Kyzikos

>>>>>>>>>>> update of 29.10.2024:

now I hope to have fixed the problem with the Greek font and it is readable in the pdf!!!

This article is very important for the understanding of the genesis of the cult of Greek Apollo (there is more to come on this topic from my side), as well as it is fundamental for understanding the function of the oracle of Apollo Didymeus Milesios in the process of Milesian colonisation of the Archaic period.

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<



Apollo, the most greek of all gods - even though he has his roots in western Asia Minor - can to a high degree be associated with the political, economic and cultural climax of the Ionian metropolis of Miletos in the 7th and 6th centuries BC. In two forms of his appearance the bi-polarity of the Milesian state religion is manifested. Apollo Delphinios, who displayed not only Greek, but also Cretan-Mycenaean as well as Hattic-Hittite traits, was the political god, the founder of the state and its future protector. Apollo Delphinios was worshipped in the heart of the city, in the Delphinion located in the agora. This was the place of citizen initiation, the location of the prytaneion, the original household with the sacred hearth and the seat of government of Miletos - all merged into one. The other Apollo, Apollo Didymeus, was the god of the oracle indigenous to Didyma and located 18 kilometers from Miletos. The spatial and imaginary fusion of both cults culminated in the ritual of the Milesian New Year festivities. Sacrificial offerings formed the beginning and end of the ritual in the Delphinion and Didyma and they were firmly connected to one another by a long state procession. As a result Didyma was part of the Milesian state and Apollo Didymeus became a 'Milesios', a "Milesian".
From a functional viewpoint Delphinios and Didymeus Milesios formed a complementary cultic couple, which can be considered specifically Milesian. This cultic couple sanctioned the Milesian colonisation in the Propontis and in the Black Sea regions, both highly successful ventures and in direct competition with the colonisation efforts of the closely related pan-Hellenic Apollo Pythios oracle in Delphi. Evidence of this is apparent from literary, epigraphic and archaeological sources concerning, for example, Borythenes-Olbie Polis, Kyzikos, Apollonia at Rhyndakos and Phasis.
Naukratis in the Nile delta constitutes a special and particularly complicated case as a colony. It cannot be described as a typical Milesian colony, even though ancient sources repeatedly attempted to do this, and even though the sanctuary of Apollo Didymeus Milesios in Naukratis actually dates back to the beginnings of the colony. It was here that both the oracle gods Apollo Didymeus from Miletos-Didyma and Apollo Pythios from Delphi encountered one another at the time when the pan-Hellenic polis of Naukratis, and the trading colony which belonged to it, were founded. This probably happened during the reign of the Pharaoh Amasis and with the approval of Delphi.

