусу, визнаються недійсними застарілі та нереалістичні норми. Еволюційне балансування свободи та відповідальності, прав і обов’язків створює безпечне, сприятливе для життя та розвитку людини правове середовище.

Шеляженко, Юрій. "Автономно-процесуальна модель права." Філософія права і загальна теорія права. № 1. 2019. С. 91-111.

Юриспруденция в Украине и во всем мире переживает трансформации. Происходят глубокие изменения правовых систем под влиянием экономических, политических и социальных факторов. Существуют консервативные, революционные и эволюционные направления в правотворчестве и правопонимании. Наиболее перспективным направлением является эволюционная юриспруденция, свободная от иллюзий неизменности права и одномоментных переворотов. В эволюционной юриспруденции мораль как вера в добро и зло, этика как философия правил и право как наука о справедливых суждениях считаются тремя историческими стадиями развития юридических знаний. Эволюция правопонимания ведет к разработке автономно-процессуальной (прагматической) модели права наряду с известными моделями властного предписания, общественного договора, справедливого процесса. В этой модели сила закона видится в единстве с реальностью, неотчуждаемости права от жизни. Закон в принципе является правилом, которое реализуется само собой: законы природы повторяются объектами экспериментов, человеческие законы творятся субъектами правовой культуры. Законы природы следует признать нормами права с перспективой установления верховенства права в сфере науки. Методической предпосылкой добросовестного исследования правовых процессов является признание автономии этих процессов и их элементов, индивидуальных закономерностей их существования, познанной на практике автономии воли и автономии материи, а также динамической природы правовых процессов. Личная автономия позволяет человеку, организации или искусственному интеллекту разумными суждениями и действиями менять status quo на основе внутренней логики правового процесса, связывающего действия с последствиями. Правовой прогресс в автономно-процессуальной модели преодолевает статичность, отчужденность элементов от системы и подсистемное нивелирование верховенства права. Право как справедливая форма свободы позволяет каждому человеку быть агентом верховенства права в своей сфере компетенции, экономятся ресурсы правоприменения, исключается абсолютизация принуждения, признаются недействительными устаревшие и нереалистичные нормы. Эволюционное балансирование свободы и ответственности, прав и обязанностей создает безопасную, благоприятную для жизни и развития человека правовую среду.

Шеляженко, Юрий. "Автономно-процессуальная модель права." Философия права и общая теория права. № 1. 2019. С. 91-111.

La polémica Ley Nº IV-0655-2008, establece en su artículo 1°: Establecer que las Sentencias Judiciales que condenen al Poder Judicial o al Estado Provincial por responsabilidad frente a terceros u obligaciones de cualquier naturaleza, originadas en hechos o actos del primero, deberán ser afrontadas por el mismo, con su Presupuesto de Gastos y Recursos previsto en el Artículo 2º de la Ley de Autonomía Económica, Financiera y Funcional del Poder Judicial Nº IV-0088-2004 (5523*R). Aun cuando el Estado Provincial sea el demandado y condenado, la ley establece que si la causa tiene su fuente en un acto o hecho del Poder Judicial, será éste y no el Estado Provincial quien asuma la obligación de responder por la sentencia.

This workshop report focuses on alternative legal processes through three-way collaborations between community groups, local lawyers and PLD. This report documents group discussions on case studies that surface the political economy of law and the creative strategies in law to challenge marginalization

Título: Prescripción de la acción penal: disparidad de criterios al momento de computar el plazo Autor: Gorra, Daniel Gustavo Publicado en: LLGran Cuyo2009 (marzo), 129 Fallo comentado: Superior Tribunal de Justicia de la Provincia de San Luis (STSanLuis) ST San Luis ~ 2008/08/19 ~ Fernández, Julio Roberto y otros Sumario: SUMARIO: I. Introducción: la vieja "secuela de juicio" y la reforma de la 25.990.-II. Fundamentación.-III. Requisitos y procedencia.-IV. Cómputo del plazo.-V. Conclusiones

