HSPA

Latency plays a major role during mobile data communication. Unlike the model of a circuitswitched cellular system earlier, the Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been designed to support only packet-switched services. It aims to provide seamless Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity between the user equipment (UE) and a packet data network (PDN), without interruption to the end user application for mobility. LTE for these and more data - hungry activities and interactive TV, mobile video blogging, advanced gaming and professional service that will improve the user experience to use the mobile data networks.

In this paper we present the main concepts of High Speed Packet Access Evolution currently being standardized in 3GPP. In general HSPA Evolution consists of introduction of MIMO, higher order modulation, and protocol optimizations and optimizations for voice over IP. We describe these improvements in detail and show that HSPA Evolution can reach performance comparable to those of Long Term Evolution of UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network in a 5MHz deployment.

Abstract：This article presents a solution to improve HSPA+ throughput which is consisted of RTWP optimization, Radio Resource Allocation and Adoption of New Features. Compared with the historical optimization practice, the solution herein outruns the improvement by more than 10 times for UL throughput and doubles the DL throughput at the same time. The solution in this article already applied in the other project and it is worthy of transplanting into more mobile networks for similar optimization purpose.

Amongst other mandates of the 4th Generation of Wir
eless Networks (4G), integration and unification of
various technologies is a critical subject. In this
paper an end-to-end wireless network deployment in
a
test-bed environment is established to demonstrate
a practical model for integration of various wirele
ss
technologies used by ISPs to provide services to la
rge and small enterprise customers. The focus of th
is
research is on the Quality of Service (QoS) conside
rations in a WiFi-WiMAX integrated network. The
results show that integrated deployment does not de
teriorate throughput as compared to a standalone
WiMAX system. The throughput of approximately 967.5
kbps was observed throughout the path and
shows a steady performance across various parts of
the network regardless of the technology involved.
Numerical results also confirm that outcomes for ef
fectiveness of the QoS routines defined in the
proposed architecture are not severely affected by
the integration

One of the most important multimedia applications is Internet protocol TV (IPTV) for next-generation
networks. IPTV provides triple-play services that require high-speed access networks with the functions of
multicasting and quality of service (QoS) guarantees. Among 4G mobile ac-cess networks, LTE networks are regarded as among the best solutions to meet higher bandwidth demands. In this paper, we propose a new architecture for multicasting live IPTV traffic in 4G LTE networks. The proposed mechanism involves assigning a unique logical link identifier to each IPTV channel. To manage multicasting, a prior storing server in the Base Station and in each mobile network unit, mobile phone, is constructed. In this work, we propose a partial prior storing strategy that considers the changes in the popularity of the video content segments over time and the access patterns of the users to compute the utility of the objects in the prior storage. We also propose to partition the prior storage to avoid the eviction of the popular objects (those
not accessed frequently) by the unpopular ones which are accessed with higher frequency. The popularity distribution and ageing of popularity are measured from two online datasets and use the parameters in simulations. Simulation results show that our proposed architecture can improve the system performance and QoS parameters in terms of packet delay, jitter and packet loss.

WiMAX is based on the standard IEEE 802.16e-2009 for wireless access in Metropolitan Area Networks. It is one of the solutions for 4G IP based wireless technology. WiMAX utilizes Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access which also supports Multicast and Broadcast Service with appropriate Modulation and Coding Scheme. Presently, Scheduling and Resource allocation algorithm in Opportunistic Layered Multicasting provides multicasting of layered video over mobile WiMAX to ensure better QoS. Initially, the knowledge based allocation of subcarriers is used for scheduling. In addition, to reduce the burst overhead, delay and jitter, SWIM (Swapping Min-Max) algorithm is utilized. Another promising technology that can greatly improve the system performance by exploring the broadcasting nature of wireless channels and the cooperation among multiple users is the Cooperative Multicast Scheduling (CMS) technique. The simulation results show, Swapping Min-Max performs better with lesser number of bursts, Zero jitter and with optimal throughput. The results with Cooperative Multicast Scheduling show the enhanced throughput for each member in the Multicasting Scenario.

Abstract: Mobile broadband is increasing rapidly both when it comes to traffic and number of subscriptions. The swift growth of the demand will require substantial capacity expansions. Operators are challenged by the fact that revenues from mobile broadband are limited, just a few per cent of APRU, and thus not compensating for declining voice revenues, creating a so called "revenue gap". Concurrently, mobile broadband dominates the traffic, set to grow strongly. In this paper we analyze the potential of different strategies for operators to reduce or bridge the revenue gap. The main options are to reduce network costs, to increase access prices and to exploit new revenue streams. The focus in the paper is on cost & capacity challenges and solutions in the network domain. Operators can cooperate and share sites and spectrum, which could be combined with off-loading heavy traffic to less costly local networks. In the network analysis we illustrate the cost impacts of differ...

