IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering

A flat plate is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete columns without the use of beams, column flares or drop panels. Flat plate system has been adopted in many buildings constructed recently taking advantage of the reduced floor height to meet the economical and architectural demands. However, In Multistoried structures the flat plate floor system has week resistance to lateral loads like wind and earthquake hence this paper is concerned to increase lateral stiffness of flat plate structure and to minimize the displacement of the structure under lateral loading. This paper is also concerned about column axial load and to review our structure with special features like shear walls & diagonal bracing. In present work, a 15 storied flat plate garments building have been modeled using software package "STAAD Pro" for earthquake zone II in Bangladesh .This model is considered in most vulnerable situation where we took wind speed as 260 kmph and Earthquake load has been taken as per Bangladesh National Building Code(BNBC)

The need for TVE is increasing as a result of so many factors: technological advancement, globalization process, knowledge economy, changes in modes of production in the work place, growing economic openness and competitiveness. TVE is very vital to the sustenance of technological development of every nation in the present 21 st century. For Nigeria to become developed greater emphasis must be placed on technology education in order to improve on its quality for sustainable national development. This paper discussed extensively on quality assuranceon TVE for sustainable national development in the 21 st century. The paper highlights on the concept of TVE and discusses on the status of TVE in Nigeria. Issues on sustainable development and rationale for enhancing the quality of TVE in Nigeria in the 21 st century were explained. Conclusions were drawn and recommendations made amongst which are that: Government should introduce sustainable financing scheme for TVE and increase the percentage of total expenditure on education to TVE and also grant financial aids to trainees who are interested in pursuing TVE programs at whatever level and also the involvement of major Nigerian stakeholders in the provision of workshop tools, equipment and other infrastructural facilities for TVE graduates skills acquisition for sustainable national development.

In this paper, we propose a method to calculate the correlation coefficient of generalized intuitionistic fuzzy sets by means of "centroid". The value which obtained from this method tell us the strength of relationship between the generalized intuitionistic fuzzy sets [11] and the whether the generalized intuitionistic fuzzy sets are positively or negatively related. This method looks better than previous methods which only evaluated the strength of relation. Furthermore, we extended the "centroid" method to interval-valued generalized intuitionistic fuzzy sets. The value of the correlation coefficient between interval-valued generalized intuitionistic fuzzy sets lies in the interval [-1, 1], as computed from our formula.

Failure of chain links of a bucket elevator is inevitable. For this reason, analysis of failure is very crucial to the continuous improvement on the chain links which as a result will minimize down-time therefore increasing productivity. Whenever the chain link of the bucket elevator fail, it takes the technicians a minimum of three days depending on the severity of damage. This results in increased down-time which reduces production time coupled with damaged buckets and links which increases maintenance cost. The objective of this research was to analysis the cause of failure of the chain link of a bucket elevator by carrying out visual examination, chemical analysis and metallurgical analysis on failed chain link samples. Preliminary examination using stereo microscope revealed the type of fracture is a brittle fracture and chevron marks showed that the fracture began from the core of the fractured surface and progressed through the material until eventual fracture occurred. Metallurgical analysis revealed that the micro-structure is a tempered martensite and the material had a lot of cracks embedded within it which propagated during loading. Chemical analysis revealed that the carbon content was below the required standards and therefore does not meet the requirements. It was concluded that the crack had initiated from an inclusion and therefore was the cause of failure.

The main objective of this study is to help the project managers for making better informed decisions in the form of corrective and/or preventive actions through developing a probabilistic time forecasting model, which is generated on the basis of the beta distribution as a curve fitting technique, and to provide a better basis for the schedule performance control and for the risk management of ongoing projects. Four projects has been generated and used to validate the time prediction generated from the all models through the different periods of actual completion. The beta forecasting model (BFM) has been programmed in a graphical user interface (GUI) for Matlab (R2009a) and it can be implemented on all types of projects. A comparative study reveals that the BFM provides much more accurate forecasts than those are generated from the conventional methods, forecasts the completion dates on the basis of analyzing the summary of project-level data, and has accurate forecasts as the critical path method (CPM) does.

Scheduling problem for repetitive construction projects involves three conflicting objectives. These objectives are project duration, project total cost, and project total interruption time. This paper presents a multi-objective fuzzy linear programming model (FLP) for resolving this problem. Literature concerned with scheduling problems for repetitive construction projects was reviewed. Multi-objective fuzzy linear programming was then explained. The proposed model formulation was then presented.

