Isis

On distingue souvent entre histoire -mais, pourêtre plus précis, on devrait dire "historiographie" -et philosophie des mathématiques pour démarquer les frontières entre deux disciplines séparées. Je ne partage pas cette conception. On ne dispose que des théories mathématiques que les actes des hommes qui nous ont précédés ont su constituer. Il ne devrait pasêtre nécessaire de le souligner, mais il vaut mieux le faire, compte tenu des dégénérescences métaphysiques qui, au cours des siècles, ont accompagné le débat, dit "philosophique",à propos des mathématiques : ces actes et ces hommes furent des actes et des hommes particuliers ; ces hommes furent desêtres finis, ne possédant que les facultés que nous possédons, vivant et agissant dans des conditions déterminées. Leurs actes sont donc une histoire et l'étude de ces actes constitue une historiographie 3 . S'il reste un espace pour quelque chose d'autre dans notre effort de compréhension des mathématiques qu'on aurait quelques raisons de qualifier de "philosophie", il ne s'agit que de l'espace de l'élaboration des catégories interprétatives que nous employons au cours de cetteétude. Et cet espace n'est certainement pas celui d'une discipline séparée.

En este trabajo se abordará la figura de la diosa Isis desde diversas perspectivas. Primero, analizaremos su papel en Egipto, su lugar de procedencia, desde los tiempos Neolíticos hasta la conquista de Alejandro Magno, que da inicio al período helenístico. En esta época se producen cambios en la forma de entender a la diosa en Egipto, pero lo fundamental es que su culto se generaliza en Grecia, si bien ya había llegado allí siglos atrás. Esto da lugar a una asimilación sincrética de Isis a otras divinidades y también a la transformación de su culto en una religión mistérica. Isis acaba llegando al mundo romano, donde algunos emperadores intentarán erradicar su culto, mientras que otros, por el contrario, lo promoverán, hasta su definitiva desaparición en el siglo VI d.C. Una vez dado un repaso a su historia, analizaremos el mito más famoso de la diosa: el de Isis y Osiris, partiendo sobre todo de la versión que ofrece Plutarco. Por último trataremos de sintetizar las principales atribuciones de esta diosa: madre, trono y maga.

Palabras clave: Isis, diosa, Osiris, madre, culto

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Diviso tra Turchia, Siria, Iraq e Iran, il Kurdistan rappresenta probabilmente uno degli scenari geopolitici più caldi del Medio Oriente. È il territorio di un popolo, i curdi, che vanta più di trenta milioni di persone la più grande "nazione" senza Stato - e che si sta rivelando un attore cruciale della regione. Nelle recenti crisi mediorientali, infatti, il "fattore curdo" si è rivelato una costante fondamentale: dalle guerre in Iraq sotto Saddam Hussein alla lotta contro il cosiddetto Stato Islamico, dal ruolo nei delicati equilibri politici turchi al conflitto siriano. Senza dimenticare che il Kurdistan è una delle regioni più ricche di petrolio. Conoscere i curdi, distinguere le loro istanze autonomiste o indipendentiste, le priorità che ne guidano l'operato nei diversi contesti statali in cui si trovano a vivere, è quindi fondamentale per comprendere cosa stia avvenendo oggi. In questo volume si offre un primo approccio globale alla "questione curda" grazie all'apporto di studiosi internazionali e alla curatela dell'lSPl, uno dei più importanti istituti di ricerca europei.

The contribution of amateur scientists to the International Geophysical Year (IGY) was substantial, especially in the arena of spotting artificial satellites. This article examines how Fred L. Whipple and his colleagues recruited satellite spotters for Moonwatch, a program for amateur scientists initiated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) in 1956. At the same time, however, the administrators with responsibility for the IGY program closely monitored and managed-sometimes even contested-amateur participation. IGY programs like Moonwatch provided valuable scientific information and gave amateurs opportunities to contribute actively to the research of professional scientists. Moonwatch, which operated until 1975, eventually became the public face of a vast satellite-tracking network that expanded the SAO's global reach and helped further Whipple's professional goals. Understanding amateurs' interactions with the professional science community enables us better to understand the IGY as a phenomenon that enlisted broad participation and transcended traditional boundaries between professional and amateur scientists.

framework for theists who have at various times reconciled their theology with concepts such as the eternity of the universe and determinism. The dominant nineteenth-century paradigm of ether theory, for example, although thoroughly materialistic in one sense, was readily made compatible with various versions of cosmic design and religion.

