History of Globalization

Ce cours-séminaire a pour objectif de familiariser les étudiant-e-s avec les principaux thèmes, problèmes et enjeux de l'histoire de mondialisation. Il examinera plus précisément les acteurs, les formes et l'évolution des contacts et des interconnexions entre les pays et les régions du monde, sans oublier les phases de crises et de rétraction des échanges ainsi que les résistances que la mondialisation a suscité du XIXe siècle à nos jours. Des aspects-clés des interactions et des interdépendances globales tels que l'économie, l'expansion coloniale, les mobilités humaines, matérielles et biologiques, mais aussi l'environnement, l'éducation et le sport seront particulièrement approfondis. Le cours montrera que la mondialisation, loin d'être un processus neutre et inéluctable, est un phénomène socialement, politiquement et culturellement construit, outre qu'intimement liée à des enjeux géostratégiques et idéologiques historiquement situés.

In der zeithistorischen Forschung ist mittlerweile weitgehend unumstritten, dass die 1970er Jahre eine Zeit grundlegender Veränderungen darstellten, gar einen "Epochenbruch" markieren. Zu diesen Umbrüchen werden nicht nur in einzelnen Regionen ablaufende Prozesse wie der ökonomische "Strukturwandel" oder das Ende des westlichen Nachkriegsbooms gezählt. In dieser Zeit wird vielmehr auch ein grundlegender Wandel der internationalen Politik und des internationalen Systems "hin zu einem komplexen Mehrebenensystem" verortet, in dem internationale Organisationen und nicht-staatliche Akteure eine immer wichtigere Rolle gespielt hätten. In diesem Zusammenhang werden die 1970er Jahre auch als das Jahrzehnt des "Nord-Süd-Konflikts" gesehen. Zusammen mit ökonomischen Entwicklungen wird daraus in der Forschung die These abgeleitet, die heutige Phase der "Globalisierung" habe in dieser Zeit begonnen. Solche Interpretationen schreiben dabei jedoch Deutungen aus den 1970er Jahren selbst fort. Globale Verflechtung war ein zentraler Aspekt der zeitgenössischen Gegenwartsdiagnostik.

Exhibition catalog, Gallerie degli Uffizi, 2020. Contains 98 catalog entries and 10 essays: "The Universe of Giovanna Garzoni. Art, Mobility, and the Global Turn in the Geographical Imaginary" by Sheila Barker."“E scrittrice, e pittrice”: Giovanna Garzoni and the Art of Calligraphy" by Aoife Cosgrove. "Art in the Service of Botany: Giovanna Garzoni’s Piante varie at Dumbarton Oaks" by Sheila Barker and Anatole Tchikine. "“La Miniatrice di Madama Reale”: Giovanna Garzoni in Savoy" by
Sheila ffolliott. "Miniature Painters at the Medici Court in the Seventeenth Century" by Elena Fumagalli. "The Not-So-Still Lifes of Giovanna Garzoni" by Mary D. Garrard. "Giovanna Garzoni at the Crossroads of Art and Science:
Floral and Floristic Aspects of the Cultural Landscape of Her Times" by Lucia Tongiorgi Tomasi. "An Exotic Liaison. China, the Medici and Giovanna Garzoni" by Francesco Morena. "Giovanna Garzoni, “Accademica”" by
Peter M. Lukehart. "Vittoria della Rovere’s Homage to Giovanna Garzoni: The Stanza dell’Aurora in the Villa del Poggio Imperiale" by Pasquale Focarile.

• Gold, God, Glory…Globalization: The Foundations of Contemporary Global Connections by Akwasi Osei; pp. 17-24
• This chapter argues that Nations and cultures have always interacted with each other and that the interactions between much of the world and Europe since the middle of the fifteenth century created dependencies and interdependencies which established the basic structure of the modern global system. Further, this globalism has tended to favor certain social formations over others. The last five centuries have witnessed the imperatives of Europe’s efforts to expand its borders in all ways: economically, culturally, and politically. Thus, since roughly the middle of the Fifteenth Century, in seeking "gold", European nations imposed their "god" on much of the world, thereby creating for their "glory" huge empires which formed the basis of the contemporary global system.

