History of Plant

Bitkilerin gayet zeki olduğu ve iletişim kurabildiği bir gezegen hayal edin.
Bu hayali gezegende bitkiler kendi aralarında bilgi alışverişi yapabiliyor. Köklerinden en tepesindeki yaprağa kadar her türlü bilgiyi aktarabiliyor. Çevresinde kendi türünden olanlarla diğerlerini ayırabiliyor. Tuzak kurarak avlanabiliyor. İklim geçişlerine, kuraklığa ya da aşırı yağmurlara karşı tedbir alabiliyor.

Daha da ileri gidip, diğer bitkilerle ve bazı hayvanlarla ağ kurabiliyorlar. Kendilerini korumak ve otçullardan sakınmak için, başka canlılardan yardım alabiliyorlar. Üremek için işbirliği geliştirebiliyorlar.
Bu sessiz, pasif ve savunmasız gözüken bitkilerin en küçük kök solucanından insanlara kadar, etraflarındaki herkesi yönlendirerek ve onlarla iletişime geçerek yaşamlarını organize ettiği bir gezegen hayal edebiliyor musunuz? Boşuna uğraşmayın, bu gezegen zaten var: Dünya’ya hoş geldiniz.

Bu kitapta yazılanları bize çok önce öğretilmiş bilgilerle anlamamız  imkansız. Yeni bir perspektif ve zarif bir bakış açısıyla bilindik bitkilere yönelik bütün yargılarınız temelden sarsılabilir. Dünyanın her yanında ses getirmeye aday bu yepyeni kitap, şimdiden pek çok dergiye kapak oldu ve insanlık bir kez daha doğru bildiklerini kenara itmek zorunda kalacak gibi.

“Birkaç saatliğine alışık olduğunuz insan merkezciliğinizi bir kenara bırakın. Daha zengin ve daha muhteşem diğer dünyaya adım atın. Pişman olmayacaksınız ve bu yeni dünyadan asla eskisi gibi çıkamayacaksınız.” Michael Pollan, yazar

Les écrits médicaux de Hildegarde de Bingen (†1179) sont aujourd'hui l'objet d'une attention redoublée, de la part des chercheurs comme de celle du grand public, de plus en plus nombreux, dans différents pays, à les redécouvrir avec enthousiasme et à adapter aux maux de notre temps ces préceptes et remèdes du Moyen Age. Ce phénomène de réappropriation, unique par ses proportions, est en soi déjà assez intéressant pour qu'on s'y arrête. Mais le formidable écho que la médecine de Hildegarde rencontre actuellement ne doit pas faire oublier que des interrogations demeurent, par exemple : l'œuvre médicale qu'on lui attribue aujourd'hui se présentait-elle de cette manière à l'origine ? Certains chapitres ou notices particulièrement novateurs pour le XIIe siècle n'ont-ils pas pu être ajoutés plus tard par quelque continuateur ? En d'autres termes : la médecine de Hildegarde, dont notre fin de siècle se montre friande, est-elle bien de son temps ? C'est ce qu'on examinera, en évoquant entre autres la question des sources d'inspiration probables de ces écrits médicaux, en les comparant avec d'autres traités contemporains, et en retraçant l'histoire des manuscrits qui nous les ont transmis.

A species of Capparaceae family, Caper is a thorny, creeping shrub which has extensive roots. The plant, which grows under the conditions of Mediterranean Climate, is one of the cultivated plants used for
food, cosmetics and medical purposes. Various historical records give information about use methods of caper in the ancient period and this information indicate that the use of this plant has not changed much
until today. According to this information, it is one of the important agricultural export products also in the ancient period. The plant, which is found to be used for medical purposes, was prescribed for treatment of spleen, liver, tooth and ear, infected bruises, coughing and skin diseases and stroke. Caper was considered as a beneficial food according to some resources, while it was listed among foods with low nutritive value in some resources. It was among various foods in the ancient period as it is today.

