Jewellery Granulation

psychologist Abraham Maslow proposed that all people had a strong desire to realize their full potential and were motivated by a number needs, some of which took precedence over others. Maslow's needs are often represented in pyramid form and classified into five categories: Physiological, Safety, Love and Belonging, Esteem, and Self-Actualization. Maslow added a sixth dimension -Self-Transcendence -to the needs in his later years.

The Desana Treasure has been well known since its discovery, or rather, since it was purchased on the antiques market in 1938 by the ‘Museo Civico di Arte Antica’ in Turin. The composition of the Desana treasure shows that is was ‘collected’ over centuries. A ring with gemstone and a chain from the 2/3rd century are the oldest elements and objects from early 6th century the most recent. The latter give the date for the burial. Though, most objects are from the late 5th / early 6th century AD, that is from the reign of Theoderich the Great. The composition of the Desana treasure is interesting from another point of view as well. There are male and female dress adornments and silverware in the form of spoons. This new analysis of the Desana treasure allows a fresh view on this complex and offers insights into society in Ostrogothic Italy, especially into the relationship between old Latin landowners and Ostrogothic nobility. The detailed description and photographs of the 51 objects give valuable information regarding the goldsmith’s art, which is extremely important because of the lack in Italy of burials of the same value belonging to that period. So, this description is crucial for future research about goldsmith’s workshops in the late antique Mediterranean.

An exquisite gold belt buckle with dragon pattern was unearthed from the Han Period tomb 2003M76 in Yingchengzi Block, Dalian. Similar Han gold belt buckles with dragon pattern were found in Yanqi (Xinjiang), Shou County (Anhui) and Shiyanli (North Korea), nearly of the same form and of the same artistic style, which showed a combination of nomadic decoration art and local Han cultural factors. In order to figure out the material and the craftsmanship, scientific detection and analysis were carried out by using the three-dimension digital scanning system, SEM-EDS and Raman Spectroscopy. Based on the results, the gold belt buckle consists of at least eight procedures, including hammering, mould pressing, strip-twisted wire, filigree, granulation, autogenous welding, hole-punching and semi-precious stone inlaying. As for the main chemical elements, the content of gold is as high as over 90%, besides there is a small amount of silver. Raw materials with different

Granulation is an ancient decorative technique for metalwork. Granulated finds are most commonly made of precious metals such as gold and silver, while copper granulation is very rare, and it has even been claimed that it was not employed in antiquity. This paper presents a scientific analysis of granulated copper ornaments from a gilded coronet belonging to Lady Pei (d. 691 A.D.) that was uncovered from an early Tang Dynasty tomb in Xi’an, China. In addition to common methods such as X-ray radiography, metallographic investigation, and scanning electron microscope observation including energy dispersive spectroscopy to examine the microstructure and elemental composition, X-ray micro-computed tomography was used to investigate the internal microstructure of granulation for the first time. The results affirm that copper granulation technique was used to decorate the coronet. Notably, further study shows that the copper granules and wires were joined to the substrate with silver–copper alloy hard solder and arrives at an estimate of the alloy mixing ratio. These observations are used to infer the manufacturing process: copper granules of two sizes were first brazed to the wires and substrate, and then mercury was used to gild the whole ornament. This work provides new insights for the study of ancient granulation techniques, especially through the scientific study of the very rare examples of copper work.

The doctoral practice-based research project in the arts 'The Metamorphic Ornament: Re_Thinking Granulation' questions granulation, considered one of the most magical ornamental techniques in the history of goldsmithing, from an artistic point of view. Rather than the actual technique of granulation itself, which is the starting point and source of inspiration, the main content of research is the process of transformation, whereby techniques and concepts from one discipline, the art of goldsmithing are implemented in another discipline, sculptural silversmithing.

Since the moment of its conception granulation has been found in jewelry as a surface application and has rarely been used for structural purposes. From this knowledge the first point of departure emerged, which explores the possibilities of structural granulation in sculptural silverwork. From this perspective the granule - the original ornament - loses its primary, decorative function of pure visual pleasure and shifts into the essential building material of the object. Granulation becomes the texture, the structure as well as the architectural support of the work.

Alongside this rather technical inquiry, a second, more conceptual starting point arose in which the expressive potential of granulation was explored. In this context granulation evolves from a decorative or constructive technique into subject matter and concept, reaching beyond the technical applications of the process towards a more poetic dimension.

Parallel to these questions the whole research and artistic output was divided into two groups. The first group concentrated on objects that were really build up with granules and the second group on objects where the ‘world’ of granulation with its technical, formal and conceptual constructs is more used as an idea in the subject matter than it is actually present in the object itself.

