History of Foreing Affairs

The dawn of 1970s observed trendy foreign policy by the leadership of the Muslim World. Following the 1967 Arab War the Muslim countries entered into a new era of political and socio-economic cooperation on a joint platform of Organization of Islamic Conference. Arab-Israel conflict became the immediate cause of its formation, and the initial fervour, emotions were manifested in high aspirations at Lahore, in 1974. The emerging young leadership represented largely the general support of their respective countries. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Colonel Qaddafi, President Houari Boumedienne, Shah Faisal, Jafar al Namiri of Sudan, and PLO’s Yasser Arafat were at the top of the pyramid. They tried to configure an independent Muslim World Order by exploring alternatives other than becoming a US or a Soviet client and with the new defunct Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).  The prospects for future of the Muslim Ummah seemed progressive, however, the aura of this leadership dispersed soon as this leadership got through ill fate leaving their followers dispersed on the way to achieve the proposed objectives in the 1974 Summit. This study makes an effort to explore why this aura wiped out gradually, portraying these leaders culprits in their own homelands.

The main stages of the biography of the outstanding Russian scientist, of an expert on international relations, of a recognized specialist in the field of the US foreign policy, history and theory of international relations, geopolitics, global history of modern and contemporary, of the author of more than 70 books and several hundred articles in domestic and foreign editions, of doctor of historical sciences, of professor A.I. Utkin have been considered on the basis of an extensive of the source base and historiography. The most significant stories from the life of the researcher have been presented. His scientific achievements have been characterized. Inventory of main works of the scientist has been specified. Excerpts from the memoirs of his contemporaries have been presented. The views of experts in the history and theory of international relations have been highlighted. It is proved that currently A.I.Utkin continues to remain one of the most authoritative Russian researchers in the world. Relevance and scientific value of his works will only grow over the years.
Keywords: A.I. Utkin, biography, scientist, professor, history, political science, international relations.

Estanislao Zeballos created a dense theoretical corpus regarding Argentina's relations with its neighbors, especially Brazil and Chile. Along the 20th Century, the intellectual elite of the Río de la Plata has followed Zeballos' principles as the paradigm of the true patriot. The present article develops a critical approach to his thought and detects an important tendency of his ideas — strongly marked by positivism and Darwinism— to racism and xenophobia, especially toward the two mentioned countries. Being this so, the chancellor generated boundaries conflicts that did not exist before, and promoted historically wrong concepts about the nature of the international relationships within the Southern Cone.

The article is devoted to the practical of preparation the unknown story of the Russian Muslims to Islamic Congress, which was held in the fall of 1923 in Calcutta, India. Based on previously unpublished archival material, the author draws a conclusion about the interests of a group of national-religious elite of the Volga-Ural Turks, and the reasons why these and similar ambitions could not be realized.