Bu çalışmada, Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi'nde göz hastalıklarının tedavisinde kullanılan tıbbi bitkiler ele alınmıştır. Söz konusu bitkiler, sıvı veya merhem şeklinde hazırlanan ilaçların içerisinde ana malzeme olarak kullanılmış ve göz tedavisinin önemli bir parçasını oluşturmuştur. İlaçların içeriğindeki malzemelerin bozulmasından dolayı günümüze ulaşamaması sebebiyle bu konudaki bilgilerimiz yetersizdir. Ancak Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi'nde yaşayan bilim insanlarının günümüze aktardıkları yazılı kaynaklar, göz tedavisinde kullanılan bitkiler hakkında önemli bilgiler sağlamaktadır. Bu kaynakların aktardıkları bilgileri bir araya getirerek hazırladığımız listede, adamotu, akasya, aloe, ayva, baldıran, banotu, çuha çiçeği, gül, hardal, haşhaş (afyon), hint sümbülü, iris, kantaron, keten, lycium, mersin, mür, nane, rezene, safran, sarımsak, sedef otu, sığla (günlük), soğan, tarçın gibi farklı familyalara ait bitkilerin göz ilaçlarının içerisinde kullanıldığı belirlenmiştir. Ancak bunların arasında bazı bitkilerin daha yoğun kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmamızda detaylı bir şekilde incelediğimiz bu bitkiler, adamotu, akasya, baldıran, banotu, çuha çiçeği, haşhaş (afyon), lycium, mür, safran ve sedef otu'dur. Söz konusu bitkilerin, yaprak, dal, kök, meyve gibi bölümlerinden çıkartılan öz su, yağ veya reçine, özellikle göz ağrısı ve göz iltihaplarının tedavisinde fayda sağlamıştır. Çuha çiçeği gibi bazı bitkilerin ise, cerrahi operasyon öncesinde göz bebeğini büyütmek amacıyla kullanıldığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca bazı bitkilerin hayvanların gözlerinde oluşan hastalıkları tedavi ettiği de tespit edilmiştir. Söz konusu bitkiler, hayvansal veya mineral kaynaklı malzemelerle karıştırılarak hazırlanmış, anne sütü, şarap ve yağmur suyu gibi çeşitli maddelerle ilacın kıvamı ayarlanmıştır. Yaptığımız çalışma, göz ilaçlarının içerisindeki en önemli ana malzemenin bitkisel kaynaklı ürünler olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. A B S T R A C T In this study, the medicinal plants used in the treatment of eye diseases in the Roman Imperial Period are discussed. The plants in question were used as the main material in the medicines prepared as liquid or ointment and they were an important constituent of eye treatment. Since the materials in the medicine do not survive because of decay, our information regarding this point are insufficient. However, the written sources brought to the present by the scientists lived in the Roman Imperial Period provide important information about the plants used in eye treatment. In the list compiled in reference to the information in the sources, it is seen that plants belonging to different families such as mandrake, aloe, quince, hemlock, henbane, primrose, rose, mustard, poppy (opium), spikenard, iris, centaury, flax, lycium, myrtus, myrrh, mint, fennel, saffron, garlic, rue, liquidambar (sweetgum), onion, cinnamon were used in eye medicines. However, it is determined that some plants among them were used more often. These plants, which are further investigated in our study, are mandrake, acacia, hemlock, henbane, primrose, poppy (opium), lycium, myrrh, saffron and rue. The juice, oil or resin extracted from the leaves, branches, roots and fruits of these plants were used in the treatment of eye pain and inflammation. It was found that some plants such as primrose were used for the purpose of enlarging the pupils before surgeries. Moreover, it was determined that some herbs cured the eye diseases in animals The plants in question were mixed with animal or mineral origin materials and the consistency of the medicine was adjusted with breast milk, wine and rainwater. The study reveals that the most important components in the eye medicine were herbal products.

As a member species of family Lamiaceae, the chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus L.) grows in the Mediterranean and Aegean regions where the Mediterranean climate prevails and it has had an important place among plants with a wide range of areas of use since antiquity. Some settlements where this plant grows abundantly around are even named after it, for instance, Karacahayıt, Karahayıt, Hayıtlı. This article studies the place of the chaste tree in the local culture of Karahayıt town located about 20 km north of Denizli; queries cover issues such as how this tree is known and has been used since ancient times by the locals. The aim has been to document and compile all the information relevant to the chaste tree and finally transfer it to the future generations. For this purpose, locals of the Karahayıt town were interviewed face to face and knowledge on the methods of use and implementation were recorded. It was noted that the locals used the chaste tree more often in the past in a variety of areas such as folk medicine, handicrafts, keeping away insects, fragrant extract, and food. However, today these uses decline due to modernisation of lifestyle and as the elderly with the knowledge of the chaste tree pass away the accumulation of information tends to disappear.