On March 2014, in an Islamic-State-sponsored prisoner swap, Mohammed Haydar Zammar, the al-Qaeda operative jailed in Syria in 2001, was freed in exchange for Syrian army officers held by the IS.

News articles that covered the prisoner exchange did not bother to explain why the IS would go to such trouble to gain his release. However, analysts familiar with the history of Islamist movements knew why...

The present text focuses on discovering the concept of an armed actor in the XXI century, for the purpose it is direct to the characterization of, it that was not define by international treaties and that has elusively been developed by international jurisprudence in the courts international criminal. In this framework, a study of the history of the formation of the right to make war and crosscutting in international conferences, serves as an illuminating element of this initial approach, as is the concept of an armed actor. Finally, a review of three cases atypical to the contradictory cases such as the case of the Zetas in Mexico, the bacrim in Colombia, and the Islamic State on alert, with the application of the criteria of common criteria to establish whether a new form of armed actors can be found in the diversification of the armed structures of power.
Keywords: organized armed weapons of power r, International humanitarian law, Armed groups, Peace of Westfalia, International criminal law, Armed conflict.

Toute la famille de Photios, probablement de lointaine origine arménienne, eut à souffrir maintes persécutions sous le dernier empereur iconoclaste, Théophile 1 . C'est ce que confirme un passage de la lettre qu'il envoya en août ou en septembre 861 au pape Nicolas :

This has been my research paper of applying for PhD in photography in the University for the Creative Arts in England, but rejected in May 2018.

Based on an interdisciplinary methodology, this doctoral research aims to critically analyze and arguably understand the signification of propaganda in some artistic elements realized and used or abused by the artists and the Statesmen/women. Because the dissertation takes an interdisciplinary approach through library research, it relies on several disciplines and methodologies: art, journalism, political philosophy and science.                     
In order to limit in time and space for its academic purposes, the dissertation is relying on photography and image that the Federal Government of the United States of America and the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) are universally using in their propagandist agenda in the War on Terror and the establishment of a New Caliphate. In other words, it tries to know why and how these States are falsifying reality to either hide or justify their violence (particularly torture, rape, slavery, and genocide) through visual propaganda. It is also aware of the controversial concept of propaganda as art, since it would examine the debates among the artists, thinkers, and politicians regarding the use or abuse of art in public brainwashing whereby a governor is able to commit any State crime in the name of God, justice, liberty, or democracy.
Why does this research undertake to understand visual propaganda made by the US Government and the ISIS? First, both political institutions have enormous political, economic, social, scientific, and artistic power to manipulate public opinion nationally and internationally. They are both relying on ideological brainwashing, which means democracy and religion. Third, they have some artists, including image specialists, and scientists who help them in their conquest of the world. Finally, they are perfectly using carious mass communication tools, particularly the Internet or even new one in the future, to propagate some falsified information, images, and documents in war against each other.
The use of visual arts and the employment of artists by the States for a propagandist agenda are not obviously a new phenomenon. For instance, the Behistun Inscription constitutes a piece of propaganda establishing Darius’s right to rule. If visual propaganda has a long history of painting, sculpturing, and graphing as the existence of the State itself, the emergence and development of the Internet by the Third and Fourth Industrial Revolutions, particularly after the September 11 attacks, has given an unlimited dimension to propaganda in its both quantitative and qualitative aspects through the mass media like Google, Facebook, Twitter, and Telegram. Government photography has thus found a huge laboratory in a planetary dimension in which some photographers have embraced certain new and inestimable opportunities to mix their artistic aspiration with political and economic aspirations. This modern visual job requires that the governors and photographers work together to falsify reality in an artistic and political manner that we regard as propaganda. In this regard, all people around the world have ceaselessly become the target of propagandist images, since propaganda by photography needs no specific language, and images are easily propagating everywhere without any geographical limitation, thanks to the digital power of the State as, for example, disclosed by Snowden.     
Those symbiotic relationships between governance and art, which we can call “political photography”, would cause many questions to which the dissertation tries to reply, such as what is the demarcation line between governance and art? Does the State, i.e. the US Government and the ISIS in our case, need the photographers to manipulate public opinion in its crime against existence? If the answer is positive, how does it use them? Should be any separation between photography and governance? What is the responsibility of photographers in governance in its propagandist agenda? Should the society consider any complicity of artists in State crime realized or facilitated by photographic propaganda? Does the civil society have any power to limit or to destroy visual propaganda?
There are some original aspects in this research project. Firstly, if American propaganda is well documented, especially after the Second World War, it has currently obtained new aspects after 9/11 whereby the USA has been attacked for first time in its own territory. Secondly, the ISIS is nearly a new terrorist organization with universal power of recruiting and using the jihadists of terror and massacre around the world through some sophisticated images invoking Islam. Indeed, despite its limited history, the ISIS has proved that it can use visual media very effectively for its propaganda and theatrical violence. Finally, it seems that the physical death of the US Government and the ISIS cannot unfortunately result in the disappearance of their visual propaganda, because – as, for example, Neo-Nazism has already shown – the visual elements of their propaganda help their ideologies to come into existence again or to renew in different models. In other words, their images have already made them somehow eternal. In this sense, my previous doctoral research on State crime and violence would be helpful, since my second PhD thesis focused on why and how the States struggled to keep their powers through some sophisticated violent and non-violent tools including brainwashing and propaganda made by some intellectuals.                       
           
Keywords: State, Propaganda, Visual Propaganda, Political Photography, USA, ISIS, Art, Photography, Visual Terror, Hollywood Visual Style

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Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL), also known as Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), or “Islamic States” (henceforth Daesh) is officially one of the most important and complex threats for the modern world, especially after June of 2014. In this essay we will try to understand what kind of ties lie between Daesh and Georgian small region - Pankisi valley. Also we have to look at government policy towards the dramatically risen threat from ISIS and its Chechen fighters.

as machines for speeding, 31, 99, 213, 214, 241, 247, 260, 304n196 as necessities, 220, 232, 265n24, 363n71 as obstructions to streetcars, 158 physical power of, over pedestrians, 4, 72, 78, 79, 222-224, 224, 259 as "pleasure cars," 12, 30, 220, 232, 265n24, 363n69 sales of. See Saturation as spatially ineffi cient, 11, 16, 48, 124, 139, 156, 162, 167, 174, 196, 204, 214, 324n62 as tyrants, 66, 68, 72 used, 89, 153, 156 as usurpers of pedestrians' rights to the street, 66-72, 85, 223, 259 Automotive city,

The current situation in philosophy of science generally, and in philosophy of biology in particular, is most unsatisfactory. There are at least three general problems that many philosophers thought themselves near to solving twenty years ago, only to find that the anticipated solutions have come unglued. These are (1) the problem of characterizing and understanding the dynamics of conceptual change in science; (2) he problem of understanding the interrelationships among theories including particularly the reduction of one theory to another); and (3) he problem of scientific realism (i.e., the problem of how seriously to take the claims of theoretical science or, at least, of some theoretical scientists, to be describing the world literally--in terms of such theoretical entities as genes and protons, DNA molecules, and quarks). This general situation has significant effects on the philosophical study of particular sciences. In philosophy of biology, for example, although one finds a large number of elegant studies of particular topics, the sad fact is that there is no generally satisfactory large-scale synthesis n sight. We have no agreed-on foundation, no generally acceptable starting point from which to delimit and resolve the full range of theoretical problems of interest to scientists and philosophers regarding biology.