Abstract: The principal objective of this paper is to demonstrate the capability of graphene in making energy efficient solar panels inexpensively. Comparing to silicon solar cells , graphene solar cells are more efficient and provides double the power output in less time. Checking out the difference for the selection of elements between silicon and graphene, graphene leads with respect to properties like electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, material strength and flexibility. The main difference is its inexpensiveness. Where there is increase in population and insufficient power production in villages ,small scale industries ,graphene solar panels will be installed to gain additional power without any problem .Researchers and industrialists quote graphene as the nearby future for power supply. Keywords:conductivity,electrical,flexibility,graphene,inexpensiveness,panels,strength,thermal,solar,silicon cell

The need for TVE is increasing as a result of so many factors: technological advancement, globalization process, knowledge economy, changes in modes of production in the work place, growing economic openness and competitiveness. TVE is very vital to the sustenance of technological development of every nation in the present 21 st century. For Nigeria to become developed greater emphasis must be placed on technology education in order to improve on its quality for sustainable national development. This paper discussed extensively on quality assuranceon TVE for sustainable national development in the 21 st century. The paper highlights on the concept of TVE and discusses on the status of TVE in Nigeria. Issues on sustainable development and rationale for enhancing the quality of TVE in Nigeria in the 21 st century were explained. Conclusions were drawn and recommendations made amongst which are that: Government should introduce sustainable financing scheme for TVE and increase the percentage of total expenditure on education to TVE and also grant financial aids to trainees who are interested in pursuing TVE programs at whatever level and also the involvement of major Nigerian stakeholders in the provision of workshop tools, equipment and other infrastructural facilities for TVE graduates skills acquisition for sustainable national development.

Abstract: Split type header is a part of tube bundle of an Air-cooled heat exchanger, used in refinery and oil & gas production. Typically, header can be considered as a pressure vessel subjected to uniform internal pressure. Hence the header and nozzle in various design and operating conditions needs to be checked and verified for soundness of participating components. Top plate due to uniform internal pressure in the nozzle & header plate can produce high-localized stress and deformation. If the components are not designed for these conditions, safety of the equipment is at stake. Hence check for the stress and displacement of the header during operating condition is carried out using finite element analysis software and observed that header nozzle is free from collapse and serviceability failure.

Khalashpir coal field is the 3 rd largest coal field in Bangladesh, where coal occurs at depths of 257m to 483m below the surface. Considering the Geological, Geo-environment and other related geoengineering information, underground mining have been selected there to extract the deposit. In this paper, our concern is about shaft sinking method for underground mining. Depths of the coal seams reveal the necessity of a vertical shaft underground which again needs deep excavation. The problem arises with the excavation because of nearly 138m thick Dupitila Sandstone Formation just 6m below the surface in the area. It is loose, water bearing, containing dominantly porous and permeable sandstone and experiences massive water flow. So, the major concern is that any excavation through this will readily collapse and suffer massive water inrush. This will totally disturb the whole mining work progression and cause economic loss as well. By analyzing the ground condition of the Khalashpir cola field, artificial ground freezing has been identified most appropriate as shaft sinking method to control the ground water and to stabilize the loose soil during excavation. Lawfulness of the method and reason of neglecting other two common shaft sinking methods has been pointed out in this paper.

Abstract: Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is complex refuse consisting of various materials with different properties. Some of the components are stable while others degrade as a result of biological and chemical processes. Leachate resulting from this is hazardous pollutant to the soil and ground water underlying. Leaching of this leachate and heavy metals into the soil leads to the contamination of both soil and groundwater. Municipal solid waste disposal on land has become one of the challenges in landfill engineering design. The stability of landfill is governed by the strength parameters and physical properties of MSW. For the analysis of MSW, geotechnical properties of the MSW play an important role in designing of the landfill and slope stability issues. In this paper results of laboratory investigation of the geotechnical properties of MSW are presented. Waste samples collected were subjected to specific gravity, moisture content, particle size analysis, compaction, permeability, consolidation and direct shear tests. The influence of these properties on the stability of the landfill and other issues of MSW in the designing of landfill are discussed. Keywords: Geotechnical properties, Leachate, Municipal Solid waste (MSW), Physical characterization, Stability.

The world's energy markets rely heavily on the fossil fuels coal, petroleum crude oil, and natural gas as sources of thermal energy; gaseous, liquid, and solid fuels; and chemicals. Since millions of years are required to form fossil fuels in the earth, their reserves are finite and subject to depletion as they are consumed. The only natural, renewable carbon resource known that is large enough to be used as a substitute for fossil fuels is biomass. This article gives an overview of the state-of-the-art of key biomass conversion technologies currently deployed and technologies that may play a key role in the future, including possible linkage to CO 2 capture and sequestration technology (CCS). In doing so, special attention is paid to production of biofuels for the transport sector, because this is likely to become the key emerging market for large-scale sustainable biomass use. A range from 200 to 300 EJ may be observed looking well into this century, making biomass a more important energy supply option than mineral oil today. A key issue for bio-energy is that its use should be modernized to fit into a sustainable development path. Especially promising are the production of electricity via advanced conversion concepts (i.e. gasification and state-of-the-art combustion and co-firing) and modern biomass derived fuels like methanol, hydrogen and ethanol from ligno-cellulosic biomass, which can reach competitive cost levels within 1-2 decades (partly depending on price developments with petroleum). The gasification route offers special possibilities to combine this with low cost CO 2 capture (and storage), resulting in concepts that are both flexible with respect to primary fuel input as well as product mix and with the possibility of achieving zero or even negative carbon emissions. Further biomass market development, consistent policy support, RD&D efforts and international collaboration are essential to achieve this.