The trajectories of German nationalism in the late nineteenth century were deeply affected by the process of globalization. While the literature on the subject has largely remained within the confines of a national history paradigm, this article uses the example of mobility and migration to show to what extent German nationalism was transformed under the auspices of global integration. Among the effects of cross-border circulation were the emergence of diasporic nationalism, the racialization of the nation, the implementation of new border regimes, and the hegemony of ideological templates that articulated nationalist discourse through global geopolitics. This article is intended as a contribution to a 'spatial turn' in the historiography of nationalism, in arguing that not only the 'nation form' but also the way that the nation was defined, understood, and practised – the particular contents of nationalism – owed more to the global context in which it was constituted than is usually recognized.

Short Historical Tale (A. Tabuashvili as co-author). .. . in Colchis home for himself and his Greek colonists. Thus West Georgia was involved in the European matter. Greek commercial superiority was substituted by the Roman hegemony over the small coastal strip of Colchis, already called Lazica in the 1 st c. A.D. And that hegemony was based upon well-manned castellum-system from Pitius up to Aphsaros. Lazi client-kings, dwelling in the hinterland, largely enjoyed Roman pax and prosperity, gaining a handsome profit by trading with the gallant Pontic cities, like Sinope, Amisus and Trapezus. The whole Black Sea area might be looked upon as a multicultural region of which the general principles were still based on Hellenism, but that was facilitated mostly by the Roman money and defended by the Roman soldiers. Further towards the East, Iberian kings, sometimes even possessing Roman citizenship, welcomed Graeco-Roman transit from Central Asia and India. Spices, precious wood and stones were brought to Europe via "Transcaucasian" trade-route. http://georgiatoday.ge/news/20876/Silk%2C-Spices-and-Oil-%27Transcaucasian%27-Trade-Route-and-Georgia Byzantium was not a betrayal of all that was the best in Hellas and Rome. Great oriental bastion of Christendom, she seems to be a formulator of the Orthodox Christian Commonwealth. The Georgian kings being within were hailed as king and Kuropalates, king and Sebastos, king and Caesaros. Again dual citizenship was applied. For the Christian monarchs, there were the Byzantine titles to make them feel as the citizens of the Orthodox Empire, being at the same time ascribed to their own country. After the adoption of Christianity, Eastern Slavonia, with Kyiv as capital, joined the Byzantine Commonwealth. That clearly meant enlargement of the Eastern European unity towards the Eastern section of humid continental Europe, into the direction of the river Volga. Russians were the loyal subjects of the

This article situates the collecting practices of museums of natural history in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in dialogue with similar practices amongst societies in the Pacific by focusing on how European curators, dealers in natural history and Pacific Islanders shared a common fascination with Spondylus shells. In particular, this article examines the processes for turning Spondylus shells into unique or duplicate specimens. Spondylus shells were crucial for regulating gift and commercial exchanges in the societies of both regions. Famously, the anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski claimed that these shells were an essential element of the gift-based kula exchange, which helped him distinguish Western capitalist society from less developed societies without commercial trade. Yet Spondylus shells were also collected and exchanged as gifts amongst British and European naturalists in this period, performing the same roles as in Melanesia. In addition, such gift exchanges could only come into being thanks to the actions of commercially motivated dealers, located both in the Pacific and in Europe, who were the suppliers of these shells both to Melanesian participants in the kula and to Western natural historians and collectors. These observations call into question earlier arguments that equate modernity with the rise of commercial capitalism. It is instead claimed that commercial and gift exchanges were intricately connected and reliant on each other throughout the period, whether in the worlds of Western museums or in Pacific archipelagos. The act of turning Spondylus shells into unique or duplicate specimens was the key tool for regulating these exchanges. Looking for difference amongst a sea of similarity is a recurring theme in Vakutan thinking. 1 Here is a Spondylus shell that entered the British Museum in the nineteenth century, originally collected by the Valparaiso sailmaker Hugh Cuming somewhere in the Pacific. 2 And here are three more Spondylus shells from the same museum that Bronisław Malinowski collected in Melanesia during the First World War (Figures 1-5). 3 Now, in 2021, they are clearly not duplicates of each other: they perform different functions

Impreso en China Edición gratuita. Prohibida su venta Queda rigurosamente prohibida cualquier forma de reproducción, distribución, comunicación o transformación total o parcial de esta obra sin el permiso escrito de los titulares de los derechos de explotación.