El análisis de la responsabilidad civil y penal de una persona, respecto de un mismo hecho, puede generar algunas controversias sobre la sentencia que puede recaer en ambos fueros, ya que no siempre resulta ser condenado en los dos procesos. En efecto, una persona puede ser condenada en sede penal y civil; generalmente ocurre con los hechos vinculados a los daños causados en el tránsito automotor; donde el responsable puede ser condenado en sede penal por el delito de lesiones culposas u homicidio culposo y condenado en sede civil a la indemnización que corresponda a la víctima. En muchos casos se ejerce la acción penal a través de la querella criminal o adquiriendo el carácter de particular damnificado  en sede penal, a los efectos de interrumpir la prescripción de la acción civil o bien para producir prueba que luego se ofrecerá en la acción de daños. El sistema de responsabilidad civil en el derecho argentino estable la prejudicialidad penal en el artículo 1101 y la imposibilidad de discutir en sede civil la responsabilidad del condenado en sede penal en el artículo 1102, ambos del Código Civil. En este sentido la jurisprudencia a sostenido con relación a este sistema que "…al razón deviene de ser obvia; si bien las diversas ramas del Derecho Público y del Derecho Privado tienen su propia temática, no constituyen compartimientos estancos; declarada la responsabilidad en sede penal del demandado civil mal puede volverse sobre dicha declaración del Derecho Represivo.

Título: Circunstancias "objetivas" de hecho como requisito para conceder la excarcelación Autor: Gorra, Daniel Gustavo Publicado en: LLGran Cuyo2011 (septiembre), 779 Sumario: I. Introducción.-II. Antecedentes del fallo.-III. El instituto de la Excarcelación.-IV. Entelequias judiciales.-V. Conclusiones. I. Introducción El lenguaje jurídico normativo (leyes, códigos, etc) y judicial (sentencias, jurisprudencia), adolece de ciertas vaguedades y ambigüedades, producto de términos o expresiones de las cuáles derivan arbitrariedades o contradicciones al momento de se interpretación. Podemos estar de acuerdo o no, con la interpretación que realiza un magistrado, respecto de una norma o de la jurisprudencia y la aplicación de la misma, pero se trata de una discusión o debate sobre un lenguaje dado y argumentado, que sirve de base. En ambos casos, el juez realiza una valoración de los elementos normativos y de los fallos precedentes. La valoración sobre la realidad, la cual no se encuentra normativizada como tipos penales o institutos procesales, traslada el análisis a un ámbito abstracto, no por la realidad misma, sino por la creación entidades abstractas, entelequias u ontologías propias de un lenguaje metafísico, que derivan de la apreciación subjetiva del juez, y más aún cuando esta categoría se convierte en un requisito para la concesión de un instituto procesal. El planteo del problema surge que-a la par de los requisitos establecidos por el código de procedimiento para excarcelación-en el fallo que citamos en este trabajo, el Tribunal, funda parte de su decisión en expresiones tales como "identidad normativa de la sociedad" o "amenaza social"; ambas expresiones responden a conceptos que no tienen un correlato con datos espacio-temporales, que nos permitan captar los mismos. Tal vez tendríamos que consultar al Tribunal, cuales fueron las herramientas metodológicas para conocer o captar una "identidad normativa" como una "amenaza social". En el caso concreto, ambas categorías pueden jugar a favor o en contra de la excarcelación; según que el juez considere o no que la sociedad se "conmueve" ante la acción delictiva en particular. Podrían estar presentes los requisitos que establece la norma procesal para la procedencia de la excarcelación, pero a ello se sumaría, por decirlo de alguna manera, como por razones de política criminal, la conveniencia social o no, para terminar por conceder el beneficio. II. Antecedentes del fallo El 23 de Febrero de 2011, la Cámara Federal de Apelaciones, Sala B, de la Ciudad de Mendoza, en los autos N° 91.180-B-5.405 caratulados "Excarcelación de B.J.E.", concedió el beneficio de excarcelación del imputado en la causa, ante el pedido de la defensa por vía recursiva, ante la resolución de primera instancia, donde se había rechazado el pedido excarcelatorio. La defensa argumentó el pedido en consideración a las garantías prescriptas por los artículos 14 y 18 de la Constitución Nacional, sobre el derecho del imputado de permanecer en el lugar mientras dure el proceso. Consideró que el imputado está identificado, por lo que no habría peligro de fuga o entorpecimiento de la investigación. Asimismo consideró que, aunque existiera peligro de riesgo de elusión, el tribunal puede imponer reglas de conducta como las previstas por el art. 310 del ordenamiento procesal o las formas de libertad caucionada referidas en el art. 320 del mismo cuerpo normativo. La imputación delictiva en base al art. 5 inc. c) de la Ley 23.737, en la modalidad de comercialización de estupefacientes con fines de comercialización. La Cámara en análisis de los aspectos subjetivos y objetivos, consideró que el pedido de excarcelación era procedente. La Cámara expresó: "Respecto del elemento, no puede dejar de tenerse en cuenta la índole y gravedad del delito que se investiga en su real magnitud"(1). Agregó: "Así las constancias de autos surge que se trataría de un caso de comercio menor, puesto que estamos a la última cadena en el tráfico de drogas, conocida como "Kiosco". Si bien se le imputa el grave delito que significa el comerciante, con su conducta, no alcanza a conmover la identidad normativa de la sociedad (2) , en razón de que es un elemento totalmente intercambiable u que no hace a la estructura real del tráfico. Así el peligro concreto que conlleva es no es de tal magnitud como para considerarlo como una amenaza social (3) que justifique la privación de su libertar".

Twentieth century reform of the American law of evidence was initially premised on the ideals of legal progressivism, ideals splintered by American legal realism. In preparing the American Law Institute's Model Code of Evidence from 1939 to 1942, Harvard Law School professor Edmund M. Morgan attempted to reconstitute the framework of reform in light of the challenge of legal realism. The Model Code was based on granting greater discretion to the trial judge and changing the goals of the trial from a search for truth to a "rational" resolution of disputes.

Morgan’s decision to emphasize the rational resolution of disputes over the search for the truth in the Model Code helped lead to its rejection in all jurisdictions. In the January 1942 issue of the ABA Journal, preeminent evidence scholar John Henry Wigmore wrote an essay attacking the goal of the Model Rules. Others opposed to evidence reform used American entry into World War II to justify rejection of the Model Rules, which its opponents declared was antithetical to the Anglo-American common law.

Despite the Model Code’s failure to be adopted by any state, its structure was used for the two subsequent evidence codification efforts—the Uniform Rules of Evidence and the Federal Rules of Evidence—which found greater academic and professional favor, in part because they fit within the post-World War II jurisprudence of reasoned elaboration.  The Federal Rules of Evidence, although not enacted until 1975, enjoyed extraordinary professional favor because the drafters explicitly affirmed truth as the goal of the rules.  The irony is that the framework of the Federal Rules contradicts this message, since they are based on the Model Code.  With the adoption of the Federal Rules of Evidence, the structure and theory of the Model Code survived in the Federal Rules of Evidence, although this is rarely acknowledged.

Amos Rapoport is one of the pioneers of the studies on the relationship between people and their environments. At the same time, analyzing the built environment as a factor co-determining human interactions in the courtroom tends to be more and more popular in literature. Following this line, the paper aims to consider whether Rapoport's theoretical framework (especially its part related to non-verbal communication through the environment) could be fruitfully applied to the study of the courtroom in order to shed some light on the spatial, physical, or architectural aspects of the courtroom (which is treated as a particular environment). This paper offers a preliminary examination of the usefulness of Rapoport's framework in reference to the courtroom interior. What needs to be stressed is that, rather than focusing on a given jurisdiction as a point of reference when elaborating on the usefulness of Rapoport's framework, the authors try to examine its general applicability.

La COVID-19 ha señalado y demostrado la falta de preparación de los Estados ante una pandemia. En especial, uno de los efectos que esta ha tenido en los Estados, en mayor o menor medida, es demostrar lo complejo que resulta que sigan brindando servicios públicos y cumplir sus funciones ante un panorama en el cual el contacto físico no solo es evitado sino, en ocasiones, prohibido.

The purpose of this article is to provide a comparative analysis of the transnational legal processes that Brazil and Argentina underwent to address money laundering. The article discusses the interaction between the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) norms and a number of changes both countries have experienced in the last decade. The comparison focuses on the three central pillars of the anti-money laundering order (AMLO): criminalization, administrative obligations imposed on the financial sectors, and the creation of a financial intelligence unit. Building from the analytical framework developed by Shaffer (2011), the evidence gathered in this study illustrates different dimensions of state change and highlights the main challenges to assess the effectiveness (output legitimacy) of transnational legal orders empirically.

This paper evaluates the success of treatment reviews as a protection for patients’ rights. Unlike reviews of admission and detention, there are no internationally agreed standards for reviews of treatment decisions. Accordingly, the paper draws on the law of three jurisdictions, England and Wales, Victoria (Australia) and Ireland, to study review models in practice. The paper develops a normative argument regarding what should be expected from treatment reviews when viewed from a human rights perspective and then measures the three different models which these jursidctions offer (judicial review; tribunal review and professional review) against this standard, concluding that all of the models, as currently operated, are flawed but that tribunal review offers the most potential.

For the existence of this piece, I am especially grateful to Radosław Kotecki, of Casimir the Great University in Bydgoszcz. In 2011, Dr. Kotecki and his (then) advisor and (now) senior colleague, Professor Jacek Maciejewski, honored me with an invitation to Bydgoszcz, to give a lecture emerging from my work on the monograph that became The Text and the World (referenced on this website). I place that lecture here in its original form. In the context of my work, it develops two themes: (1) legal history—blending the processual, the normative, and the group- or community-based approaches—much of which I've placed on this website; and (2) the Henryków Book, as a document, and as an entrée into several important subjects in today's general medieval history. Here I distill, and consolidate into one story, the Book's material on the phase of social conflict comprising litigation, or court cases: from the underlying conditions and circumstances, through what I call the triggering events, followed by third-party (here typically judicial) resolutions, to outcomes—and their limitations, that is, permanent standoff, or re-escalation. While the result seems suitable for expansion into an article, I do not plan to do so for several reasons. The piece raises, but does not resolve, some questions about the local importance of the European canon and Roman law—an area of profound work in Poland, to which I need to devote fuller attention. While in Bydgoszcz, I noticed, in the extremely stimulating discussion, some apparent differences between my two scholarly vernaculars regarding the analytical language of third-party dispute resolution—an issue I would need to address more fully in a Polish-language venue. And, I have used the material presented here, for different purposes, elsewhere: in The Text and the World, and in "Piast Poland and the Legal Systems of Medieval Europe," also available on this website. In sum, this will work best as part of the monograph on the law in medieval Poland on which I am currently working. All that said, I enclose it as a trace of a step in these directions—a progress report of sorts—with, once again, my very warm thanks to Jacek Maciejewski and Radosław Kotecki.

From Emergency Law to Legal Process: Herbert Wechsler and the Second World War Malick W. Ghachem Daniel Gordon+ One of the members of this population, a man by the name of Korematsu, refused to obey the order, and he stood prosecution .... It fell to me in my ...

Few people outside certain specialized sectors of the press and the legal profession have any particular reason to read the increasingly voluminous opinions through which the Justices of the Supreme Court explain their interpretations of the Constitution and laws. Most of what the public knows about the Supreme Court necessarily comes from the press. That fact raises questions of considerable importance to the functioning of our constitutional democracy: How, for example, does the press describe the work of the Supreme Court? And has the way in which the press describes the work of the Court changed over the past several decades? This Article seeks to address those questions by comparing the language used in print media coverage of two highly salient cases involving similar legal issues decided fifty years apart: Brown v. Board of Education and Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1. Our study suggests that, at least in highly salient cases, the natur...

Este trabajo constituye un resumen de la tesis doctoral defendida ante el tribunal correspondiente en noviembre de 2008 bajo el título: /{El proceso legislativo interno en Cuba. Un modelo para su análisis" con el objetivo de ((Identificar los principales factores que desde el punto de vista teórico 1 metodológico y normativo afectan el correcto desarrollo del proceso legislativo ínter~ en Cuba y fundamentar la necesidad de un Modelo metodológico para su análisis y la fuhdamentación de una prppuesta de intervención legislativa". Para alcanzarlo se utilizan los instrumentos analíticos desarrollados por la Teoría de la legislación en los últimos treinta años y sus antecedentes en los siglos XVIII y XIX, a lo cual añade otros elementos provenientes de la teoría política y la filosofía del Derecho.

The construction work force is one part of the national development undertaken in the development of Indonesia fully human and the development of Indonesian society to realize a society that is prosperous, just, prosperous, equitable material and spiritual, based on Pancasila and the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945 . development of the employment sector as part of the development of human resources is one part that is integral to national development as the Pancasila, and the implementation of the Act of 1945, aimed at improving the dignity, dignity, and human capabilities, as well as self-confidence in order to realize a society prosperous, just, and prosperous both materially and spiritually. In the implementation of national development, labor has a role and a very important position as actors and development objectives. In accordance with the role and position of labor, manpower development is required to improve the quality of employment and participation in the development and improvement of the protection of workers and their families in accordance with human dignity.
      The protection of labor is intended to guarantee the basic rights of workers / laborers and ensure equality of opportunity and treatment without discrimination on any ground for the welfare of workers / laborers and their families with regard to the progress of the business world. One of the manifestations of the increase in value and dignity to the workers / laborers are protection of the rights of workers / laborers either agreed in the Employment Agreement and set forth in the Company Regulations or Collective Labor Agreement.
      Especially with regard to employment agreements, rights and obligations of workers / laborers with employers on a reciprocal basis is already detailed in the Employment Agreement and Collective Labor Agreement. Despite clear and detailed and explicit, but sometimes they often lead towards an industrial dispute.
      Industrial relations is a system of relationships formed between the actors in the production process of goods and / or services consisting of elements of the employer, workers and governments that are based on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of industrial relations is a balance between the objectives and the interests of workers and employers in the process of production of goods and services in an enterprise. This means that workers and employers individually and collectively have a purpose and a common responsibility, because the success of industrial relations, both workers and employers would benefit both individually and within the organization.
      From the point of legal history, the nation entered a phase marked by the development of the welfare state laws that protect the weaker party. At this time the state started to pay attention to include labor protection, consumer protection, protection of small businesses and environmental protection. Act relating to the protection of the various parties to correct for industrialization which is not always a benefit to all segments of society. Besides, the intense competition in the labor market and a severe economic crisis makes the workers did not have the courage to fight for the improvement of their fate. Capital always move to where there is cheap labor and enforcement of labor laws are lenient. This is the need to reform labor law.
      According to Zainal Asikin, the legal protection of workers from the employer's ability fulfilled if the regulations in the areas of labor that require or compel employers to act like in the legislation is properly applied all parties for the enforceability of the law can not be measured by juridical alone but measured sosilogis and philosophical , The significance of the legal enforceability sociologically can be interpreted that the law always keep pace with changes in society (law in action), while the legal enforceability of the philosophical meaning that the law should be able to provide fairness, certainty and benefits for society in accordance with the purpose of the law itself.
      Implementation of industrial relations in the company are always influenced by the dynamics of the community so that the implementation is always facing challenges and obstacles and the effect on conditions of employment which changes from time to time. Broadly speaking, the problems that occur in the employment relationship affected the industrial relations, among others, include technical understanding of legislation in the area of industrial relations on the nature of the employment relationship, the problems of labor agreements on which the issuance of a working relationship that is set on the rights and obligations of the parties, the use of a particular time work agreement for all kinds of jobs and the trend of using contract workers, and remediation efforts working requirements set forth in the normative provisions.
      In Article 50 of Law Number 13 Year 2003 on Manpower (hereinafter Labor Law) explained that the employment relationship occurs because of the labor agreements between employers and workers. Both workers and employers alike have an important role in working relationships with each other and can not be separated. Workers as owners of power, skill, and expertise needed work to make ends meet, while the entrepreneur as the owner of capital requires manpower to run the production process. In this case the necessary reciprocity in harmony in order to create synergies to drive the economy.
      Furthermore, in Article 56 of the Labor Law states that agreements made for a certain time or for an unspecified time. A work agreement for a specified time (hereinafter referred to PKWT) is based on the time period or the completion of a particular job. A work agreement for a specified time can only be made for specific jobs by type and nature of the job will be completed within a specified time. However, based on the facts on the ground show there are still many companies that do not implement the provisions contained in the Labor Law.
In the field of employment concerning the subject of labor relations, there are still many conflicts of interest among workers / laborers with employers mutually defend their own opinion as the system of contract labor (PKWT), determining the amount of the minimum wage, social security, which until now the classic problem can not be solved properly.
      That's necessary role for government to address the issue of labor / employment through various legislations. It is intended to provide legal protection of the rights and obligations of employers and employees / workers. If the relationship between workers and employers is still left entirely to the parties (workers and employers), then the purpose of labor law to create social justice in the field of labor will be very difficult to achieve, because of the strong will always want to dominate the weaker side (homo homoni lupus ).
      In this dissertation the author will examine and analyze the terms and implementation of the Employment Agreement Specific Time (PKWT) pursuant to Act No. 13 of 2003 on Labour in Arta Boga Cemerlang PT Jakarta, a company engaged in the distribution of consumer goods. Arta Boga Cemerlang PT Jakarta held a work agreement for a specified time by the workers who will be hired as Sales Promo / Merchandiser (mode) which will care for and displaying items in the outlet area of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Serang. The working relationship with PKWT this has caused harm to workers, because the position of workers (mode) were weak and simply resigned themselves accept the terms and conditions that have been created by the company as stipulated in the standard contract. This resulted in a weak legal protection against contract workers.