In this paper site, investigation was carried out to reveal the site subsurface condition, determine bearing strength, predict settlement and recommend foundation for a 20,000us gallons elevated Braithwaite water tank. Method involved the boring of 3geotechnical boreholes to a depth of 10m, sampling and laboratory analysis.Results indicatethat very soft, organic sensitive to extra-sensitive, highly collapsible, high compressibility overconsolidated clays underlie to a depth of 8m. The moisture content of these clays varies from 120.15 – 128.0%, wet unit weight from 13.99 – 18.63KN/m 3 , and specific gravity of 2.35 2.56. Liquid limit ranges from 66.9 – 67.1%, plastic limit from 29 – 31%, plasticity index from 36.1 – 37.9% on the basis of which they classify as ilmenites. Their linear shrinkage ranges from 10 – 13.1%, collapse potential from 0.161 – 0.234 with allowable bearing capacity of 113.22KN/m 2 and total settlement of 166.14cm, raft foundation with pre-treatment of foundation...

The automobile engine connecting rod is a high volume production critical component. Every vehicle that uses an internal combustion engine requires at least one connecting rod .From the viewpoint of functionality, connecting rods must have the highest possible rigidity at the lowest weight. The major stress induced in the connecting rod is a combination of axial and bending stresses in operation. The axial stresses are produced due to cylinder gas pressure (compressive only) and the inertia force arising in account of reciprocating action (both tensile as well as compressive), where as bending stresses are caused due to the centrifugal effects. The result of which is, the maximum stresses are developed at the fillet section of the big and the small end.Hence, the paper deals with the stress analysis of connecting rod by Finite Element Method using Pro/E Wildfire 4.0 and ANSYS WORKBENCH 11.0 software. The comparison and verification of the results obtained in FEA is done experimental...

Abstract: The behaviour of G+11 multi story building of regular and irregular configuration under earth quake is complex and it varies of wind loads are assumed to act simultaneously with earth quake loads. In this paper a residential of G+11 multi story building is studied for earth quake and wind load using ETABS and STAAS PRO V8i .Assuming that material property is linear static and dynamic analysis are performed. These analysis are carried out by considering different seismic zones and for each zone the behaviour is assessed by taking three different types of soils namely Hard , Medium and Soft .Different response like story drift, displacements base shear are plotted for different zones and different types of soils. Keywords: Regular and irregular configuration, static & dynamic analysis

Abstract: In this paper, the response of a beam on elastic foundation under static and dynamic loads is studied.
The foundation model is based on Winkler hypothesis. Various methods are described for treating the analysis
of beams on elastic foundation subjected to point load in transverse direction. An example problem is solved
using finite element package ANSYS.
Keywords: Beam on Winkler foundation, dynamic analysis, moving loads, fem formulation

In this paper, a numerical simulation and analysis of supersonic flow over a flat plate using FLUENT packages as well as an in-house solver is presented. In the ANSYS FLUENT platform, Liou and Steffen's Advection Upstream Splitting Method (AUSM) is used for computing the inviscid fluxes. The in-house solver computes the inviscid fluxes by using the AUSM as well as van Leer's Flux Vector Splitting (FVS) schemes. Steady state solutions of the two dimensional Navier-Stokes equations neglecting body forces are obtained by first order Euler explicit time-marching technique. The inviscid fluxes in both ANSYS Fluent as well as the in-house solver are computed by using a first order discretization scheme. The gradient terms in the viscous fluxes are computed by Green's theorem. Normalized temperature, velocity, entropy generation and Mach number are calculated at the trailing edge of the flat plate for constant wall and adiabatic wall temperature case respectively. The results obtained by ANSYS Fluent and the in-house solver for both the wall conditions are found to be in good agreement.

According to the ACI building code, the concrete slab can be divided into two types depending on the ratio of the long side to the short side. Regarding the results of the ratio, the concrete slab can be divided as one-way and two-way slabs. The main objective of this paper is to study the stress or moments distribution in solid slab panel in its two directions and compare with ACI code assumption that the load is transferred mainly in short direction and most of the load is transferred in one direction only if the ratio of the longer span to the shorter span is greater than one. This will be discussed by analyzing one panel of solid slab using the computer software SAP2000. Two types of panels will be used; the first one a panel that is supported simply on its four sides and the second panel is supported only by four pin supports and beams. This paper shows that the gravity load on the slab is transferred to long and short direction. This means that one-way concrete solid slab doesn't exist and all concrete solid slabs work as a two-way concrete slab.