This article proposes a new theoretical framework to study the dialectic of capital and nature over the longue duree of world capitalism. The author proposes that today's global ecological crisis has its roots in the transition to capitalism during the long sixteenth century. The emergence of capitalism marked not only a decisive shift in the arenas of politics, economy, and society, but a fundamental reorganization of world ecology, characterized by a "metabolic rift," a progressively deepening rupture in the nutrient cycling between the country and the city. Building upon the historical political economy of Marx, Foster, Arrighi, and Wallerstein, the author proposes a new research agenda organized around the concept of systemic cycles of agro-ecological transformation. This agenda aims at discerning the ways in which capitalism's relationship to nature developed discontinuously over time as recurrent ecological crises have formed a decisive moment of world capitalist crisis, forcing successive waves of restructuring over long historical time..

This Element examines urban imaginaries during the expansion of international news between the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries, when everyday information about faraway places found its way into newspapers all over the world. Building on the premise that news carried an unprecedented power to shape representations of the world, it follows this development as it made its way to regular readers beyond the dominant information poles, in the great port-cities of the South American Atlantic. Based on five case studies of typical turn-of-the-century foreign news, Lila Caimari shows how current events opened windows onto distant cities, feeding a new world horizon that was at once wider and eminently urban.

The purpose of this study is to understand the political, social, economic and military factors that shaped the evolution of Spanish shipbuilding for the Acapulco-Manila trade route under the Habsburg and Bourbon dynasties (1571-1815). It focuses on the main variables that affected the size of the trans-Pacific galleons, on the objectives of the Spanish crown's shipbuilding legislation, and on the methods used by Spanish colonial administrators to mobilize human and material resources in the Philippines. It discusses the role of the religious orders in the functioning of this industry, particularly in opposing the negative social consequences of shipbuilding. It also details the administrative reforms that shaped the development of this industry during the eighteenth century, which sought to limit the exploitation of the local workforce by transferring executive powers from local government officials and encomenderos to the friars. Finally, it also discusses the measures implemented by the Bourbon regime to increase its control over the functioning of the shipyards, particularly during the late eighteenth century. Although this article focuses on the construction of the largest ships launched from the Philippine shipyards, its conclusions can be extended to other types of vessels built by the Spanish administration in the archipelago during this period.

Con frecuencia las ciencias sociales han pensado la religión como un fenómeno en franco retroceso. Sin embargo, lejos de estas predicciones de las ciencias sociales, la religión continúa ocupando un papel fundamental en la vida de millones de personas y es un factor determinante para explicar conflictos e identidades políticas y nacionales. Ni siquiera parece cumplirse la idea de la diferenciación entre una esfera secular y otra religiosa como principio organizador de las sociedades modernas al comprobar cómo las leyes y la política siguen siendo interpretadas en clave confesional. Sólo debemos detenernos un momento a pensar cómo "lo religioso" desborda constantemente los límites establecidos en los estados no confesionales y se adentra en todas las cuestiones de la vida social y política de un país.
Francisco Javier Ramón Solans estudia las complejas relaciones establecidas entre las diversas confesiones religiosas y aquellos elementos que se suelen presentar a priori como antagonistas o incompatibles: secularización, modernización, política moderna, nación, globalización, género y derechos civiles. También aborda la "invención" de nuevas religiones institucionales como el hinduismo, el confucianismo o el sintoísmo que hasta el siglo XIX solo eran un conjunto de preceptos morales.
Relato complejo y plural que integra los estudios realizados en las últimas décadas sobre el papel jugado por las religiones en el mundo contemporáneo.

For centuries, medicinal and recreational drugs have evoked both utopian visions and darker themes: slavish obsession, physical dependency , altered mental states, and the feedback loop of labor and consumption. This article surveys recent work on the history of drugs from the 15th through 19th centuries, arguing that these works collectively demonstrate the importance of drugs and the drug trade in how we think about larger topics such as imperialism, globalization, modernization of commercial and political regimes, and the relationship between the individual and the marketplace. The search for new drugs—and, with them, new varieties of mental and physical experience—was not just a preoccupation of many early modern individuals. It was, arguably, a defining feature of early modernity itself.