Surprisingly, the interaction between Milesian and Megarian colonisation in the 7th/6th centuries BCE has rarely been addressed. Krister Hanell, in his comparative study on Megara and her colonies, published in 1934, already came to the conclusion that Megara and Miletos had built up a “Kolonisationsbündnis”, a “colonisation alliance” (HANELL, Studien, p. 135). During the 1999 conference on “Early Ionia”, the late Yuri Vinogradov delivered a paper entitled: “Milet und Megara erschließen den Pontos Euxeinos”. There he re-interpreted an important, but seldom addressed Milesian inscription (I.Milet 732), an epigram referring to a war of Archaic times in which both Miletos and Megara were involved. He revived Hanell’s observation and assumed that there were coordinated ventures by both metropoleis which he detected in the mixed Ionian-Dorian onomastics in Chersonasos and her mother city Herakleia Pontika, herself a colony of Megara. Both scholars’ hypothesis was met mostly with skepticism, but there have since been some voices in favour of their opinion.
This paper aims at comparing crucial elements of Megarian and Milesian colonisation of the Propontis and Black Sea to show that in the seventh/sixth century BCE these two cities indeed acted in accordance with each other, to control access to a region that was rich in resources. This close relationship between a ‘Dorian’ and an ‘Ionian’ city is surprising. But it can be shown that both poleis shared important elements of their religious and political structures, making cooperation possible. First of all, both acted under the leadership and sanction of an Apollo oracle: Megara cooperated with that of Delphi, while Miletos had her own, that of Apollo Didymeus Milesios in Didyma. Furthermore, there are striking parallels in their political organisation; for instance the basileus, ‘king’, a remnant of the basileis ruling in Protogeometric and Geometric times, and a board of proaisimnatas/proaisimnon and aisimnatai (Megara), or aisymnetes and proshetairoi (Miletos), functioning as prytaneis of both cities’ oligarchic governments. In light of the appearance of these magistracies in the Megarian and Milesian colonies of the seventh/sixth centuries BCE, the existence of these offices can be presumed in the mother cities already before 700 BCE.
The striking resemblance between Megara and Miletos hints at the existence of xenia relationships between the leading aristocratic families. Concerted mythopoiesis played a prominent role in this process: the elites of both city states were able to strengthen their contacts via interconnected kinship myths, which even took into account a common pre-Greek, Karian-Lelegian past. Additionally, Herakles and the Argonauts are recorded as visiting or founding Megarian (Byzantion, Herakleia Pontika) as well as Milesian (Kyzikos, Kios, Sinope) colonies, and thus both colonisation partners became followers of Herakles, Jason, and other paradigmatic Greek discoverer heroes that manned the ship Argo. The function of the Argonautika as a charter myth becomes evident here.
The background to all of this may have been Megara’s and Miletos’ joint participation in the Eretrian coalition against Chalkis and her allies during the ‘Lelantine War’ of around 700 BCE, the first pan-Greek war, which resulted in an amazing boom of both Megara and Miletos in the 7th century. The subsequent colonisation of the Propontis and the Pontos was from a strategic point of view only possible, because Gyges’ Lydia, which was the main land power of central Asia Minor from ca 680 BCE and holding the former Phrygian key site Daskyleion/Hisartepe, permitted this expansion.

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die späthellenistischen und kaiserzeitlichen Weihreliefs aus dem nördlichen Mysien unter stilistischen, ikonographischen und typologischen Gesichtspunkten. Die Denkmäler werden zudem auf ihre Abhängigkeit von den klassischen attischen Weihreliefs und ihre Beziehungen zu den Grabreliefs der gleichen Zeit hin überprüft. Die Auswertung zeigt, wie sehr die klassischen Vorläufer ikonographisch und typologisch prägend waren, die ihrerseits aber auch mit einheimischen Stil- und Darstellungselementen verbunden werden konnten. Weihreliefs und Grabreliefs nähern sich dabei typologisch an. Ergänzt wird die archäologische Bewertung der Denkmäler durch epigraphische, topographische und historische Aspekte. Die aus den Untersuchungsparametern gewonnenen Ergebnisse beleuchten nicht nur die Stilphänomene späthellenistischer und kaiserzeitlicher Reliefplastik, sondern leisten einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Religionsgeschichte dieser kleinasiatischen Landschaft.

THE EMPEROR HADRIAN was notably generous toward the cities of his Empire, and in return, they gave him the highest honors of which they were capable, including temples to his worship. I consider here three cities of the province Asia: Kyzikos, Smyrna, and Ephesos, each of which Hadrian allowed to build such a temple and to take the title neokoros, "temple warden." Recent studies, however, have assumed that wherever Hadrian was worshipped, it was along with, or in the guise of, Zeus Olympios, as he possibly was in Athens. In this paper I argue that the primary sources on Kyzikos, Smyrna, or Ephesos show that Hadrian was worshipped in those places neither with nor as Zeus.

In 1964, the remains of a large house were discovered in the Israeli city of Beth-Shean/ Beth-Shan (also known as Scythopolis). Once excavated, the mid-5th century CE house was found to contain many interesting artifacts, but none as fascinating as a large, elaborate mosaic and two inscribed column lintels. The meanings of the words and images found in the mosaic have spawned several theories, but it is our contention that the theories about the inscriptions in the mosaic must be viewed in light of an intriguing inscription found on one of the column lintels. Unfortunately, of the two major studies published since the initial publication of the house's discovery, neither attempts to address the column lintels. The current article seeks to rectify this situation and reexamines the previous theories and the mosaic inscriptions in light of the inscription from one of the column lintels. The result is a series of conclusions that, it is hoped, help to clarify certain important points regarding the House of Leontis Kloubas.