Abstract: In the construction of highway embankments, earth dams and many other engineering structures. It is recommended that three contractors must achieve a compacted field dry unit of 90%-95% of the maximum dry density. The values are often affected by varying percentages of large aggregate which consultants and contractors do not usually put into consideration. In this research work three methods of handling rock sized aggregates which include compacting the whole sample (method 1) compacting only samples passing through sieve No. 4 (4.75 mm) and (method 2) using rock correction equation. It is discovered that correction methods (methods 2 & 3) are consistent when percentage passing through sieve No. 4 is greater than 30. It is recommended that the average values of the correction methods be used rather than depending on only one correction method. Keywords: compaction, rock sized-aggregates, rock correction

Abstract: The Engine cylinder is one of the major automobile components, which is subjected to high
temperature variations and thermal stresses. In order to cool the cylinder, fins are provided on the surface of the
cylinderto increase the rate of heat transfer. By doing thermal analysis on the engine cylinder fins, it is helpful to
know the heat dissipation inside the cylinder. We know that, by increasing the surface area we can increase the
heat dissipation rate, so designing such a large complex engine is very difficult. The main aim of the present
paper is to analyze the thermal properties by varying geometry, material and thickness of cylinder fins using
ansys work bench. Transient thermal analysis determines temperatures and other thermal quantities that vary
over time. The variation of temperature distribution over time is of interest in many applications such as in
cooling. The accurate thermal simulation could permit critical design parameters to be identified for improved
life. Presently Material used for manufacturing cylinder fin body is Aluminum Alloy A204 which has thermal
conductivity of 110-150W/mk. Presently analysis is carried out for cylinder fins using this material and also
using Aluminum alloy 6061 which have higher thermal conductivities.
Key words: Dissipation, Thermal conductivity, Transient.

Abstract: Recent growth in India for construction of large span roof steel structure using shop fabricated steel sheet built-up members are facing challages in trasportation and erection from shop to site. Lattice frame construction using rolled section for larger span can be batter solution if feasible to construct on site with restrcited dimensions and lighter weight. Using systematic analysis of various altenatives of large span roof a solution to adopt most economical profile is presentrd in this paper work using software based analysis results. Keywords: Pre Engineering Building( PEB), Lattice Portal frame(LPF),Wind Load(WL), Dead Load(DL), Live Load(LL),Reinforced Cement Concrete(RCC), Beuraw of Indian Standard(BIS)

Abstract: Energy saving and efficiency are the key issues in power generation system not only from the view point of fuel consumption, but also for the protection of global environment. Flue gas ducts are the major parts of oil-fired power plant, which are used to exhaust flue gases from boiler. This paper presents an approach for the economiser duct design. CFD analysis is used to compare the new economiser duct design with traditional strategies. The most economical solution of this problem seems to distribute gas flow uniformly at inlet of economiser by using vanes. So that effective heat transfer can be obtained .In the present work commercial software ANASYS is used for the 3D simulation using its inbuilt K-ε Reliable model. Keywords: Economizer, Economizer duct, vanes, k-ε Reliable model

This research work deals with the implication of modern retailing at not only in Dhaka, Bangladesh but also the whole district in Bangladesh with main objectives to find out technological activity, impact on modern welfare. HVAC is the most important side of Bangladesh. It is not only in Bangladesh but also the whole world.

Abstract: At present, it is highly required from the automobile sector to develop clean technologies with lower fuel consumption for ambient air quality improvement, green house gas reduction and energy security. Furthermore, due to continuously stringent emission legislation and the fast depletion of the primary energy resources, the development of new highly efficient and environment friendly combustion systems becomes of paramount importance and hence research need to be done in this area. One such combustion system is Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) technology, which has the potential to reduce oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) simultaneously maintaining the thermal efficiency at par with that of conventional diesel engine combustion. However, some issues such as combustion phasing control, controlled auto-ignition, operating range, homogeneous charge preparation, cold start, pressure rise rate and noise and emissions of unburned hydro carbon (UHC), and carbon monoxide (CO) need to be solved for successful operation and therefore commercial application of HCCI engine. Other similar combustion concepts, which can be considered as the extension of HCCI, are Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) and Stratified Charge Compression Ignition (SCCI). This paper reviews all the three advanced combustion concepts along with their merits and demerits. Keywords: HCCI, LTC, NOx, PM, SCCI

Abstract: High toughness and good oxidation resistance is achieved by using austenitic stainless steels at temperatures that range from cryogenic temperatures, to elevated temperatures. The embrittlement phenomenon in 304L and 316L austenitic stainless steel welds exposed to high temperature is accelerated by the existence of delta ferrite which further transforms to intermetallic phases. Cracks can also occur in various regions of the weld with different orientations, in the underlying weld metal or adjacent HAZ due, to low-melting liquid phases, which allow boundaries to separate under the thermal and shrinkage stresses during weld solidification and cooling. Specific alloy composition and alloying additions can also have a major effect on weldability, mechanical properties and the as microstructure of weldment. Competing factors add to the complexity of the phenomenon, but must be examined in order to learn how to limit detrimental effect. The review concentrates on effect of various embrittlement mechanisms on nuclear materials (304L & 316L austenitic stainless steel) to provide an initial source of information for materials selection by designers and operators and for failure analysis. Keywords: Austenite, Embrittlement, Fatigue, Ferrite, Sigma phase, Stress corrosion cracking, Thermal Aging,

Abstract: Structural Cracks are a common occurrence in all types of buildings. To ensure the longevity of the structure, engineers are often required to look into their causes and carry out suitable repairs and remedial measures. For repairs and remedies to be effective, it is essential that the engineer should have a proper understanding of various causes of occurrence of cracks. For investigating the causes it is necessary to observe carefully the location, shape, size, depth, behavior and other characteristics of the cracks, and to collect information about specifications of the job and time of construction. It is also necessary for the engineer to keep track of when the cracks first came to notice. This paper talks about how visual inspection of cracks can be helpful in order to identify and categorize them with respect to various parameters by taking case study of an institutional building. Keywords : Cracks, Shrinkage, Structural Failure, Stresses, Grouting

Abstract: This paper deals with development of inventory management system for a manufacturing Industry. The developed software System is easy to use, less time consuming & all detail about the inventory items & transaction status. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software presents a frame work for organizations to better utilize their processes. The report is about windows based application. The Front-end is developed using Visual Basic. A visual programming environment provides all features that are required to develop graphical user interface as ready to use components. The programmer does not have to write code to create and display commonly required user-friendly features each time around. The Backend used is SQL server database that ensures total security and no data loss or corruption. The database management systems are warehouses of information, where large amount of data can be stored. The Reports are developed using Crystal Report. Crystal Reports is the standard reporting tool for Visual Studio .NET. It brings the ability to create interactive, presentation-quality content; to the .NET platform. Crystal report is an integral part of the Visual Studio .NET environment. The main idea of this paper is to handle the all details of inventory management system. In this software package has been developed to smoothen the processing of item transaction in inventory such as item receive, item issue & report generation such as stock statement, issue register & receive register etc. This Software will help in automating all the process like receiving and issuing application in inventory. Key Words: ERP, Inventory management, Front-end Database SQL, Back end- Visual basic

Abstract:Machining of thin-walled (aluminium alloy) aerospace structures is a critical process due to the high warpage. Current practices in the fixture design and the choice of cutting parameters rely solely on conservative guidelines and the designer’s experience. This paper presents evaluation of clamping force to fix the work piecein aVacuum fixture using Vacuum pump. The ISCARonline calculator is used to evaluate tangential and axial cutting force for a milling cutter. The component is practically subjected to forces (Axial &Tangential), are analysed and the optimum amount of clamping force necessary to hold the component for proper machining is calculated, using mathematical equations and shop formulas, which is then compared to finite element (FE) predictionsunder static analysis and Modal analysis at different modes, arriving at experimental and practical results, and at that particular time, how the cutting forces are acted is observed. Fixtures are designed in CATIA V5. Key words: Clamping Force, Fixture Layout, H FRAME and Modal analysis.

This article presents a quality improvement study applied at a yarn manufacturing company based on six sigma methodologies. More specifically, the DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control) project management-methodology & various tools are utilized to streamline processes & enhance productivity. Defects rate of textile product in the yarn manufacturing process is so important in industry point of view. It plays a very important rate for the improvement of yield & financial conditions of any company. Actually defects rate causes a direct effect on the profit margin of the product & decrease the quality cost during the manufacturing of the product. By checking & inspection of defects of product at different point in production where more defects are likely to happen. A thousand defects opportunities create in the final package of yarn. That's why it is decided to do work & implement DMAIC methodology in winding departments where the final package of yarn is make.

Abstract: Nowadays, metal matrix composite is more acceptable because they are suitable for applications requiring combined strength and thermal conductivity, damping properties,and lower density. The properties of MMCs enhance their usage in automotive and many applications. In the field of automobile, MMCs are used for pistons, brake drum, cylinder block because of better corrosion resistance and wear resistance. Fly ash is used as the reinforcement to produce the composite by stir casting. Fly ash is chosen because of its low cost and low density. It is available in large quantities as solid waste while burning coal in thermal power plants. Due to low weight it can be applied in automobile and thus improving its life. In this literature survey the mechanical properties like tensile strengh, compressive strength and hardness were reviewed. But the wear and the frictionalcharacteristics are inaddequately addressed in this literature. \ Keywords: Metal matrix composite, fly ash, stir casting, aluminum alloy

Abstract : Aluminum alloy castings are extensively used in general engineering, automobile, aerospace
industries due to their excellent castability, machineability, corrosion resistance and high strength-to-weight
ratio. Keeping in view the increase in demand for the use of aluminum in manufacturing of various components,
aluminum foundries have to focus on producing quality castings. Sand mould casting process involves
parameters like sand grain size, clay content, moisture content, permeability, green compression strength, mold
hardness, number of ramming, shatter index, type of mold, etc., just to mention a few. Based on literature
survey, brainstorming and experimental constraints; Grain size, Clay content, Moisture content and Number of
ramming has been selected as process parameters keeping other parameters constant. Experiments were
conducted as per Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array. Castings are made under the constraint of process parameters
at three different levels. Results were evaluated to optimize the process parameters. The optimum levels are
found to be: Grain size-55, Clay content-12%, Moisture content-13%, Number of ramming’s-2. Confirmation
test is conducted based on the optimum level of process parameters and result is found to be in confidence level.
Keywords - Aluminium alloys, Design of Experiment (DoE), Sand casting process parameters, Taguchi
method

Abstract: Aluminium wheel rims used in transport vehicles are commonly produced by gravity die casting.
Casting simulation studies are used to improve the quality of casting and to predict shrinkage, porosity and
mechanical characteristics. Various FEM and VEM based casting simulation softwares are widely used in
foundry. This paper discusses casting simulation of automobile wheel rim using ProCast. Solidification
behaviour of the material and detection of hot spots in castings is studied and redesigned to eliminate these
defects.
Keywords: aluminium alloy wheel, casting simulation, ProCast software.

Abstract: Sequel to continuous failure of structures all over the country, adequate knowledge of the geotechnical characteristics of underlying soils at construction sites has become very desirable for foundation design and construction of civil engineering structures. This study aims at investigating and establishing the sub-soil types and profile to determine the engineering characteristics of the underlying soils within the Ikorodu Campus of the Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria and recommend appropriate foundation and road pavement design. Forty Dynamic Cone penetrometer tests were performed alongside eight borings which were accomplished using percussion rig with augers. Representative soil samples were obtained and analyzed in the laboratory in accordance with relevant geotechnical engineering standards. Result of the study showed that the study area was found to consist of about 0.35m thick of organic top soil followed by 9m thick of reddish lateritic sandy clay. The study also revealed that the superficial lateritic soil has a bearing capacity ranging from 130 kN/m2 at 1.0m depth to 243 kN/m2 at 2.5m depth. Shallow foundation with bearing capacity of 150kN/m2 at footing depth not lower than 1.2m is recommended for general use within the campus. Maximum expected settlement is estimated at 27.84mm. Similarly, a CBR value of 7% is recommended as subgrade CBR value for road pavement design within the campus. Keywords: Geotechnical Properties, Subsurface-soils,, Foundation Design, Pavement Design, CBR.

The camshaft and its associated parts control the opening and closing of the two valves. The associated parts are push rods, rocker arms, valve springs and tappets. This shaft also provides the drive to the ignition system. The camshaft is driven by the crankshaft through timing gears. Cams are made as integral parts of the camshaft and are designed in such a way to open the valves at the correct timing and to keep them open for the necessary duration. In this project, a camshaft is designed for a two wheeler engine by using theoretical calculations. Cam profile is designed by using the calculations. A 3D model of the Camshaft is created using modeling software Pro/Engineer. For manufacturing cam shaft following manufacturing method are used by Machining, Casting and Forging. From above processes we selected casting processes because it's used for bulk production. For the manufacture of Camshaft Core and Cavity is to be extracted from the model using manufacturing module in Pro/Engineer. Total Mould base is to be designed for the camshaft which is ready to go for production. CNC Program is to be generated for both core and cavity using roughing and finishing processes. This is also done in manufacturing module in Pro/Engineer. Total cost required for the manufacturing of die is estimated. From this project we will learn a manufacturing method for camshaft. Pro/ENGINEER is the standard in 3D product design, featuring industry-leading productivity tools that promote best practices in design.

Abstract:Permanent metal joining had been a prime concern for the industrialists and researchers, thus with
due attention following a trend of sustainable development and faster production. Microwave heating is
recognized for the various parametrical advantages like reduced processing cycle time and temperature, fine
microstructures, very rapid heating rates and other improved mechanical properties, etc. Being an eco-friendly
and ease in processing, this versatile cleaner energy source is building up a huge market for itself. In this paper,
joining of high conducting bulk metallic materials as copper is illustrated through microwave heating process.
Present work has been carried out in multi-mode applicator at 2.45 GHz and 900 W. Microwave hybrid heating
for the microwave joining was used on the target metal. Methodology depicts the joining of bulk copper pipes
with application of different susceptor materials, basically the non-metals, in the sandwiched layer along with
same metal powder for different material sizes. Different observations and results has been reported for the
experiments which were performed and further concluded accordingly. Also, the following paper shows the
insights on previous research traditions followed and major findings in context of microwave sintering and how
they can undergo architectural change for the future prospect.
Keywords: Metallic pipes joining, Microwave Hybrid Heating, Sintering, Susceptor materials.

Abstract : A software program that determines the load-moment interaction diagrams for prestressed concrete short columns stressed with high tensile steel bars is presented. The program solves for all possible variables such as concrete compressive strength, d /D ratio, B/D ratio and percentage steel. Two sets of charts were plotted – (1) Keeping B=230mm, B/D ratios were varied along with variations in concrete compressive strength, d/D ratio and percentage steel. (2) Neutralizing the effect of B/D ratio (𝑴𝑼𝑹𝒇𝒄𝒌𝑩𝑫𝟐,𝑷𝑼𝑹𝒇𝒄𝒌𝑩𝑫) curves were plotted for different percentage steel varying concrete compressive strength and d/D ratio. A comparison is made between interaction curves of columns stressed with cold drawn wires and high tensile steel bars. Keywords : High tensile steel bars, interaction curves, MATLAB, prestressed column, prestressed compression members

Road failures may be caused by many factors. In Batu Pahat district, open channel system is adopted and built on Batu Pahat Soft Soil and may be a crucial factor to probable damage of the rural roads structure. This study is focused on the drainage system for rural roads in Parit Raja, Batu Pahat. The type of damages is observed and the causes are identified. Recommendations on the best method are made to improve the effectiveness of current drainage system. Both site and laboratory geotechnical testing are carried out to analyze the causes of failure to the drainage system. Laboratory testing such as sieve analysis, moisture content, Atterberg limit, specific gravity and shear strength are conducted. While Mackintosh probes testing and vane shear test are conducted for site testing. From the analysis, four categories of drainage failure such as soil movement, edge drop, cracking and erosion due to the characteristics of soft clay that have low shear strength and high compatibility, have been determined. The propose methods to increase the effectiveness of the drainage system are to stabilize the soil using geotextiless, combination geotextiless and geocontainers, soil anchor and lime.

Abstract:In recent years, the influence of automobile emissions and noise on the environment has become an
increasingly serious problem. Particularly, exhaust system is known to be a predominant component of the
automobile emissions and noise. Fortunately, over the last few decades, engine exhaust noise is controlled
through the use of silencers or mufflers.The analysis of such complex mufflers has always been a great
challenge and an active area of research in recent years. For a suitable design of mufflers, there are two main
categories that are used to study this problem: the Transmission Loss (TL) and Insertion Loss (IL). Currently
the transmission lossis preferred and widely used for determining muffler performance. This paper aims to
present an updated review of papers, conference papers, books, dissertations dealing with muffler acoustics
performance using transmission loss.
Keywords:Automobile Emissions and Noise, Silencers or Mufflers, Transmission Loss.

Abstract: In this paper, the linear Infinitely Variable Transmission in automobile engine use particular drive a Cam and number of follower rotary mounted a carrier plate to generate an auxiliary motion in equal number of planet gear the energy losses conventional transmission are unacceptable in scientific in manner. The variation of transmission including zero transmission ratios in cam and follower. The IVT has number of identical an unit ,each unit contain tree dimensional cam, cam follower, groove wheel, one way clutch(gear planet), though each unit rotational motion is converted in an oscillatory liner motion of variable amplitude and rectified to the rotation motion again. The motion maximum linear transmission ratio to the system depends on geometric design factors. This paper reviews the transmission system with a concept proposal for Infinitely Variable transmission. Keywords: Infinitely Variable Transmission, Cam, Angular Ratio Velocity Theorem, Positive Drive.

Abstract: CFD is a branch of Fluid Mechanics which rely on numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problem that involves fluid flow. CFD analysis has been conducted to analyze flow pattern of supersonic rocket nozzle at various degree of divergent angle by using two dimensional axis-symmetric model, which solves governing equation by a control volume method. Variation in parameters like velocity, static pressure, turbulence intensity and temperature are being analyzed. Objective of this research is to is to investigate best suited divergent angle. The phenomena of oblique shock is visualized and it was found that at 15 degree of divergent angle it is completely eliminated from nozzle. Also intensity of velocity is found to have an increasing trend with increment in divergent angle thereby obtaining an optimum divergent angle which would eliminates instabilities due to shock and satisfy the thrust requirement from the nozzle. Keywords: shockwave; divergent angle; CFD analysis

Abstract: The construction industry is the tool through which a society achieves its goal of urban and rural development. Delays inconstruction are the most serious problems which even slow down the national development. It is one of the sectors that provides important ingredient for the development of an economy.It is widely accepted that a project is successful when it is finished on time. Unfortunately, due to many reasons, largenumber of construction projects fails to follow the planned schedule and hence delayed. Construction delay is considered to be one of the recurring problems in the construction industry and it has an adverse effect on project success in terms of time, cost and quality. So, careful study and planning of each and every activity of a construction project becomes important in order to minimise delays. This paper presents the causes of delayoccurring on anongoing bridge construction project with respect to constructionof bridge girders of three spansof a Major bridge across river Sabarmati, Gandhinagar, Gujaratas a case study. Keywords:Project delay, Types of delay, Time overrun, Cost overrun

Abstract: Almost all two-wheelers are provided with a facility of a horn to be used to make aware of the presence of the vehicle on road and to maintain a safe distance between two vehicles or to communicate for any other safety reasons. The horn is a crucial element as it is directly related to safety of the vehicle and the person using it. Thus the horn is most important element in the vehicle system and hence it is expected to function properly for a longer time. Most problems of failure of two wheeler horns are due to fatigue failure of spring element in warranty period. A finite element model for helical compression springs subjected to cyclic loads (compression) is developed for fatigue stress analysis. In the design modification of this kind of spring both the elastic characteristics and the fatigue strength have to be considered as significant aspects. A typical helical compression spring used for two wheeler horn is chosen for study under fatigue loading condition. Fatigue analysis is done in ANSYS 14.0 software. The results developed have been compared with the experimental observations. A new design modification is done by introducing another spring coaxially. Keywords: ANSYS 14.0, Finite Element Analysis, Helical compression spring, Fatigue life, Stress analysis

The Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) member has many advantages compared with the conventional concrete structural member made of steel reinforcement. CFSTs are frequently used for columns, caissons and for piers, deep foundations because of their large compressive stiffness. The FEA modeling using ANSYS software is adopted to investigate the load versus lateral deflection behavior of the composite sections. The effects of steel tube thickness and strength of in-filled concrete tubes are examined. The size of the column is 140 x 160 x 1500 mm and the grades of concrete infill are M20, M30 and M40. The thickness of the tube is taken as 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm and 6 mm and, the D/t ratio varies from 26.67 to 80.00.

Abstract: Energy is the prime mover of economic growth and is vital to the sustenance of a modern economy.
India ranks sixth in total energy consumption and needs to accelerate the development in this sector to meet its
growth aspiration. Hence alternate fuels are needed to be produced. Present paper deals with preparation of
bio-fuel from Vegetable oil, Mahua oil and Blending of vegetable oil with mahua oil. There by conducting
Performance tests for alternate fuels, comparing the efficiency and cost estimation. From the experimentation it
is found that the optimum performance is achieved with Blended Bio-diesel at 70:30 ratios of palm and mahua
Bio-diesels in comparison with conventional diesel considering engine performance parameters.
KeyWords: Blending, Mahua oil, Sustenance.

Steam are a major energy consumer. Optimising process operating conditions can considerably improve turbine water rate, which in turn will significantly reduce energy requirement. Various operating parameters affect condensing and back pressure turbine steam consumption and efficiency. The industrial sector is the largest energy consumer, accounting for about 30 % of total energy used. Fuel and energy prices are continuously rising. With the present trend of energy prices and scarcity of hydrocarbon resources lowering energy requirement is a top priority. Energy conservation benefits depend on the adopting minor or major modifications and using the latest technology. Turbines are designed for a particular operating conditions like steam inlet pressure, steam inlet temperature and turbine exhaust pressure/ exhaust vacuum, which affects the performance of the turbines in a significant way. Variations in these parameters affects the steam consumption in the turbines and also the turbine efficiency. The present study was done to improve the power output of the turbine, thermal efficiency and specific steam consumption in conventional steam power plants. Three cycles i.e regenerative cycle, superheater cycle and cogeneration cycle are considered to formulate the data and obtain a better result in steam turbine power plants.

Abstract: Over the last thirty years composite materials, plastics & ceramics have been the dominant emerging materials. The volume & number of applications of composite materials have grown steadily, penetrating and conquering new markets relentlessly. The composites have already proven their worth as weight-saving materials. The increasing demand for using environmentally friendly materials leads to usage of natural fibres. The fibres are reinforcement with polymers have gained importance due to its better properties. Natural fibers are not only strong and light weight but also relatively very cmaterials cheap and these fibers improve the environment sustainability of the parts being constructed. The natural fibers do not cause allergic reactions or skin irritation and gives better insulation and it can be easily degradable. Keywords: Pineapple leaf fiber, Avianfiber, Epoxy resin, Preparation, Mechanical properties