The essays in this volume provide a new perspective on the history of convicts and penal colonies. They demonstrate that the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were a critical period in the reconfiguration of empires, imperial govern-mentality, and punishment, including through extensive punitive relocation and associated extractive labour. Ranging across the global contexts of Africa, Asia, Australasia, Japan, the Americas, the Pacific, Russia, and Europe, and exploring issues of criminalization, political repression, and convict management alongside those of race, gender, space, and circulation, this collection offers a perspective from the colonies that radically transforms accepted narratives of the history of empire and the history of punishment. In this introduction, we argue that a colony-centred perspective reveals that, during a critical period in world history, convicts and penal colonies created new spatial hierarchies, enabled the incorporation of territories into

This article examines the textiles trades of the west coast of Madagascar through the commercial relations and connections of Nosy Be with East Africa, the Comoro islands, the Mascarenes, India, French and other European imperial and metropolitan interests. It argues that, despite having been overlooked by historians in favour of Madagascar’s east coast economy centred on Tamatave, the island of Nosy Be in the far north-west of the island provides a critical vantage point from which to study the commercial exchange dynamics centred on a variety of textiles in the nineteenth century, a period of marked upheaval in the western Indian Ocean. Despite competition from European and American cloths — involving state perquisites granted to French textiles — Indian and other regional cloth continued to maintain important markets amongst Malagasy consumers into the early twentieth century.

What did women's bodies in pre-colonial South Asia have to do with the birth of capitalism? South Asia's pre-colonial integration into a globally emerging, early modern capitalist order reached deep into the hinterland to transform both state and society in eighteenth-century Marwar. Driving the change was an emergent elite, consisting largely of merchants, that channelled its energies towards reshaping caste. Merchants, in alliance with Brahmans, used their influence upon the state to adjudicate the boundary between the 'illicit' and the 'licit,' generating in the process a typology and an archive of deviant sex. In the legal framework that generated this archive, women were configured as passive recipients of sexual acts, lacking sexual personhood in law. Even as they escaped legal culpability for 'illicit' sex, women experienced, through this body of judgments, a strengthening of male proprietary controls over their bodies. Alongside, the criminalization of abortion served as a means of sexual disciplining. These findings suggest that post-Mughal, pre-colonial state formation in South Asia intersected with global economic transformations to generate new sex-caste orders and archival bodies.

This paper argues that the origins of coun- terinsurgency are not inscribed in a national military tradition, but result from a synthesis of experiences that were developed in Europe, the USA. and di erent regions of Asia and Latin America between the end of World War II and the beginning of the 1960s.

Es un placer anunciar la próxima sesión del Seminario Permanente “Los mundos ibéricos y la globalización temprana,” que tendrá lugar en modalidad dual el próximo viernes, 27 de mayo, a las 12 h CEST.  La sesión, promovida por el proyecto FEDER-UPO-1380997, "Género y etnia en el istmo de Panamá, 1500-1700, y en otros ámbitos" y el grupo PAI HUM 1000: "Historia de la globalización: violencia, negociación e interculturalidad,” versará sobre el tema "Raza, matrimonio y descendencia: realidades locales y categorías administrativas." Contará con las siguientes intervenciones:

Prof. Dr. Jean-Frédéric Schaub (EHESS, París)
«Matrimonio y gestación: dimensiones claves de la historia social y racial en la época moderna»/«Marriage and gestation: Key dimensions of early modern social and racial history»

Prof. Dr. João Vicente Melo (Área de Historia Moderna, UPO)
«Raza, matrimonio y oligarquía: el caso de Luanda en el temprano siglo XVII»/«Race, marriage, and oligarchy: The case of Luanda in the early seventeenth century»

Estas ponencias, seguidas por un debate, tendrán lugar en el Ed. 6, Aula de Telepresencia, de la UPO y en https://us06web.zoom.us/j/86012477032. 


Permanent Seminar Iberian Worlds and Early Globalization on 27-V-2022 12:00 (CEST)

Dear colleagues,

It is a pleasure to announce the next session of the Permanent Seminar "Iberian Worlds and Early Globalization," which will take place in dual modality next Friday, May 27, at 12:00 noon CET.  The session, promoted by the FEDER-UPO-1380997 project, " Género y etnia en el istmo de Panamá, 1500-1700, y en otros ámbitos", and the PAI HUM 1000 group: "History of globalization: violence, negotiation and interculturality," will deal with the topic "Race, marriage and descent: local realities and administrative categories." It will feature the following interventions:

Prof. Dr. Jean-Frédéric Schaub (EHESS, Paris).