THE COINS FOUND AT THE EXCAVATIONS OF AMASYA - OLUZ HÖYÜK BETWEEN 2009-2013.
Oluz Höyük (Yassı Höyük - Tepetarla Höyüğü) is located on the western part of the city Amasya which is in the central Black Sea Region of Turkey. The mound lies on the fertile Geldingen plain, from the south of which an important tributary of the Yeşilırmak (ancient Iris), the Çekerek (ancient Skylaks) passes.
During the archaeological excavations at Oluz Höyük which were carried under the direction of Prof. Dr. Şevket Dönmez between 2009-2013, 90 coins (one gold, five silvers, 84 bronzes) were discovered, dating from the last quarter of 4th century B.C. till 48 B.C. A great majority of the coins (70 of them) belong to the Hellenistic kingdoms: 13 Macedonian (Alexander the Great and Philippos III Arrhidaios), two Bithynian (Prusias II Cynegus) and 55 Pontic (Mithradates VI Eupator). The coins of the Macedonian Kingdom are the mints of the cities Amphipolis, Sardis, Colophon, Miletos/Mylasa and Salamis. Between the coins of the Pontic Kingdom, which were minted of bronze, the coins of Amisos constitues the largest group with 41 coins, while five coins of Amastris and only one coins of Sinope and Panticapion each were identified. Among the other 11 coins, three of them which are dated to the Roman republic period, give the names of Roman moneyers: Caius Curiatius filius Trigeminus (135 B.C.), C. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus (88 B.C.) and Lucius Procilius filius (80 B.C.). The remaining eight coins which are dated to 2nd-1st centuries, are known to be minted in Apameia (Kelainai), Cyzicus and Sardis. All these numismatic materials add new information to the Hellenistic history of Oluz Höyük as well as Pontic Region.

Su una moneta in elettro coniata a Cizico nella seconda metà del V secolo a.C., apparsa da poco sul mercato collezionistico, è raffigurato un uomo in armi, probabilmente un generale che tiene un discorso alle sue truppe (adlocutio). In questo articolo si propone di identificare l'uomo in armi raffigurato sulla moneta con il generale ateniese Alcibiade.

No name of the officials mentioned on the coins of Cyzicus in Roman imperial period caused such problems in research as that of Claudius Hestiaios: Thus, three different issues can be identified for this name, which, roughly dated, fall within a possible time frame of AD 138-169. It is uncertain in historical research if this one name, which has a different public designation in each of these coin series, refers to different persons or only to one. Up to now, researchers had assumed two identities, but it is also conceivable, that there are three or only one single Claudius Hestiaios.
Since each of these issues not only represented the same name with a new official designation, but also an iconographic innovation for the mint of the city of Cyzicus, they deserve additional attention. Some of those new coin iconographies were subsequently established, some remained
unique. A precise and comparative analysis of the style and inscription of the three series shall enable a more precise dating, which then, in comparison with epigraphic and historical evidence, allows further conclusions to be drawn about the identity/identities of the person responsible for minting the coins and the actual minting occasion.