Broomcorn millet is one of the most important plants species in pre-history. It was first domesticated in China and subsequently spread across Eurasia becoming a significant staple crop. For a long time, the arrival of millet into Europe was assumed to have taken place in the Neolithic. However, this has recently been challenged, with new direct radiocarbon measurements on reportedly Neolithic charred millet grains in fact dating to the Middle Bronze Age. To aid in understanding the timing of millet’s spread across East-Central Europe in the Bronze Age we present the results of over 120 new paired radiocarbon dates and stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) measurements on human bone collagen from individuals across 33 archaeological sites in Poland and western Ukraine. In doing so we directly assess millet’s role in the Bronze Age diets. Our results show a clear increase in bone collagen δ13C values from the middle 15th century BC onwards. This increase is rapid across the whole study area...

Konferensen och denna konferensrapport är finansierad med hjälp av medel från Region Skånes miljövårdsfond. Hållbar Utveckling Skånes nätverk Det gröna kulturarvet Konferensrapporten ingår i SLUs rapportserie: Landskapsarkitektur Trädgård Växtproduktionsvetenskap 3 Innehåll Det Gröna Kulturarvet ________________________________________________________________________4 The Green Heritage ____________________________________________________________________________9 Tolka landskapet genom det gröna kulturarvet Fabian Mebus, Riksantikvarieämbetet ____________________________________________14 Cultural relict plants -living ancient monuments and how to conserve them Lena Ansebo, Tino Hjorth Bjerregaard, Erik Persson and Svein Ø Solberg ___________________________________________________28 Land owners, practitioners and scientists: the need for a transdisciplinary approach to the conservation of cultural relict plants Line Breian, Svein Øivind Solberg__________36 Avenboksgången och träd-gården vid Araslövs herrgård -ett bortglömt grönt kulturarv. Patrik Olsson, Regionmuseet Kristianstad ______________________________________________________________54 Utvecklande skötsel i kulturhistoriskt värdefulla parker och trädgårdar -Kulturreservat och byggnadsminnen som laboratorium för park-och trädgårdsvård Joakim Seiler, Tina Westerlund, Gunnar Almevik _________________________68 Drömmen om den historiskt korrekta gräsmattan Rekonstruerande skötsel med lie på Gunnebo Slott Joakim Seiler, Gunnebo Slott __________________________________________________________74 Hörjelgården -40 år med Naturskyddsföreningen som landskapsvårdare Hjalmar Dahm, naturpedagog _______________90 Stadsholmens trädgårdar. Resultat av dokumentation och vårdprogram Maria Flinck, trädgårdsantikvarie _________________102 Levende fortidsminder på Hammershus -hvordan kan vi bevare den grønne kulturarv? Tino Hjorth Bjerregaard, Naturstyrelsen Bornholm ___________________118 Högalunds Kulturvandring -vårt sätt att använda det gröna kulturarvet Helena N. Olofsson, naturguide ___________124