«Matrimonio y gestación: dimensiones claves de la historia social y racial en la época moderna»/«Marriage and gestation: Key dimensions of early modern social and racial history»

Prof. Dr. João Vicente Melo (Area of Early Modern History, UPO)

«Raza, matrimonio y oligarquía: el caso de Luanda en el temprano siglo XVII»/«Race, marriage, and oligarchy: The case of Luanda in the early seventeenth century»

These lectures, followed by a debate, will take place in Ed. 6, Aula de Telepresencia, of the UPO and at https://us06web.zoom.us/j/86012477032.

This chapter examines how Greek shipowners combined their entrepreneurial skills with American finance and European maritime expertise to become the world’s leading shipowners in the post-war period. Led by Aristotle Onassis, they were able to exploit opportunities in the United States in the 1940s and led the way in tanker shipping in post-WWII Europe. Greek shipowners created and consolidated the new institution of the global shipping company, paving the way for today’s ‘stateless’ maritime industry. The chapter analyzes the growth of the oil market and tanker shipbuilding by following the activities of one of the leaders of Greek and world tanker shipping, Aristotle Onassis, during the period 1948–1954. In the second part, we examine tanker shipbuilding by the Greeks, in particular by Aristotle Onassis and Stavros Niarchos, in German shipyards. Today, Greece is the leading country in terms of ownership of the world fleet, and this chapter shows how this became possible.

LACKO, Miroslav. Majster Pavol a Levoča ako kapitálové a obchodné centrum v 15. a 16. storočí [Abstract in German: Meister Paul und Leutschau als Kapital- und Handelszentrum im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert]. In: NOVOTNÁ, Mária et al. Majster Pavol z Levoče a jeho doba. Levoča : Slovenské národné múzeum – Spišské múzeum v Levoči, 2018, pp. 7 – 30. ISBN 978-80-8060-438-7.

When European clocks first arrived in seventeenth-century Japan they generated a commotion. The highly complex but also very precise instruments had been brought to Nagasaki by the Dutch East India Company that monopolized the sparse and highly regulated trade between Japan and Europe for more than two centuries. As an expression of the technological sophistication achieved in early modern Europe, mechanical clocks were hi-tech products of their time. They operated with a spring to store the energy, and their making required highly developed skills in casting and metalwork. The new technology made it possible to emancipate the measurement of time from sunshine and to achieve an evenness of temporal rhythms, not only during the day, but also at night. In Japan, these European products met with high demand, even if, just as in Europe, they remained a luxury good. Only the feudal lords (daimyô) could afford them. They became known as daimyô tokei, ruler clocks, and served primarily as objects of prestige. And yet, even when the clocks survived the long journey fully intact and undamaged, they were put to markedly different use than their designers had intended. Tokugawa Japan followed a flexible time system: day and night were equally divided into six-hour units. An " hour " corresponded to one-sixth of the daytime—with the day beginning at sunrise (the Hour of the Rabbit) and ending at sunset (the Hour of the Rooster). As such, the actual length of the individual units of time varied with the time of the year (ranging between a hundred and 158 minutes), resulting in the daylight " hours " being significantly longer in summer than in winter.

Historians have long overlooked the role played by domesticated animals in the European expansion into the Americas. Yet domesticated animals -and the social practices that accompanied them -were central both to the 'civilizing mission' of colonizers and to indigenous American resistance. This paper examines these themes within the context of the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi region between 1670 and 1730. Drawing evidence from Algonquian and Iroquoian languages and cultural practices as well as from the accounts of French missionaries and voyageurs, I show that the indigenous peoples of the Pays d'en Haut rejected the positive connotations that domestication held for Europeans, and instead equated domestication with enslavement. The resulting conflicts between conceptions of nature, ownership and tameness had an enduring influence on European-Indian relations. Although this study examines specific patterns of interaction on the New French frontier, it also raises broad questions relating to environmental history and European-indigenous interactions throughout the New World.

Next Tuesday, March 22 at 18:00 (CET) it will take place a special session of the permanent seminar "Iberian worlds and early globalization" promoted by the project PID2019-111081RJ-I00 “MIBER – Mobility and Integration in the Iberian Colonial Systems” and the research group PAI HUM 1000 group "History of globalization: violence, negotiation and interculturality".