Orta Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde, Amasya ili kent merkezinin 25 km güneybatısında, Gözlek Köyü’nün 2 km kuzeybatısında, Toklucak (eski Oluz) Köyü’nün ise, yaklaşık 5 km doğusunda bulunan Oluz Höyük, 1997-1999 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilen Amasya İli Yüzey Araştırmaları sırasında saptanmıştır. Burada 2007 yılından itibaren İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Protohistorya ve Ön Asya Arkeolojisi Anabilim Dalı öğetim üyelerinden Prof. Dr. Şevket Dönmez başkanlığındaki bir ekip tarafından kesintisiz olarak sistematik arkeolojik kazılar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü, Döner Sermaye İşletmeleri Merkez Müdürlüğü (DÖSİMM), İstanbul Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Yürütücü Sekreterliği (Proje No: 24836) ve TÜBİTAK’ın (Proje No: 109K027) finansal destekleri ile sürdürülmüş olan bu kazılar sonucunda İlk Tunç Çağı’ndan başlayarak Hellenistik Dönemi’in sonlarına kadar uzanan bir zamansal çerçeve içine yayılan höyüğün yapı kalıntıları ve katmanları kısmen ortaya çıkartılmış ve bu kazılar sonucunda çok sayıda arkeolojik eser bulunmuştur. Eserler bugün Amasya Arkeoloji Müzesi’nde sergilenmekte veya korunmaktadır. Bu eserler arasında önemli bir grubu ise sikkeler oluşturmaktadır.
Büyük İskender Dönemi’nden itibaren başlayarak, Roma’nın Geç Cumhuriyet Dönemi’ne kadar tarihlenen; 1’i altın, 5’i gümüş, 84’ü bronz olmak üzere tarihlenebilen toplam 90 adet sikke bulunmuştur. Genel ifadeyle Hellenistik Dönem’e tarihlenen bu sikkelerin büyük çoğunluğu Makedonya, Bithynia ve Pontus krallıklarına aittir. Diğerleri ise Roma, Apameia (Kelainai), Kyzikos ve Sardeis kentlerinin darp ettiği M.Ö. II. yüzyıldan itibaren tarihlenebilen sikkelerdir.

David Hack [Augustus und Kyzikos. Weichenstellung für eine neue Ära] widmet sich ganz der Stadt Kyzikos unter Augustus und untersucht dabei, welche Entscheidungen der Princeps die Stadt betreffend traf. Insbesondere die Münzprägung der kleinasiatischen Stadt bildet Anlass für die Frage, wie verbunden oder eben nicht sich die Stadt Rom und dem Princeps gegenüber darstellte.

VOTIVE RELIEF OF THREE GRACES (CHARITES) IN BANDIRMA
ARCHEOLOGICAL MUSEUM

ın this study, the votive relief which was found in an old bulding near Ormanlı
Village, Kapıdağ Peninsula in 1949, and is exhibited now in Bandırma Archeological
Museum is evaluated.
Firstly in the study, informations about cultures, missions, myt has and identities
of Charites who are the main theme of the relief are given. Secondly, the places that
Charites were proccessed artisticaly and standing types are evaluated. Lastly,
definition and icomography of Cyzicus Charites Relief is made and similer art works
in sculp of statuary are compared, evaluated and dated.
After all these studies, it is deduced that this original work, having touch of 5.
And 4. centruy BC’s artistic figüres, belongs to Last Hadrian Period. Missions and the
respect, shown for Charites in Cyzicus are interpreted.

Çalışmamızda, Mysia Bölgesi içinde yer alan ve bölgenin önde gelen antik kentlerinden biri olan Kyzikos’tan, Roma Dönemi’ne ait lahitten çıkarılan malzemelerin tanıtılması, yapım teknikleri, dönem örnekleri arasındaki yeri ve varsa farklı üretimlerin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır.
İncelenen malzeme, 2007 yılında Kyzikos antik kentinin nekropolünde kaçak kazı ihbarlarının artması sonucu yapılan bir çalışma neticesinde bulunan sade ve bezemesiz lahitten çıkarılmıştır. Yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucunda, lahit mezar buluntularının, MÖ 3. yüzyıla ait olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Burada değerlendirilen pişmiş toprak, cam ve altın örnekleri hem kent hem de bölge üretiminin bilinmesi açısından faydalı olacaktır. Ayrıca Anadolu’ya özgü olduğu kabul edilen unguentarium formunun buluntular arasında yer alması, kentin cam sanatı açısından önemlidir. Yine Kyzikos örneklerinin, Roma Dönemi eserlerinin değerlendirilmesi aşamasında da yararlı olacağı kanısındayız.