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马来西亚的穆斯林一直深受中东伊斯兰思潮及政治局势的影响，在内外因素交织的作用下，“伊斯兰国”（ISIS）兴起后，其影响在马来西亚迅速蔓延。本文以马来西亚第一起恐怖袭击事件“蒲种恐袭”为切入点，通过分析ISIS在马来西亚扩张的原因及特点，指出马来西亚本土组织激进化并与境外极端组织串联和马来西亚国内伊斯兰思潮右倾是极端思想扩散的温床，“伊斯兰国”招募方式和宣传语言的改变使其在马来西亚的影响进一步扩大。本文亦探讨了马来西亚政府为遏制“伊斯兰国”影响所采取的应对措施与恐怖主义在马来西亚的发展趋势。

Islamic State (ISIS) mounted their first successful terrorist attack in Malaysia on 27 June 2016, with a blast at a nightspot in Puchong leaving eight people injured. ISIS threats are growing in Southeast Asia. This article demonstrates the reasons for the rise of ISIS in Malaysia: the politicization of Islam by the state and ISIS’ revised propaganda strategy by incorporating local elements such as the use of Malay language to appeal to Malaysians. The approaches taken by the Malaysian government in tackling the ISIS threats in Malaysia would also be elaborated.

Con  la  proclamazione  del  cosiddetto  Califfato  di  Abu  Bakr  al-Baghdadi  il  29 giugno  2014  è  tornato  in  auge  un  tema  dal  forte  impatto  propagandistico  per l’ecumene  islamica  che  sembrava  essere  stato  accantonato  dopo  il  collasso dell’Impero  ottomano.  Questo  contributo  illustra  le  radici  del  Califfato  storico prima  arabo  poi  ottomano  mettendo  in  risalto  le  contraddizioni  insiste  nelle pretese di Daesh rispetto alla stessa dottrina islamica sunnita relativa al titolo e alla funzione di Califfo.

In this modern era, the representation of Islam and terrorism in Western media has been a contentious topic of multiple implications. This project entails a comprehensive analysis of the impact that the news media has had on the portrayal of Muslims and Islam. The goal is to offer a more-inclusive insight into the media coverage of jihad which led to the hijacking of the notion of jihad by Western mainstream media as well as a seemingly unfair representation of an entire nation. I will attempt to offer a rather detailed account on the terms “Islamist” and “jihad” as per their usage by the mainstream media. Furthermore, it will scrutinise the role of the media as a platform for neo-jihadis. This paper will endeavour to answer the following question: Firstly, has the concept of Jihad and the religion of Islam been overtaken by the Western media? Secondly, is the representation of Muslims in the mainstream Western media within an Islamophobic context? And finally, to what extent have the media policies and issues of censorship impacted the portrayal of Muslims and Islam in the media? Along with attempting to present a contextually informed answer to this question, this research will further touch upon the Impact of Orientalism on Islam and shed light on the guidelines and policies followed by media corporations with regards to conveying acts of terrorism.

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Terrorism, using the social media, has become one of the most concerning
issues across the world. There is interplay between home-grown terrorist
groups and international terrorist organisations which is playing the central
role in accelerating the situations. Terrorist organisations are using social
media platforms for recruiting, training and communicating with their followers,
supporters, donors, as it is cheaper, easier, faster and effective method of
communication. The members of the terrorist organisations are spreading
their ideological thoughts, propaganda and their activities, not only to South
Asia but also to the world, using social media platforms. Through qualitative
analysing, this article will find out how terrorist groups are using social media
platforms, especially in South Asia, threatening the peace and security of the
countries. While discussing the present conditions of the South Asian countries,
this article emphasises on Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. This article will also
explain some policy recommendations that can be very useful for the fight
against terrorism in the social media platforms.

Książka skierowana jest do Czytelnika, który chce zrozumieć fenomen Państwa Islamskiego, ale chce otrzymać wiedzę usystematyzowaną, naukową, pozbawioną medialnego szumu.