The session entitled " Los imperios Ibéricos en Asia: tensiones políticas y saberes imperiales/ The Iberian Empires in Asia: Political Tensions and Imperial Knowledge"  will feature presentations by Professors Federico Palomo del Barrio (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) and Joan-Pau Rubiés (ICREA-Universitat Pompeu Fabra)


The structure of the session will be as follows:


18:00 | Welcome



18:05 | Federico Palomo del Barrio (Universidad Complutense de Madrid)


“Una religiosa castellana en el Macao portugués del siglo XVII: entre visiones místicas, estrategias políticas y anhelos apostólicos”

“A Castilian nun in 17th-century Portuguese Macao: Between mystical visions, political strategies and apostolic yearnings”



18:35 | Joan-Pau Rubiés (ICREA-Universitat Pompeu Fabra)


“El Códice Boxer en una perspectiva comparada: saberes imperiales en las Indias de Castilla y Portugal”

“The Boxer Codex in comparative perspective: Imperial knowledge in the Castilian and Portuguese Indies”





19:05 | Debate



19:35 | Closure


If you wish to attend, you can do it in person (Sala de Telepresencia, Edificio 6, UPO) or through Zoom by entering the following credentials:

https://us06web.zoom.us/j/3551879965

MEETING ID: 355 187 9965



The full program of the activity and information on all our activities is also available on the PAI HUM 1000 "History of Globalization: Violence, Negotiation and Interculturality" website.

Les vies respectives de Nicolas de Nicolay (1517-1583) et de Pierre Belon du Mans (1517-1564) sont marquées par d’incessants déplacements qui les mènent du proche au lointain, des chemins du royaume de France jusqu’au cœur de l’Empire ottoman. Ces pérégrinations sont enregistrées par leurs différents écrits, tant manuscrits qu’imprimés, qui (re)mettent en forme leurs voyages et se constituent en savoirs (géographiques et/ou naturalistes) qui traitent des territoires parcourus. Au-delà  de la simple autopsie des espaces qu’ils éprouvent et qui épousent les limites du « Vieux Monde », les deux voyageurs rendent compte des transformations opérées en leur sein par les échanges planétaires en cours de constitution. Leurs écrits, qui se nourrissent des multiples ressources qu’offrent les lieux visités, nous permettent d’explorer une des modalités de la construction d’un nouveau rapport au monde à  la Renaissance, fondé sur l’emboîtement des échelles spatiales et sur l’hétérogénéité des expériences du voyage.


Publication Date: 2017
Publication Name: Le Verger, Bouquet XII, Temps et espaces du voyage à la Renaissance

This article concerns German railway cartography in the mid-nineteenth century and its effects on spatio-political perceptions. The evolution of a railway system in Germany, from isolated single routes into national and ultimately international networks, has been customarily linked to the political issue of unification in 1871. The infrastructural changes triggered the introduction of new maps and map signs, which overshadowed other national and political signs and should not be seen as a simple means to a nationalist end. By examining the developing iconography of railways and railway networks, I argue that railways were a cause of deterritorialization for regions and states and for the vision of a unified Germany.

Cet article porte sur la cartographie des chemins de fer allemands au milieu du XIXe siècle et son influence sur les perceptions spatio-politiques. L’évolution du système ferroviaire allemand, depuis de simples lignes isolées vers des réseaux nationaux et au final internationaux, a été communément associée à la question politique de l’unification de 1871. Les changements de l’infrastructure provoquèrent l’introduction de nouvelles cartes et de nouveaux signes conventionnels, qui éclipsèrent d’autres signes nationaux et politiques et qui ne doivent pas être considérés comme de simples moyens mis en œuvre dans une optique nationaliste. En examinant le développement de l’iconographie des chemins de fer et des réseaux ferrés, je soutiens que les chemins de fer furent une cause de déterritorialisation pour les régions et les Etats et pour la vision d’une Allemagne unifiée.

Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Eisenbahnkartographie Deutschlands in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts sowie mit ihrer Wirkung auf politisch-räumliche Konzepte. Die Entwicklung des deutschen Eisenbahnnetzes, von einzelnen isolierten Routen zu nationalen und schließlich internationalen Systemen, wurde gewöhnlich mit dem politischen Prozess hin zur staatlichen Einheit von 1871 in Verbindung gebracht. Die Veränderungen der Infrastruktur lösten den Einsatz neuer Karten und neuer Kartenzeichen aus, die andere national und politisch bedeutungsvolle Elemente von den Karten verdrängten, die aber nicht einfach als Mittel auf dem Weg zum Nationalismus verstanden werden sollten. Die Untersuchung der sich entwickelnden Ikonographie der Eisenbahn und des Eisenbahnnetzes legt nahe, dass diese ein Beispiel für die Auflösung von Regionen oder Staaten darstellte und auf die Vision des geeinten Deutschland verwies.