Two different approaches to assess legal argument quantitatively on base of logic probability concept are analyzed: Leibnizian approach and objective Bayesianism. Specificities and ranges of application of these approaches are elucidated. In frame of the Leibnizian approach, some formulas, which permit under given initial data to calculate argument strength, were introduced already. However, in nontrivial cases, assigning of the initial data is a matter of human intuition partially, and this intuition seems irreducible today. This circumstance challenges certainty and accuracy of the qualitative assessment, firstly. Secondly, any complete electronic justice prospect must demand a completion of artificial intelligence by artificial intuition, which will not yield up to natural one at least. Key words: legal argument, logical probability, Leibnizian approach, objective Bayesianism, intuition, complete electronic justice. Проаналізовано два різних підходи у кількісній оцінці юридичного аргументу, що базуються на понятті логічної ймовірності: Ляйбніцев підхід і об"єктивний байєсіонізм. Прояснено особливості й області застосування цих підходів. У межах Ляйбніцева підходу певні формули, котрі дозволяють за відомими вихідними даними обрахувати силу аргументу, вже знайдені. Проте у нетривіальних випадках встановлення потрібних даних виявляється почасти справою людської інтуїції, і ця інтуїція сьогодні видається неусувною. Дана обставина, по-перше, проблематизує достовірність і точність виконуваної кількісної оцінки. По-друге, будь-який проект повного електронного правосуддя повинен вимагати доповнення штучного інтелекту штучної інтуїцією, котра, щонайменше, не поступається за силою природній. Ключові слова: юридичний аргумент, логічна ймовірність, Ляйбніцев підхід, об'єктивний байєсіонізм, інтуїція, повне електронне правосуддя. Проанализированы два различных подхода в количественной оценке юридического аргумента, базирующиеся на понятии логической вероятности: Лейбницев подход и объективный байесионизм. Прояснены особенности и области применения этих подходов. В рамках Лейбницева подхода некоторые формулы, позволяющие при известных исходных данных рассчитать силу аргумента, уже найдены. Однако в нетривиальных случаях установление нужных исходных данных отчасти является делом человеческой интуиции, и эта интуиция сегодня представляется неустранимой. Данное обстоятельство, во-первых, проблематизирует достоверность и точность выполняемой количественной оценки. Во-вторых, всякий проект полного электронного правосудия должен требовать дополнения искусственного интеллекта искусственной интуицией, которая, по меньшей мере, не уступает в силе естественной. Ключевые слова: юридический аргумент, логическая вероятность, Лейбницев подход, объективный байесионизм, интуиция, полное электронное правосудие.

La sistemática inquisitoria nunca fue garantista; lo es sin duda la acusatoria. El garantismo no es insulso paterna-lismo. No tiene, claro está, compromisos morales. El garantismo, incluso el funcionalismo, es manera de abordar al hombre. El garantismo lo privilegia, porque reconoce que el hombre es la razón de ser del Estado. El hombre es miscible.

The inquisitorial systematic was nevera guarantor; the accusatory one, without a doubt, is. The guar-antor's legal process is not dull paternalism. lt does not have, of course, moral commitments. The guarantor's legal process, even the functionalism, is a way to approach man. Man gets privileged from the guarantor's legal process, beca use it recognizes that the manis the reason of being of the State. Manis miscible.

This article continues the presentation of my work on legal history, related to the dichotomy between the "normative" and the "processual" approach, first formulated in the late 1970s. A relatively late development of that approach was a return to the question of the role and importance of norms—or, as their formalized subset, rules—in light of the significance of "process." This article presents a case study of norms as themselves a part of the legal process: norms are invoked, by the parties and others, as part of the complex behavior comprising a legal transaction or dispute. The approach is closely indebted to the work of John Comaroff, Simon Roberts, and Stephen D. White. This case study traces the invocation, use—and the ambiguities—of the formal distinction between inheritance ("patrimony") and acquisition, present in Polish land law, as a factor in the security and finality of land transfer.

Lawyering Skills and the Legal Process bridges the gap between academic and practical law for students undertaking skills-based and clinical legal education courses at university. It develops oral and written communication, group working, problem solving and conflict resolution skills in a range of legal contexts: client interviewing, drafting, managing cases, legal negotiation and advocacy. The book is designed specifically to help students to practise and develop skills that will be essential in a range of occupations; develop a deeper understanding of the English legal process and the lawyer's role in that process; enhance their understanding of the relationship between legal skills and ethics; and understand how they learn and how they can make their learning more effective.