Amongst other mandates of the 4th Generation of Wireless Networks (4G), integration and unification of various technologies is a critical subject. In this paper an end-to-end wireless network deployment in a test-bed environment is established to demonstrate a practical model for integration of various wireless technologies used by ISPs to provide services to large and small enterprise customers. The focus of this research is on the Quality of Service (QoS) considerations in a WiFi-WiMAX integrated network. The results show that integrated deployment does not deteriorate throughput as compared to a standalone WiMAX system. The throughput of approximately 967.5 kbps was observed throughout the path and shows a steady performance across various parts of the network regardless of the technology involved. Numerical results also confirm that outcomes for effectiveness of the QoS routines defined in the proposed architecture are not severely affected by the integration.

This paper analyzes the performance of cooperative amplify-and-forward (CAF) relay networks that employ adaptive M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)/M-ary phase shift keying (M-PSK) digital modulation techniques in Nakagami-m fading channel. In particular, we present and compared the analysis of CAF relay networks with different cooperative diversity and opportunistic routing strategies such as regular Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC), Selection Diversity Combining (SDC), Opportunistic Relay Selection with Maximal Ratio Combining (ORS-MRC) and Opportunistic Relay Selection with Selection Diversity Combining (ORS-SDC). We advocate a simple yet unified numerical approach based on the marginal moment generating function (MGF) of the total received SNR to compute the average symbol error rate (ASER), mean achievable spectral efficiency, and outage probability performance metrics.

BRE (TNFRSF1A modulator/BRCC45) is a stress-responsive gene that is normally expressed at low levels in human and mouse livers. It binds to TNF-R1 and Fas, and modulates the actions of these cytokines [Chan, B.C.L., Ching, A.K.K., To, K.F., Leung, J.C.K. et al., Oncogene 2008, 27, 1208–1217]. We demonstrated that BRE expression was rapidly induced when the liver was insulted with carbon tetrachloride. In addition, it is highly expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Transgenic mice were produced that specifically overexpressed BRE in the liver to determine the effects of high levels of BRE on the liver. We found these transgenic livers were histologically normal when compared with their wild-type counterpart. Hence, comparative proteomics were used to elucidate the molecular alterations in these tissues. It was established that several stress-responsive proteins were upregulated in BRE-transgenic hepatocytes. These include heat shock-related 70 kDa protein 2, putative heat shock 70 kDa protein 7 and mitogen-activated protein kinase 12. Furthermore, we demonstrated that silencing BRE expression in non-tumoral Chang cells could directly inhibit the expression of these stress-responsive genes. In conclusion, we propose that the liver in our BRE transgenic mice is under constant heightened stress-response and this may be a major contributing factor to the hepatocellular carcinoma phenotype.

In this paper an innovative Radio Resource Management (RRM) algorithm is proposed with the purpose of increasing High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) performances, in terms of system capacity and service quality, when the Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services (MBMS) is supplied. The proposed RRM algorithm exploits channel quality indications to set up point-to-multipoint connections to subgroups of multicast users and to select the proper modulation and coding schemes on the downlink. The number of subgroups is determined through an optimization technique that also takes into account the user satisfaction. An exhaustive simulation campaign is conducted to compare the proposed algorithm with the most promising approaches in the literature. Comparisons aim to assess the capability of the proposed RRM algorithm to efficiently manage group oriented services by providing an increment in terms of user satisfaction.

In this work we are interested to investigate how the Geostationary (GEO) satellite can be used to employ efficiently High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology supporting Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS) in a scenario in which the terrestrial network is not available. An exhaustive simulation campaign has been carried out with the aim to determinate the Satellite-HSDPA (S-HSDPA) performances in different radio channel conditions. In particular, a Good/Bad Channel model has been taken into account to achieve a specific radio information and to be able to evaluate the maximum date rate that can be obtained by S-HSDPA.

This paper addresses the design of an innovative scheduling algorithm which optimizes the performance of Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) in High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) networks. The proposed policy is based on the subgrouping approach which splits multicast members into subgroups and applies a subgroup-based Adaptive Modulation and Coding mechanism. The optimal number of multicast sub- groups with the assigned radio resources is evaluated by solving an optimization problem. The robustness of the proposed approach has been investigated under different pedestrian mobility scenarios. Obtained results demonstrated that user mobility does not meaningfully influence the performance of our policy which allows to minimize the “user dissatisfaction” while increasing the network coverage.