Este artículo se centra en la cartografía ferroviaria alemana de mediados del siglo XIX y en su influencia en las percepciones espacio-políticas. La evolución del sistema ferroviario alemán, desde rutas individuales aisladas a redes nacionales y en última instancia internacionales, ha sido tradicionalmente vinculada a la cuestión política de la unificación en 1871. Los cambios en infraestructuras provocaron la introducción de nuevos mapas y signos cartográficos que eclipsaron otros signos nacionales y políticos, y no deben ser considerados como simples medios con fines nacionalistas. A partir del examen del desarrollo iconográfico de los ferrocarriles y redes ferroviarias, sostengo que los ferrocarriles fueron una causa de la no territorialización de las regiones y de los estados, en favor de la visión de una Alemania unificada.

https://jesuitportal.bc.edu/news/july-2020-new-historiographical-essay-on-jesuit-travel/

David Salomoni, a postdoctoral researcher at the Project RUTTER—Making the Earth Global, has published “Jesuits on Board: A Reasoned Bibliography on the Early Modern Jesuit Trans-Oceanic Sailing Experiences.” The essay appears as the third installment of the RUTTER: Technical Notes, an open-access serial publication covering topics as diverse as the research activities of the RUTTER research team. The essay, which Salomoni will update regularly, may be downloaded for free at:
https://www.rutterproject.org/uploads/1/2/9/4/129482413/salomoni_tn3.pdf

Salomoni’s essay provides a historiographical overview and a bibliographical summary of Jesuit missions and travels, including the reports, histories, treaties, and travel accounts written by the members of the Society of Jesus between the 16th and 18th centuries. While particular attention is paid, in this “global history of the seas,” to the Jesuits’ scientific contributions, Salomoni addresses the missionaries experiences on the seas as well. “The aim of this continually updated bibliography, therefore, is to collect all the modern and ancient titles relating to the on-board oceanic travel experiences of Jesuit missionaries, but not to them only,” Salomoni writes. “Another ongoing attempt here is to collect the same kind of material on the oceanic travels of other religious missionary orders (Franciscans, Dominicans, Augustinians) to be compared with the Jesuits for a more detailed and comprehensive overview of such phenomenon. This bibliography will serve as a basis for articles, an edition of sources, and finally a book that will allow us to take stock of a decisive moment in the scientific, intellectual and social history not only of the Society of Jesus, but of the entire world. ”

The essay’s bibliography runs 23 pages and includes a section on selected literature on Jesuit missions and travels (including those for Jesuits at sea and in the missions as well as on their scientific work), a list of Jesuit reports, histories, treaties, and travel accounts, another list of travel accounts from other religious orders, one for non-religious travel accounts, and, finally, a list of relevant online resources.

Composed of an international and interdisciplinary team of researchers, the RUTTER Project has a mission to “write a narrative of the scaling up of a scientific description of the earth in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and how it grew out of the lived experience of travelling and observing the earth in long-distance sea voyages. It aims at radically improving our present knowledge of the historical processes that led to the formation of global concepts about the earth.” Henrique Leitão serves as the group’s principal investigator and Antonio Sánchez as the senior researcher. The RUTTER project receives funding through the European Research Council (ERC). Learn more about the project at https://www.rutter-project.org/.

This article sets out to elucidate the role of Japanese Protestants in the education of Koreans during the early twentieth century. Scholarship has often assigned only marginal roles to Japanese Protestants within the history of Japanese imperialism, despite the remarkable success of western missionaries in Korea at the time. As imperial expansion progressed, Japanese Protestants intensified their efforts to take up a leading role in the education of Koreans in colonial Korea and in the metropole wishing to spearhead the assimilation of Koreans. By drawing on the colonial discourses of East Asian unity under Japanese leadership, Protestant churches strove to mediate and facilitate colonial policies in Korea. Yet there were also voices of dissent from prominent Japanese Protestants critical of the assimilation policies implemented by colonial authorities in Korea. This ambivalent stance of Protestantism towards Korea is further complicated by the fact that the Korean Young Men’s Christian Association in Tokyo served as an important venue of the Korean Independence Movement. Examining Christian magazines and journals of the time, this paper delves into the contentious debates among Japanese Protestants concerning the Korea Mission and the Japanese government’s strategy of assimilation through education.