Knigts templar and the crusades

Questa nuova storia del movimento crociato intende fornire ai suoi lettori tutti gli elementi di una storia 'plurale' delle vicende che portarono all’insediamento in Medioriente tra i secoli XII-XIII di una serie di entità politiche in seguito definite sotto il termine complessivo di Outremer gravitanti intorno a Gerusalemme, la Città Santa conquistata con la forza nel 1099 al termine di una spedizione bandita da papa Urbano II e che avrebbe incontrato un successo imprevisto e imprevedibile.
Slegando la storia del movimento crociato alla classica elencazione d’impianto manualistico – priva di qualsiasi consistenza come riconosciuto dalla storiografia più aggiornata - che individua sulla base di una vecchia tradizione storiografica una serie di spedizioni come “ufficiali” mentre relega al contempo altre (pur importanti) in secondo piano, abbiamo inteso trasmettere ai lettori di questo libro una visione più ampia e complessa di una storia che interessò i più importanti personaggi dei secoli centrali dell'età medievale: Federico Barbarossa, Filippo II Augusto, Riccardo Cuor di Leone, Federico II di Svevia, Luigi IX, solo per citare i più noti (e tacendo i tanti pellegrini accorsi per la difesa del Santo Sepolcro).
Ma questa è anche la storia del mondo musulmano circostante, nonché di quella serie di popoli provenienti dalle remote steppe asiatiche (Turchi e Mongoli su tutti) il cui impatto avrebbe segnato in maniera decisiva le sorti della Terrasanta latina; ecco dunque riscostruire le vicende di Zangī, Nūr ad-Dīn, Saladino, Hülegü, Baybars, Qalawun, personaggi le cui esistenze avrebbero segnato le vicende del Medioriente nei secoli che verremo narrando nel corso del libro.

This sigillographic (sphragistic) study will review the historic and archaeological two-knight seals of the Templars, and the investigation of a curious and probably unique seal die or matrix. Our accurately molded (though slightly altered) two-knight Templar design seal matrix was recently acquired from an old collection. The matrix consists of a silver die with a reverse-side iron spike, apparently for insertion into a wooden handle. We determined that the exact item that was molded to produce the silver die is a wax seal apparently used by German Templar Master Friedrich Wildgraf in 1289, and now held by the Munich State Archives. The original seal matrix used to make that seal is not believed to exist, and the present recreated matrix is likely to be the only one of its type, still able to impress wax seals as made by the Templars.

ABSTRACT
On the night of the 13th of February 1308, exactly four months after the general arrest of the Knights Templars in France on the order of King Philip IV the Fair, Giacomo da Montecucco, the master of the Templar province of northern Italy and a cubicularius of Pope Clement V, escaped from the papal Curia. A direct source provides us with a detailed account of Clement’s special frustration and great wrath after Giacomo’s flight. The master of Lombardy’s defection, it is suggested here, could hardly have come at a worse time, because it thwarted the strategy recently adopted by the pope in what had become a trial of strength with the king of France. This paper examines the meaning of this episode in the light of a general interpretation of the Templar affair.

Keywords: Templar Order - Trial of the Templars - Clement V - Philip the Fair of France

Bu Çalışmada; İslam’ın ilk ortaya çıktığı Yakın Doğu coğrafyasın da XIII. Yüzyıl’a gelindiğinde, Doğu’da; önünde hiçbir gücün duramadığı ve geçtiği her toprakta baş üstünde baş taş üstünde taş bırakmayan Moğolların adeta İslam’ı ilk ortaya çıktığı coğrafyaya hapsetmeye veya tamamen ortadan kaldırmaya yöneldikleri,  Batı’dan ise Moğolların Türk- İslam Dünyasında açtıkları derin yaraları iyice deşmek ve Moğollarla beraber hareket ederek Türk- İslam Sancaklarını tarihten silmek için Haçlıların Yakın Doğu’da boy gösterdikleri bir zamanda; Yakın Doğu’ya, Batıdan gelen Haçlılara ve Doğudan gelen Moğollara diz çöktürerek yere düşmüş Türk- İslam Sancaklarını tekrar burçlara diken ve Yakın Doğu’da Türk- İslam hâkimiyetini tekrar tesis eden Memlûklerin  mücadelesi anlatılmıştır.

Highly Commended in the British Records Association Janette Harley Prize 2018.

The pontificate of Honorius III (1216–27) ranks among the most important papal reigns of the thirteenth century: the pope organised two large-scale crusades to recover the Holy Land, the second of which recovered Jerusalem for the first time since 1187; he presided over a ‘golden summer’ of papal-imperial relations with the medieval stupor mundi, Frederick II, emperor of the Romans and king of Sicily; he developed an original theological conception of his office; and he laid the foundations for a centralised papal financial machine. Yet, despite his significant impact on early thirteenth-century Christendom, Honorius has often languished in the shadow of his famous predecessor, Innocent III – a balance that the present book redresses.

Grounded in extensive original research into the manuscripts of Honorius’s letter registers, this study develops a revisionist interpretation of how the curia marshalled the crusading movement to recover the Holy Land. Questioning the utility of the historiographical construct of ‘papal policy’, this book provides new insights into crusade diplomacy, papal theology, the roles of legates, and the effectiveness of crusade taxation. It also includes a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the papal chancery and its documents, which will be of particular use to students and those approaching the medieval papacy for the first time.

“Where is Tripoli? Where is Acre? Where are the churches of the Christians who used to be there? Where are the saints’ relics, the devout men and women praising the Lord as ‘morning stars’? Where is the multitude of Christian peoples that were there?” (Friar Riccoldo da Montecroce). Acre, an opulent Crusade capital, fell in 1291, thus marking the end of the Latin presence in the Holy Land. The West was shocked by the news, which extinguished any hope of re-conquering Jerusalem. The book describes the consequences of the Acre tragedy and the main reactions to it, up to the end of the century, including: the drawing up of strategic plans for fighting the Mamluks, the accusations levelled against maritime cities and military orders, the spread of prophecies regarding the end times, the spread of fake news (such as the liberation of the Holy Land by the Mongols), the defence of Cyprus and the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, the convening of history’s first Jubilee, the rise of the Turkish threat. The Crusades appeared to have entered their twilight era… but it was not yet a definitive nightfall.

A brief interview of all known commanderies and the men and women who served as Templars. Vol.2 includes the Iberian Peninsula, Germany, Poland, Armenia, Moravia, Turkey, Greece, Italy, Rhodes, Malta, Cyprus, Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Egypt.. Index includes more than 5,000 known Templars.

The paper was given at The Crusades and the Latin East in the Thirteenth Century Conference held at the University of Haifa, Israel, 29th January - 2nd February 2018.

The paper explored the challenges presented to Aimery de Lusignan, brother of the infamous Guy de Lusignan, in attempting to assert his power and authority in the kingdoms of Cyprus and Jerusalem 1195-1205. As the second Lusignan monarch to rule in the Latin East within a few short years of his brother's divisive and acrimonious reign, Aimery took steps to suitably separate himself and his kingship from that of Guy's This has knock on consequences long after Aimery's reign for the formation of the the kingdom of Cyprus and the development of the kingdom of Jerusalem well in the thirteenth century.