Autorzy przedstawiają genezę ISIS, zarówno w aspekcie historycznym, jak i ideologicznym, pokazując przyczyny ruchów ekstremistycznych odwołujących się do fundamentalizmu islamskiego. Czytelnik pozna struktury ISIS, sposoby finansowania, werbunku i wpływ środowiska międzynarodowego na organizację i jej na stosunki międzynarodowe, nie tylko w wymiarze lokalnym.

Istotnym walorem książki jest bardzo liczne wykorzystanie źródeł rosyjskich. Pojawia się też wiele wątków wskazujących na powiązania i problemy Federacji Rosyjskiej w kontekście powstania i działalności ISIS.

Loretta NAPOLEONI, ISIS. Califatul terorii, traducere de Sorin Şerb, Editura Corint, Bucureşti, 2015, 160 pp. Volumul de faţă, ISIS. Califatul terorii, reprezintă traducerea din limba engleză a lucrării publicate sub titlul The Islamist Phoenix: The Islamic State and the Redrawing of the Middle East (Seven Stories Press, New York, 2014). Considerăm important studiul Lorettei Napoleoni deoarece, prin intermediul acestuia, vom dobândi o privire amplă asupra naturii şi obiectivelor Statului Islamic, reuşind să înţelegem modul în care terorismul de după momentul 11 septembrie 2001 a căpătat o amploare atât de sporită, încât a intrat în domeniul construcţiei naţionale, într-o lume aflată în continuă schimbare, iar propaganda şi tehnologia joacă un rol determinant. Lucrarea este structurată în opt capitole, după cum urmează. În primul capitol, De la al-Zarqawi la al-Baghdadi, Loretta Napoleoni analizează ascensiunea Statului Islamic în Orientul Mijlociu, considerând că Occidentul trebuie să fie extrem de atent cu această organizaţie teroristă. În accepţiunea sa, o eventuală reuşită în demersul construcţiei naţionale propuse de Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, liderul grupării, ar putea să împlinească ţelul suprem al terorismului, acela de creare a unui stat, pe fondul rămăşiţelor din statele existente, printr-un război tradiţional de cucerire bazat pe tactici teroriste. Pentru a explica modul în care s-a ajuns în situaţia actuală, autoarea încearcă să stabilească momentele definitorii care au dus la propulsarea liderilor Statului Islamic. În acest sens, ea consideră că războiul din Irak şi războiul civil din Siria au produs o reaprindere a străvechiului şi sângerosului conflict dintre şiiţi şi sunniţi, care a fost folosit drept fundament pentru proclamarea renaşterii Califatului. Totodată, în cadrul acestui capitol este discutată ascensiunea lui al-Baghdadi şi relaţia cu predecesorul său, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. Prin acţiuni teroriste (între care cucerirea centurii Bagdadului reprezintă cheia de boltă a măririi influenţei mişcării Statului Islamic sub conducerea lui al-Zarqawi), prin stricteţea ordinelor date, precum şi printr-un abil mesaj propagandistic, al-Baghdadi a reuşit să devină liderul incontestabil al ISIS. Capitolul al doilea, Repetiţii pentru Califat, aduce în discuţie demersurile întreprinse de al-Baghdadi pentru întemeierea unui nou stat. În acest sens, autoarea precizează că liderul Statului Islamic a dovedit o abilitate extraordinară prin capacitatea sa de a atrage uriaşe

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Although he died in obscurity, the Belgian museum conservator Aimé Rutot (1847-1933) was one of the most famous European archaeologists between 1900 and 1920. The focus of his scientific interest was stone flints, which he claimed to be the oldest known human tools, so-called eoliths. Skeptics maintained that the flints showed no marks of human workmanship, but Rutot nevertheless managed to spread his "Eolithic theory" in an important part of the scientific community. This essay demonstrates how material objects--series of stone flints and sets of statues that purported to reconstruct prehistoric "races"--were given scientific meaning by Rutot. Rutot diffused his ideas by disseminating his stones and statues, thus enlarging his networks of influence. For a time he managed to be at the material center of a trade network as well as at the intellectual center of archaeological debate. The essay shows how Rutot achieved this status and how he eventually fell from favor among serious scientists.