Konferensen och denna konferensrapport är finansierad med hjälp av medel från Region Skånes miljövårdsfond. Hållbar Utveckling Skånes nätverk Det gröna kulturarvet Konferensrapporten ingår i SLUs rapportserie: Landskapsarkitektur Trädgård Växtproduktionsvetenskap 3 Innehåll Det Gröna Kulturarvet ________________________________________________________________________4 The Green Heritage ____________________________________________________________________________9 Tolka landskapet genom det gröna kulturarvet Fabian Mebus, Riksantikvarieämbetet ____________________________________________14 Cultural relict plants -living ancient monuments and how to conserve them Lena Ansebo, Tino Hjorth Bjerregaard, Erik Persson and Svein Ø Solberg ___________________________________________________28 Land owners, practitioners and scientists: the need for a transdisciplinary approach to the conservation of cultural relict plants Line Breian, Svein Øivind Solberg__________36 Avenboksgången och träd-gården vid Araslövs herrgård -ett bortglömt grönt kulturarv. Patrik Olsson, Regionmuseet Kristianstad ______________________________________________________________54 Utvecklande skötsel i kulturhistoriskt värdefulla parker och trädgårdar -Kulturreservat och byggnadsminnen som laboratorium för park-och trädgårdsvård Joakim Seiler, Tina Westerlund, Gunnar Almevik _________________________68 Drömmen om den historiskt korrekta gräsmattan Rekonstruerande skötsel med lie på Gunnebo Slott Joakim Seiler, Gunnebo Slott __________________________________________________________74 Hörjelgården -40 år med Naturskyddsföreningen som landskapsvårdare Hjalmar Dahm, naturpedagog _______________90 Stadsholmens trädgårdar. Resultat av dokumentation och vårdprogram Maria Flinck, trädgårdsantikvarie _________________102 Levende fortidsminder på Hammershus -hvordan kan vi bevare den grønne kulturarv? Tino Hjorth Bjerregaard, Naturstyrelsen Bornholm ___________________118 Högalunds Kulturvandring -vårt sätt att använda det gröna kulturarvet Helena N. Olofsson, naturguide ___________124

Abstract Broomcorn millet is one of the most important plants species in pre-history. It was first domesticated in China and subsequently spread across Eurasia becoming a significant staple crop. For a long time, the arrival of millet into Europe was assumed to have taken place in the Neolithic. However, this has recently been challenged, with new direct radiocarbon measurements on reportedly Neolithic charred millet grains in fact dating to the Middle Bronze Age. To aid in understanding the timing of millet's spread across East-Central Europe in the Bronze Age we present the results of over 120 new paired radiocarbon dates and stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) measurements on human bone collagen from individuals across 33 archaeological sites in Poland and western Ukraine. In doing so we directly assess millet's role in the Bronze Age diets. Our results show a clear increase in bone collagen δ13C values from the middle 15th century BC onwards. This increase is rapid across the whole study area, occurring almost simultaneously with respect to the precision of our radiocarbon dates. Pilot stable isotope data for contemporary animals suggests that they were not foddered with millet and hence it was probably eaten directly by humans. Interestingly, individuals consuming millet appear to be exclusive to geographically upland regions compared to lowland ones. However, not all individuals from upland zone have δ13C values consistent with millet consumption. Based on the stable isotope evidence for upland millet consumption and the well documented evidence for connections between these people and those in the northern Carpathian Basin at this time, we posit that it is through this route, across the Carpathians, that millet was introduced into the region. An increase of its economic importance in Lesser Poland was plausibly caused by a significant growth in human populations.

Book review of: Dr Adam Maurizio, Histoire de l’alimentation végétale. Depuis la Préhistoire jusqu'à nos jours, translated from German into French by Ferdinand Gidon, Introduction et commentary by Michel Chauvet, Preface by Claude Aubert, Paris, Ulmer, 2019 (facsimile of the French edition, Payot, 1932), in the Collection "Vieilles Racines et Jeunes Pousses", 688 p.


Erratum :
Dans le § 10, consacré au couscous, il faut lire à la 3e ligne  :…  wheat flour, maize, sorghum or BARLEY.

Broomcorn millet is one of the most important plants species in pre-history. It was first domesticated in China and subsequently spread across Eurasia becoming a significant staple crop. For a long time, the arrival of millet into Europe was assumed to have taken place in the Neolithic. However, this has recently been challenged, with new direct radiocarbon measurements on reportedly Neolithic charred millet grains in fact dating to the Middle Bronze Age. To aid in understanding the timing of millet’s spread across East-Central Europe in the Bronze Age we present the results of over 120 new paired radiocarbon dates and stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) measurements on human bone collagen from individuals across 33 archaeological sites in Poland and western Ukraine. In doing so we directly assess millet’s role in the Bronze Age diets. Our results show a clear increase in bone collagen δ13C values from the middle 15th century BC onwards. This increase is rapid across the whole study area...