Abstract
Sarcophagus Finds of Cyzicus

In our study, it is aimed to introduce, show making techniques of, place among the period examples of, and if there is, different productions, materials taken from sarcophagus dating back to Roman Period, Cyzicus which is one of foremost ancient cities located in Mysia Region.
The material studied on was excavated from unadorned and undecorated sarcophagus that is found as a result of a study made in necropolis of ancient city Cyzicus after increasing informing on illegal excavations. As a result of evaluations, it is decided that these sarcophagus find dates back to third century BC.
Earthware, glass and gold examples evaluated here will be useful for both city and region’s production to be known. Besides, as unguentarium form which is accepted to peculiar to Anatolia is in among finds, it is important for city in terms of glass art. We think Cyzicus examples again will be helpful also in terms of evaluating works of Roman Period

MÖ V. yüzyıl Persler ve Hellenler arasında bir dizi savaşlara sahne olmuştur. Perslerin Küçük Asia ve Hellas'ı ele geçirme teşebbüslerine bağlı olarak bu girişimleri engellemek amacıyla Hellespontos, Adalar, Ionia, Karia ve Thrakia civarındaki kentlerin katıldığı MÖ ca 478/77 yılında Atina önderliğinde Delos Birliği kurulmuştur. Bu birlik Perslere karşı yürütülen mücadelenin devamlılığının sağlanması için üye kentlerden yıllık vergi/tributum talep etmiştir. Kentlerin ekonomik güçlerine göre ödedikleri bu vergi miktarları mermer steller (Atina Vergi Listeleri) üzerinde kaydedilmiştir. Bu bağlamda Delos Birliği'ne vergi veren kentlerden biri de Hellespontos bölgesinde bulunan Kyzikos kentidir. Bu çalışmada Atina Vergi Listeleri ışığında Hellespontos bölgesindeki Kyzikos ve çevresindeki yerleşimlerin MÖ V. yüzyılda Persler ve Atina özelinde Delos Birliği ile ilişkileri değerlendirilecektir.

When Augustus travelled to the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire in the years 22–19 BC, he entered an area which had been affected particularly badly during the Roman Civil Wars. Thus, the princeps took great interest in getting an idea about the prevalent problems and seeking appropriate solutions. His main objective, however, was to solve the smouldering conflict with the Parthian Empire which the Romans were facing on their eastern border. +++ The article offers an itemized overview of Augustus' stages in Sicily (22/21 BC), in Greece and the Aegean Islands (21/20 and 20/19 BC), in Asia Minor and Syria (20 BC) as well as his return to Italy and Rome (19 BC). +++ On his travel Augustus was accompanied by a large entourage, of whom the young Publius Quinctilius Varus formed part, as well. In the year 22/21 BC Varus took over his first known office: the quaestorship. An honorary inscription from Tenos shows that Varus was serving as quaestor Augusti and was therefore directly reporting to the princeps. Three further inscriptions from Pergamum (20 BC) and Athens (19 BC) give evidence that subsequent to his quaestorship Varus continued in the entourage of Augustus. In doing so he possibly visited Alexandria Troas, too. At least it appears noticeable that the Quin(c)tilii being one of the leading families of the city bore the same nomen gentile and that referring to both Varus' family and the Alexandrian Quin(c)tilii the praenomina Publius and Sextus have occurred time and again.

Eine Stadt als Bühne der Selbstinszenierung. Augustus' (im)mobile Bespielung Roms Alexander Braun (Universität Köln) Schau Augustus (?). Visuelle Kommunikation und politische Umwälzungen auf dem Forum Romanum zwischen der späten Republik und dem frühen Prinzipat. Ein digital-archäologischer Ansatz

В сборник входят тезисы докладов и сообщений Двадцать первой Всероссийской нумизматической конференции (Тверь, 24-29 мая 2021 г.). Они посвящены актуальным вопросам нумизматики всех исторических периодов, бонистике, медальерному искусству, фалеристике, сфрагистике и истории науки. Издание рассчитано на специалистов, музейных работников и всех, кто интересуется нумизматикой и близкими ей дисциплинами. Издание осуществлено при финансовой поддержке автономной некоммерческой организации «Международный нумизматический клуб»