The outcome of this research is twofold: one is an exhibition body of work resulting in 40 objects, and the second, a written doctoral thesis, developed in interaction with the artistic practice, wherein the intellectual, artistic and practical processes, imperative to the artistic work, were substantiated.

In the past few years a multi-disciplinary research project based in Athens and aiming at a step-by-step reconstruction of main and secondary Mycenaean goldworking techniques has been conducted by the authors. The material examined is held at the National Archaeological Museum, Athens, while the research team consists of archaeologists, conservators and chemists, the main role being held by an experienced craftsman, specialised in traditional goldworking techniques, ancient tools and tool traces on the jewellery itself.
Here, we present the experimental reconstruction of a 15th century BC granulated conical bead from the Mycenaean cemetery of Argos (Deiras). Based on microscopic observations and the results of analytical tests, the experiment helped us to identify the stages of production and to test various hypotheses concerning the moulds used for shaping the bead, the binders used to affix the granules on the metal surface and the tools used to make the suspension holes.

Thanks to the technical investigation of precious metals artifacts, the gold jewel is very finely
described into its structural parts. Object is now considered as an association of elements intentionally produced
which give new opportunities to analyze craftsmanship’s know-how. By examining a unique bead specifically
ornamented with filigree and granulation, the reconstruction of technical processes which were employed at
Tell Banat (Syria) is presented. Then, the study lead to a better understanding of the diffusion of gold working
knowledge through the Near East to the North-East Aegean during the second half of the 3 rd millennium B.C.

Grâce à l’expertise technique des artefacts en métaux précieux, le bijou en or est révélé dans la plus
grande précision jusqu’au coeur de sa structure. Ce souci de considérer l’objet comme un assemblage d’éléments
résultant de mécanismes opératoires volontairement définis, qui s’inscrivent dans un cadre socio-culturel
spécifique, offre de nouvelles perspectives d’analyse des savoir-faire artisanaux. En s’appuyant sur une pièce
unique caractérisée par une décoration filigranée et granulée, l’étude vise à reconstituer les procédés techniques
en usage à Tell Banat, en Syrie, et à aborder les phénomènes de diffusion des savoirs du travail de l’or du Proche-
Orient au Nord-Est égéen durant la seconde moitié du III e millénaire.

Granulation is an ancient decorative technique for metalwork. Granulated finds are most commonly made of precious metals such as gold and silver, while copper granulation is very rare, and it has even been claimed that it was not employed in antiquity. This paper presents a scientific analysis of granulated copper ornaments from a gilded coronet belonging to Lady Pei (d. 691 A.D.) that was uncovered from an early Tang Dynasty tomb in Xi’an, China. In addition to common methods such as X-ray radiography, metallographic investigation, and scanning electron microscope observation including energy dispersive spectroscopy to examine the microstructure and elemental composition, X-ray micro-computed tomography was used to investigate the internal microstructure of granulation for the first time. The results affirm that copper granulation technique was used to decorate the coronet. Notably, further study shows that the copper granules and wires were joined to the substrate with silver–copper alloy hard solder and arrives at an estimate of the alloy mixing ratio. These observations are used to infer the manufacturing process: copper granules of two sizes were first brazed to the wires and substrate, and then mercury was used to gild the whole ornament. This work provides new insights for the study of ancient granulation techniques, especially through the scientific study of the very rare examples of copper work.

Northern dynasties (386-581 CE) of China witnessed extensive cultural contacts with the outside world. Several gold objects of this period indicate multiple culture influences. However, very few of them were testified by metallurgic analysis. The gold jewellery including a finger ring and an earring with exotic features were uncovered from the joint elite Sogdian tomb of Shi Jun and his wife of the Northern Zhou dynasty (557-581 CE) in Xi'an. The current study applied multiple non-destructive analyses to investigate the decorative techniques and materials of the two objects. the results showed that both ornaments were made of refined gold. Autogenous welding and brazing were employed for joining the granules of the earring, indicating different technical choices. More interestingly, niello made of silver sulfide was identified as an innovative technology to decorate the finger ring, presenting the earliest evidence of niello inlay in ancient china. it is noteworthy that powders of silver and sulfur were applied separately, deferring from the traditional method of silver sulfide being synthesised prior to being used. These findings help us gain insights into understanding the technical features of early Medieval gold jewellery, as well as the goldsmith's methods and intentions.

This lengthy study is devoted to Giacinto Melillo, young manager of Castellani's workshop in Naples and later independent jeweller. Trained under Castellani, he became is most gifted pupil with Giuliano, and was celebrated by collectors such as Tyszkiewicz. He notably made a small series of jewels set with Roman intaglios - the majority of which chromian (green) chalcedonies; a which a group remains in the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore.