HPV

A consensus multiplex real-time PCR test (PT13-RT) for the oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 and 66 is described. The test targets the L1 gene. Analytical sensitivity is between 4 and 400 GU (genomic units) in the presence of 500 ng of human DNA, corresponding to 75,000 human cells. HPV types are grouped into multiplex groups of 3 or 4 resulting in the use of 4 wells per sample and permitting up to 24 samples per run (including controls) in a standard 96-well real-time PCR instrument. False negative results are avoided by (a) measuring sample DNA concentration to control that sufficient cellular material is present and (b) including HPV type 6 as a homologous internal control in order to detect PCR inhibition or competition from other (non-oncogenic) HPV types. Analysis time from refrigerator to report is 8 h, including 2.5 h hands-on time. Relative to the HC2 test, the sensitivity and specificity were respectively 98% and 83%, the lower specificity being attributable to the higher analytical sensitivity of PT13-RT. To assess type determination comparison was made with a reversed line-blot test. Type concordance was high (Ä = 0.79) with discrepancies occurring mostly in multiple-positive samples.

BACKGROUND/METHODS: This study evaluated human papillomavirus (HPV) type prevalence in 370 Scottish invasive cervical cancers (ICCs) using HPV genotyping and HPV mRNA detection. RESULTS: HPV 16 and/or 18 was detected in 72% of cancers overall and in 82% of HPV-positive cancers. HPV 45 and 16 were the most frequently transcribed types. CONCLUSION: A significant reduction in ICC in Scotland should be achieved through the HPV immunisation programme.

Cinergis 2014;15(4):201-206 Páginas 01 de 06 não para fins de citação RESUMO A infecção pelo Papilomavírus Humano (HPV) representa um importante problema de saúde pública por sua alta transmissibilidade e atuar no desenvolvimento de lesões cérvico-vaginais e câncer do colo de útero. Objetivo: realizar a pesquisa molecular do vírus HPV em amostras cérvico-vaginais de mulheres que realizam a coleta Método: foi realizado um estudo transversal no período entre março a junho de 2014. O estudo baseou-se na coleta de dados clínicos epidemiológicos e na análise de amostras cérvico-vaginais de 62 mulheres, através da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) para presença do HPV, utilizando os primers consenso MY09/MY11; para a detecção dos genótipos 16 e 18, foram utilizados primers específicos. Resultados: o DNA-HPV foi encontrado em 2 mulheres participantes do estudo (3,2%). Destes casos positivos para HPV, uma participante apresentou HPV 16 de alto risco oncogênico, com alteração intra-epitelial de alto grau no exame citológico. Considerações finais: com o método molecular foi possível identificar o vírus HPV e o subtipo 16. Os métodos moleculares servem para auxiliar o método tradicional do papanicolau, identificar lesões pré-neoplásicas, infecções latentes ou subclínicas e relacionar o tipo viral envolvido na infecção. ABSTRACT Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major public health problem due to its high transmissibility and role in development of cervicovaginal lesions and cervical cancer. Objective: performing molecular analysis of HPV virus in cervical smears of women who underwent the pap smears collect at Integrated Health Service from the University of Santa Cruz do Sul and at the Maternal and Child Health Center in Santa Cruz do Sul. Method: a cross-sectional study was conducted from March to June 2014. The study was based on epidemiological data collection and clinical analysis of cervical smears of 62 women by PCR for the presence of HPV DNA fragments using consensus primers MY09 / MY11; genotypes 16 and 18 were searched with specific primers. Results: HPV DNA was found in 2 women (3.2%). One of these 2 positive HPV cases was HPV 16 with high oncogenic risk and presented intraepithelial high-grade change in cytological examination. Final considerations: through the molecular method was possible to identify the HPV DNA virus and HPV subtype 16. Molecular methods can assist the traditional method of pap smears, helping to identify precancerous lesions, latent or subclinical infections and appoint the viral type involved in the infection.

BACKGROUNDThe addition of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing to cytologic screening for cervical carcinoma is now being considered. The majority of women in screening cohorts who test positive for oncogenic types of HPV DNA have concurrent negative Pap tests. The absolute risk of a subsequent abnormal Pap test for these women is uncertain. Therefore, the proper counseling and clinical management of these women is also uncertain.The addition of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing to cytologic screening for cervical carcinoma is now being considered. The majority of women in screening cohorts who test positive for oncogenic types of HPV DNA have concurrent negative Pap tests. The absolute risk of a subsequent abnormal Pap test for these women is uncertain. Therefore, the proper counseling and clinical management of these women is also uncertain.METHODSA subcohort of 2020 women with a negative Pap test who tested positive at enrollment for oncogenic HPV DNA types using the Hybrid Capture 2 Test were followed for 57 months at Kaiser Permanente (Portland, OR). Absolute risks of new abnormal cytologic interpretations were computed using Kaplan–Meier methods. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate determinants of a new abnormal Pap test.A subcohort of 2020 women with a negative Pap test who tested positive at enrollment for oncogenic HPV DNA types using the Hybrid Capture 2 Test were followed for 57 months at Kaiser Permanente (Portland, OR). Absolute risks of new abnormal cytologic interpretations were computed using Kaplan–Meier methods. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate determinants of a new abnormal Pap test.RESULTSThe cumulative incidence for a Pap test interpreted as atypical squamous cells or more severe (≥ ASC) was 16.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 15.0–18.6%), 6.4% (95% CI = 5.2–7.6%) for low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or more severe, and 2.2% (95% CI = 1.5–2.9%) for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or more severe. By comparison, the cumulative incidence of greater than or equal to ASC among HPV-negative women was 4.2% (95% CI = 3.9–4.6%). The highest viral load (100 relative light units per the positive control or greater) was associated with a greater risk of an abnormal Pap test (odds ratio= 2.7, 95% CI = 1.7–4.1) than lower viral loads.The cumulative incidence for a Pap test interpreted as atypical squamous cells or more severe (≥ ASC) was 16.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 15.0–18.6%), 6.4% (95% CI = 5.2–7.6%) for low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or more severe, and 2.2% (95% CI = 1.5–2.9%) for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or more severe. By comparison, the cumulative incidence of greater than or equal to ASC among HPV-negative women was 4.2% (95% CI = 3.9–4.6%). The highest viral load (100 relative light units per the positive control or greater) was associated with a greater risk of an abnormal Pap test (odds ratio= 2.7, 95% CI = 1.7–4.1) than lower viral loads.CONCLUSIONSThese results suggest that about 15% of women in annual screening programs who concurrently have a negative Pap test and a positive oncogenic HPV test will have a subsequent abnormal Pap test within 5 years. This risk estimate will be useful to the many clinicians and patients likely to be diagnosed with an HPV infection and negative cytology if HPV DNA is added to general screening. Cancer 2002;95:2145–51. Published 2002 by the American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10927These results suggest that about 15% of women in annual screening programs who concurrently have a negative Pap test and a positive oncogenic HPV test will have a subsequent abnormal Pap test within 5 years. This risk estimate will be useful to the many clinicians and patients likely to be diagnosed with an HPV infection and negative cytology if HPV DNA is added to general screening. Cancer 2002;95:2145–51. Published 2002 by the American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10927

The incidence of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is strongly associated with solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, HIV and human papilloma virus (HPV). Africa has the highest incidence rates in the world. Most lesions occur at the limbus within the interpalpebral fissure particularly the nasal sector. The nasal limbus receives the highest intensity of sunlight. Limbal epithelial crypts are concentrated nasally and contain niches of limbal epithelial stem cells in the basal layer. It is possible that these are the progenitor cells in OSSN. OSSN arises in the basal epithelial cells spreading towards the surface which resembles the movement of corneo-limbal stem cell progeny before it later invades through the basement membrane below. UV radiation damages DNA producing pyrimidine dimers in the DNA chain. Specific CC / TT base pair dimer transformations of the p53 tumour-suppressor gene occur in OSSN allowing cells with damaged DNA past the G1-S cell cycle checkpoint. UV radiation also causes local and systemic photoimmunosuppression and reactivates latent viruses such as HPV. The E7 proteins of HPV promote proliferation of infected epithelial cells via the retinoblastoma gene while E6 proteins prevent the p53 tumour suppressor gene from effecting cell-cycle arrest of DNA-damaged and infected cells. Immunosuppression from UV radiation, HIV and vitamin A deficiency impairs tumour immune surveillance allowing survival of aberrant cells. Tumour growth and metastases are enhanced by; telomerase reactivation which increases the number of cell divisions a cell can undergo; vascular endothelial growth factor for angiogenesis and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that destroy the intercellular matrix between cells. Despite these potential triggers, the disease is usually unilateral. It is unclear how HPV reaches the conjunctiva.

In June 2013, the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare (MHLW) suspended its active recommendation of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination after a small number of highly publicized alleged adverse events stoked public fears about the vaccine’s safety.2 While the MHLW continues to provide the HPV vaccination for those who request it through the National Immunization Programme (NIP), as of mid-April, the suspension of the HPV vaccination recommendation continues. Since the release of our CSIS report The HPV Vaccination in Japan: Issues and Options3 in May 2014, anti-vaccine groups have strengthened their control of the narrative surrounding the HPV vaccine, intensified their activities, and continued to capture media and public attention. The medical community has split as prominent personalities have come forward to support claims of adverse effects linked to the HPV vaccine even in the absence of any evidence of association. Countermeasures by the MHLW, medical prof...

Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques are becoming useful as alternate approaches to conventional techniques or as components of integrated systems. They have been used to solve complicated practical problems in various areas and are becoming more and more popular nowadays. AItechniques have the following features: can learn from examples; are fault tolerant in the sense that they are able to handle noisy and incomplete data; are able to deal with non-linear problems; and once trained can perform prediction and generalization at high speed. AI-based systems are being developed and deployed worldwide in a myriad of applications, mainly because of their symbolic reasoning, flexibility and explanation capabilities. AI have been used and applied in different sectors, such as engineering, economics, medicine, military, marine, etc. They have also been applied for modeling, identification, optimization, prediction, forecasting, and control of complex systems. The main objective of this paper is to present an overview of the AI-techniques for sizing photovoltaic (PV) systems: stand-alone PVs, grid-connected PV systems, PV-wind hybrid systems, etc. Published literature presented in this paper show the potential of AI as a design tool for the optimal sizing of PV systems. Additionally, the advantage of using an AI-based sizing of PV systems is that it provides good optimization, especially in isolated areas, where the weather data are not always available. #

The association between HIV infection and invasive cervical cancer that has been reported may reflect differential prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection or uncontrolled confounding. We conducted a case-control study in a West African population to assess the relationship between HIV infection and invasive cervical cancer, taking into account HPV infection and other potential risk factors for cervical cancer. Women with invasive cervical cancer (cases) or normal cervical cytology (controls) were recruited in a hospital-based case-control study in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated in logistic regression analyses controlling for important cofactors. HIV infection was noted in 22/132 (16.7%) cases and 10/120 (8.3%) controls (p = 0.048). High-risk HPV infection was detected in cervical tumor samples from 89.4% of case-participants and in cervical cytology samples in 31.1% of control-participants. In logistic regression a...

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) comprise more than 100 genotypes. The mucosal types can be divided into high-risk and low-risk (LR) types depending on the associated disease risk. HPV infection is mainly diagnosed by molecular methods, since reliable serological tools are not available and culture of the virus is not possible. Accurate molecular diagnostic techniques that can be used to inform patient management and follow-up after treatment are now available for detection and identification of HPV. The diagnosis of HPV infections in patients at risk of disease in a clinical setting requires a different approach from that used for epidemiological studies, vaccination trials and natural history studies. This review describes the different molecular methods available for HPV detection and genotyping and their possible clinical utility.

a b s t r a c t HPV vaccines available in the market are not effective against different strains of papillomavirus, therefore, there is a need to develop a new prophylactic DNA vaccine which can work against different strains of HPVs and may lead to protection of cervical cancer against new pandemic viruses. We designed a potential prophylactic DNA vaccine by using all the consensus epitopic sequences of HPVs L2 capsid protein and performed in silico cloning of multiepitopic antigenic DNA sequence in pVAX-1 vector. Immunogenicity of vaccine has been enhanced by techniques like codon optimization, engineering CpG motifs, introducing promoters and co-injection with plasmids expressing immune-stimulatory molecules.

HPV-induced diseases are extremely common and carry substantial morbidity and mortality. Existing methods of prevention and treatment are still inadequate. In this article, the use of Brassica oleracea (broccoli, cabbage, etc.), indole-3-carbinol (I3C), and diindolylmethane (DIM) to prevent and treat HPV-related conditions is discussed. Camellia sinensis (green tea) leaf catechins including epigallocatechin (EGC) and epigal-locatechin gallate (EGCG) and the approved botanical drug derived from them, sinecatechins, are used to illustrate an example of a very effective herbal treatment for genital warts. Other studies on herbal treatments for HPV-mediated diseases , including an immunostimulating formula including Echi-nacea purpurea; and a Chinese immune formula including As-tragalus membranaceus (astragalus), Platycodon grandiflorus (balloon flower), Angelica sinensis (dong quai), Wolfiporia cocos (hoelen), Ligustrum lucidum (privet), Glycyrrhiza ura-lensis (Asian licorice), and other herbs, and topical Periploca sepium (silk vine) are discussed.

Recognize Types of HPV Warts including understanding of wart symptoms, and FAQs like "Are Warts Cancerous?", "How Long do Warts Last?","Can Warts On Hand Spread to Genitals", "Differences of Warts vs Seborrheic Keratosis and Molluscum Contagiosum" - with additional resources on HPV, Wart Prevention, and comprehensive guide on how to get rid of warts.

Obat Herbal Bintik Putih Pada Kulit Kelamin _ Selamat datang di situs kesehatan dan pengobatan alternatif, pada kesempatan ini kami akan mengulas mengenai pengobatan Daging Tumbuh Di Sekitar Kemaluan. Dalam istilah kesehatan dikenal dengan Kondiloma atua juga HPV genital, memiliki ciri tumbuhnya daging seperti kutil pada area genital, kutil bisa kecil ataupun besar, tumbuh satu atau berkelompok, gatal, dan bisa berdarah jika tergesek. Kutil kelamin adalah penyakit kelamin yang dapat dialami siapa saja tanpa memandang jenis kelamin. Sifatnya yang mudah menular membuatnya cukup meresahkan. Namun, sebenarnya kutil kelamin ini adalah penyakit yang jinak dan dapat dicegah dengan obat kutil kelamin. Meskipun terkesan jinak dan mudah diobati, terdapat resiko yang lebih besar jika terjadi pembiaran pada penyakit ini. Kutil kelamin bisa saja tumbuh menjadi seperti kembang kol atau bahkan seperti jengger ayam. Kutil di kelamin ini dapat menjadi sangat mengganggu dan bahkan dapat menjadi beban psikologis bagi penderitanya. Sebelumnya, Anda harus tahu penyebab kutil kemaluan ini. Hal ini diperlukan agar Anda dapat lebih waspada dan tidak tertular penyakit ini. Penyebab kutil kemaluan pada pria dan wanita ini karena adanya infeksi human papillomavirus (HPV). Beberapa jenis HPV memang dapat menyebabkan seseorang mengalami kutil kemaluan, dan beberapanya dapat menyebabkan kanker, salah satunya kanker serviks. baca juga Obat Kutil Di Kemaluan Wanita Yang Alami Penyebab Bintik Putih Pada Kulit Kelamin (Kutil Kemaluan)

Penyebab Benjolan Daging Tumbuh Di Vagina _ Selamat datang di situs kesehatan dan pengobatan alternatif, pada kesempatan ini kami akan mengulas mengenai pengobatan Kutil Di Kemaluan. Dalam istilah kesehatan dikenal dengan Kondiloma atua juga HPV genital, memiliki ciri tumbuhnya daging seperti kutil pada area genital, kutil bisa kecil ataupun besar, tumbuh satu atau berkelompok, gatal, dan bisa berdarah jika tergesek. Sebelumnya, Anda harus tau penyebab kutil kemaluan ini. Hal ini diperlukan agar Anda dapat lebih waspada dan tidak tertular penyakit ini. Penyebab kutil kemaluan pada pria dan wanita ini karena adanya infeksi human papillomavirus (HPV). Beberapa jenis HPV memang dapat menyebabkan seseorang mengalami kutil kemaluan, dan beberapanya dapat menyebabkan kanker, salah satunya kanker serviks. Kutil kelamin merupakan jenis penyakit kelamin yang mengakibatkan daging tumbuh berukuran kecil lembut di daerah kelamin Anda yang disebabkan oleh human papilloma virus (HPV). Ada lebih dari 100 jenis virus HPV yang umumnya dapat menyebabkan semua jenis kutil pada tangan, jari-jari, bahkan wajah. Seseorang yang mengalami kutil kemaluan bukan berarti orang tersebut baru saja terinfeksi HPV. Karena HPV bisa saja sudah menginfeksi sejak lama, namun tak ada gejala yang terjadi. Dan gejala tersebut baru muncul sekarang. Bahkan beberapa penderita tidak menunjukkan terjadinya gejala sama sekali. Walaupun begitu, virus masih tetap bisa menular pada pasangan ketika Anda melakukan hubungan seksual. Penyebab Benjolan Daging Tumbuh Di Vagina _ Dari gejala yang anda rasakan saat ini adalah sebuah hal yang wajar terjadi, risiko tersebut ada karena beberapa faktor diantaranya karena kebersihan dan hubungan seksualitas yang menyimpang. Jika memiliki gejala seperti tumbuh kutil di area luar dan dalam miss v atau vagina yang berbentuk daging lebih atau biasa disebut dengan kutil kelamin itu merupakan penyakit kelamin yang bisa menyerang baik laki-laki atau wanita. Penyebab Benjolan Daging Tumbuh Di Vagina Penyebab Benjolan Daging Tumbuh Di Vagina _ Kutil kemaluan merupakan salah satu jenis infeksi menular seksual yang dianggap umum terjadi. Kondisi ini disebabkan oleh human

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Learn about the 4 Pillars To Win The War Of Warts - a complete warts removal guide that comprehensively cover warts management tips - including wart removal surgery and medical treatment, over the counter wart removal, and home remedies for warts removal. This is a one-stop resource with pro and con analysis, video guide, cost comparison, recommendations, and so on.

Antiviral Nutrition Update #1 for 2018:
Clinical Trial of Vitamin D3 against HVP/CIN1: The video of this presentation is archived at ichnfm.org/hpv1, and the transcript in PDF format—which is considered the final and citable version—is archived at academia.edu/35808436; any corrections or updates will be made to the PDF file. Observe that this video presentation is truly an *update* subsequent to previous publications and that therefore not all sources are cited; for citations, see the video, and for complete citations regarding the protocol in its entirety, see the book Antiviral Strategies and Immune Nutrition or the ebook version titled Antiviral Nutrition. Citation: Vasquez A. Antiviral Nutrition Update #2 for 2018. Video presentation (ichnfm.org/hpv2) and official transcript (academia.edu/35808436) 2018 January

Primary reference: Antiviral Strategies and Immune Nutrition https://www.amazon.com/dp/1502894890/ also published in digital ebook format as Antiviral Nutrition (Kindle ebook) https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00OPDQG4W. Also published in Inflammation Mastery, 4th Edition https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01KMZZLAQ/ and Textbook of Clinical Nutrition and Functional Medicine, vol. 1: Essential Knowledge for Safe Action and Effective Treatment https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01JDIOHR6/

New technologies for cervical cancer screening seek to provide an accurate, efficient, and costeffective way of identifying women at risk for cervical cancer. Current screening uses HPV DNA testing combined with cytology and requires multiple visits at a great cost to the patient and the society. New methods for screening include HPV diagnostics (detection of either the presence of HPV or integration of the virus into the host cell), proliferation, and detection of epigenetic changes, either in the host or virus. These methods show promise in changing the way that current cervical cancer screening is undertaken in both low and high-resource settings.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) 6 and 11 are primarily associated with anal, genital, or oral warts, which may progress to malignant transformation at the site of infection. HPV 16 and 18 are primarily associated with cervical cancer and are considered high-risk infections. HPV has increased over 500% in the last 30 years. CAM considerations for HPV prevention and treatment are; green tea extract, Podophyllum, Coriolus veriscolor mushroom, Brassica family metabolites: Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and 3’-diindolylmethane(DIM), escharotic treatment and vaginal suppositories.

Cycling is a highly efficient form of low carbon transport, but to date, cyclists have had only marginal representation on Australia’s roads. There are various reasons for this, such as cyclist safety, product quality, weather, road conditions, and social drivers. The velomobile, however, presents an alternative to the standard two-wheel bicycle that would overcome many of these issues and thus offers a way to travel short and medium-length distances with zero emissions. This paper argues that, while velomobiles are a comfortable commuter cycling alternative, their current lack of widespread usage is due to negative socio-cultural perceptions of this type of transportation and the lack of a diverse range of ‘Cool’ velomobile products. It discusses the relevance of creative activist intervention as a means of developing products beyond the limits of their original design and of firmly embedding these products into social practice. It cites the Punk movement of the 1970s and its influence on current ‘DIY’ (do-it-yourself) ‘mashup’ culture; where web 2.0 enabled, open-source, user-generated product development is redefining whole systems of design, manufacture and retail. The paper goes on to outline the development of the PUUNK (Personalised, User-generated, Upcycled, N-configurable Kit ) system as a framework for an open-source, reconfigurable, low cost velomobile.

This paper considers the dual approach to conspiracy theories in anthropological studies. While some anthropologists suggest treating them seriously because they might reveal some truths, others argue that conspiracy theories require serious attention, because they are alarming and present a threat to social cohesion and democracy. Analysing conflicts over HPV immunisation programmes in Ireland, this paper investigates if there is a way of bridging this divide. In contrast to most studies on vaccine hesitancy, this paper avoids reducing the issue to the problem of knowledge deficiency. Instead, it takes a holistic approach: rather than seeing medical conspiracy theorising as a problem of singular groups, it examines it as a relational issue that connects and disconnects different stakeholders, including medical professionals, families, and health administrators.

Risk of recurrent CIN21 (including cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 [CIN2], CIN3, carcinoma and in situ, adenocarcinoma in situ or cancer) remains elevated for years following treatment. The role of long-term post-treatment human papillomavirus (HPV) presence on subsequent risk of CIN21 was evaluated in the 10,049-women Guanacaste cohort. Six hundred eighty-one women were referred to colposcopy because of high-grade cytology, positive cervicography and/or suspicion of cancer based on visual assessment; 486 were judged to require treatment. After excluding women with <12 months of follow-up (N 5 88), prior cancer or hysterectomy (N 5 37) or other reasons (N 5 14), 347 were included in the analysis. Infections were categorized as persistent if present at both pre-and post-treatment visits and new if detected only post-treatment. Median time between the treatment and post-treatment visits was 6.7 years (interquartile range 3.8-7.8). At the post-treatment visit, 8 (2.4%), 2 (0.6%) and 8 (2.4%) of the 347 treated women had persistent HPV16, HPV18 or other carcinogenic HPV, respectively. Two (0.8%), 3 (1.0%) and 13 (4.0%) had new HPV16, HPV18 and other carcinogenic HPV, respectively. Six CIN21 cases were identified at the post-treatment visit, all with persistent infections (three HPV16, one HPV18 and two other carcinogenic HPV). No recurrent disease was observed among women with new HPV infections during the follow-up period. Thus, persistence of HPV infection a median of six years after treatment was uncommon but, when present, posed a substantial risk of subsequent CIN21. Serial follow-up data from other studies would further strengthen these conclusions.

The origin and clinical significance of vestibular papillae were evaluated by comparing histological features with the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6/11 and 16/18, as revealed by Southern blot DNA hybridization. Twenty women with vestibular papillomatosis underwent clinical evaluation and follow-up. When available, male partners were also examined. Histological changes suggestive of HPV infection were present in all the 20 specimens. Sixteen cases (80%) contained DNA sequences homologous to the viral probes. In particular, 12 cases (60%) reacted with the HPV 16/18 probe. Follow-up for more than 18 months revealed no variation in the distribution and appearance of vestibular papillae. No male partner showed signs of HPV lesions. The study shows that HPV 16 is frequently associated with vestibular papillae but does not support a productive infection. Therefore the most appropriate management of these patients should be evaluated clinically in each individual case.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake is below that of other routine adolescent vaccines. This is due in part to the fact that the HPV
vaccine is often not routinely recommended by providers to all eligible adolescents. While providers’ recommendations are crucial, even a
strongly stated recommendation can be insufficient among HPV vaccine-hesitant parents. Providers must be prepared to respond to parental concerns following giving the recommendation for the HPV vaccine. This paper presents the analysis of implementation of an intervention aimed at improving provider communication with HPV vaccine-hesitant parents. Healthcare providers and staff at eight pediatric and family medicine clinics received communication training that included motivational interviewing (MI) techniques. Process evaluation in the form of serial surveys, as well as program evaluation in the form of focus groups with participating providers and staff, assessed the perceived efficacy of the intervention. Outcomes included time spent discussing the HPV vaccine during clinical visits, providers’ self-efficacy for addressing parental HPV vaccine hesitancy, and their general perceptions of the effectiveness of MI techniques. Overall, findings indicate the intervention improved providers’ communication with HPV vaccine-hesitant parents and providers reported the use of MI played a central role in improved HPV vaccine acceptance. Lessons learned and recommendations for future interventions are also discussed.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are the infections that can be transmitted from one sex partner, who already has such infection, to another. The causes of STIs in human are very well elucidated and their causative agents are identified as bacteria, parasites and viruses. The worldwide epidemiology of more than 20 types of STIs has been established, which includes diseases like Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Genital herpes, HIV/ AIDS, HPV, Syphilis and Trichomoniasis. Though STIs affect both men and women indiscriminately, however, the pathophysiology of disease is more obvious among women. Other than abstinence, the most effective way to prevent the transmission or acquisition of STIs is to use a condom during sexual intercourse. Condoms are effective in decreasing the transmission of HIV. However, once contacted, STIs caused by bacteria or parasites can be treated with antibiotics. STIs caused by a virus may not virtually have any cure though the medicines may keep the disease under control. Correct usage of preventive measures greatly reduces but does not completely eliminate the risk of catching or spreading STIs.

Development of safe and effective cancer vaccine formulation is a primary focus in the field of cancer immunotherapy. The recognition of the crucial role of dendritic cells (DCs) in initiating anti-tumor immunity has led to the development of several strategies that target vaccine antigens to DCs as an attempt for developing potent, specific and lasting anti-tumor T cell responses. The

Introducción: la infección por Papilomavirus Humano (PVH) es la condición necesaria para la aparición y desarrollo del cáncer cérvico-uterino. Los genotipos de alto riesgo oncogénico son los causantes de este tipo de neoplasia y dentro de ellos el más frecuente es el PVH 16, que se encuentra aproximadamente en el 60 % de los casos. Los métodos de diagnóstico comerciales resultan costosos para países con escasos recursos económicos, lo que sugiere la búsqueda de alternativas empleando protocolos sencillos y baratos. Revista Cubana de Medicina Tropical. 2014;66(3):433-446 http://scielo.sld.cu 434

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the etiologic agent for the vast majority of premalignant and malignant lesions, and high-risk HPV types can be detected in almost all cases of cervical dysplasia and carcinoma. HPV testing has been widely adopted for the triage of patients after a cervical cytology screening test (Papanicolaou smear or liquid-based cervical cytology such as ThinPrep or SurePath) interpretation of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), and HPV testing is increasingly used for screening in conjunction with cervical cytology. Although cervical cytology is a highly effective screening test for cancer, it has limited specificity for clinically significant lesions in cases with low-grade cytologic abnormalities. Up to a quarter of all patients may have a false-negative result on the basis of cervical cytology testing alone. This review focuses on HPV testing methods and molecular markers and their clinical relevance. HPV testing and surrogate molecular markers of HPV infection (p16 INK4a ) may help identify cases that are associated with underlying high-grade premalignant or malignant lesions and may also reduce aggressive treatment of patients with low-grade lesions.

Cervical cancer screening attendance rates are still far from satisfactory in many low income countries including Zimbabwe. Limited, access to screening and treatment for cervical cancer have been cited as a major problem to cervical cancer screening management. We set out to establish the cervical cancer screening uptake (CCSU) among HIV positive clients at Bindura Provincial Hospital Opportunistic Infections Clinic (BPHOIC). A descriptive cross -sectional study was conducted Seventy eligible participants were selected using a convenience sampling method after consenting. Data were processed using MS Excel soft ware and analyzed descriptively using percentages and tables. Data analysis revealed that 97.1% of the participants did not know about Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake (CCSU). All did not seek Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) and did not also get education on the National Cervical Cancer Screening Program Policy. Nearly eighty nine percent of the participants did not have an annual Pap smear. The study demonstrated a poor uptake of (CCS) because they did not know about the tests, tests were not available, tests were expensive and also fear of procedures. Nearly 3% cited lack of time because of work commitments. The study demonstrated a poor uptake (CCS) for a variety of reasons. To enhance uptake of cervical cancer screening the investigators suggest that Bindura Opportunistic Infections Clinic (BOIC) should offer a more user friendly and appropriate program to encourage women to visit the OIC, and to start week-end screenings to cater for the working women.

Cervical cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancers in women from Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types, particularly HPV-16 and 18, are consistently identified in cervical cancer cases regardless of geographical region. Factors that have been identified to increase the likelihood of HPV exposure or subsequent development of cervical cancer include young age at first intercourse, high parity and multiple sexual partners. Cervical cancer screening programs in these countries include Pap smears, single visit approach utilizing visual inspection with acetic acid followed by cryotherapy, as well as screening with colposcopy. Uptake of screening remains low in all regions and is further compounded by the lack of basic knowledge women have regarding screening as an opporunity for the prevention of cervical cancer. Prophylactic HPV vaccination with the quadrivalent vaccine has already been approved for use in Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand, while the bivalent vaccine has also been approved in the Philippines. However, there has been no national or government vaccination policy implemented in any of these countries.

Objective: CDKN1A encodes for cyclin-dependent kinase inhib-itor 1A, which plays an important role in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. The c.93C>A polymorphism of CDKN1A causes a serine-to-arginine substitution in the protein product, which could potentially influence its functionality. In this study, we investigated the association between CDKN1A c.93C>A polymorphism and cervical cancer risk. Material and Methods: The polymorphism was genotyped on 95 histopathologically confirmed cervical cancer patients and 95 cancer-free female controls by using PCR-RFLP technique. The risk association was evaluated by using logistic regression analysis. The finding was further stratified by self-reported ethnicity and human papillomavirus (HPV) type present in cervical smear of the subjects, as determined by using a flow-through hybridization method. Results: By using the wild type genotype as reference, we found no significant association between the polymorphism and cervical cancer risk (heterozygous OR = 0.821, 95% CI = 0.418–1.612, P = 0.57; homozygous variant OR = 0.936, 95% CI = 0.406–2.156, P = 0.88). A similar absence of significant association was observed when the results were stratified by the ethnicity of the study subjects (Malay, heterozygous P = 0.93, homozygous variant P = 0.78; Chinese, heterozygous P = 0.09, homozygous variant P = 0.31). Likewise, lack of association was observed when the results were stratified by HPV types (HPV-16, heterozygous P = 0.16, homozy-gous variant P = 0.08; HPV-18, heterozygous P = 0.13, homozygous variant P = 0.79; other minor HPV types, heterozygous P = 0.41, homozygous variant P = 0.29; HPV negative, heterozygous P = 0.91, homozygous variant P = 0.47; multiple HPV types, heterozygous P = 0.24, homozygous variant P = 0.31). Conclusion: In conclusion, the present study suggests a lack of association between CDKN1A c.93C>A polymorphism and cervical cancer risk.

La hiperplasia focal del epitelio se caracteriza por la presencia de elevaciones papulares o nodulares, sésiles, de aspecto liso o rugoso, múltiples, de la misma coloración de la mucosa (Neville et al., 1998). Estrada (1956) describió la presencia de verrugas intraorales y lesiones papilomatosas en indios Caramantas en Colombia en 1956. El mismo autor verificó la presencia de esas mismas lesiones en indios Kátios, también colombianos, en el año de 1960de . Reyes (1962 notó esa misma condición clínica en Guatemala. Soneira y Fonseca (1964) describieron la lesión con sus variaciones clínicas, desde una pápula a múltiples lesiones papilomatosas en la mucosa oral, labios, entre otras regiones de la mucosa bucal. Estos autores estudiaron 160 niñas indias en Venezuela y observaron la enfermedad en 54 de ellas (33,75%). Ellos también sugieren que la enfermedad tenga una etiología viral. A pesar de que esta entidad haya sido descrita por otros autores latinoamericanos antes de 1965, a ella se la reconoció internacionalmente ese año a través de Archard, Heck y Stanley. Estos autores relataron casos aislados en 15 indios norteamericanos del estado de Nuevo México; un Xavante, del estado de Mato Grosso (Brasil) y un caso en un niño esquimal de Alaska y pasaron a denominar la entidad Hiperplasia Focal del Epitelio. El epónimo "Enfermedad de Heck" se deriva del Dr. Heck, que identificó a un paciente con esta enfermedad en Gallup, en Nuevo México, en 1961. Practorius-Clausen y Willis (1971) fueron los primeros a demostrar partículas del HPV en la hiperplasia focal del epitelio. Con referencia a las publicaciones anteriores a aquella de Archard, Heck y Stanley (1965), los autores sugieren que el epónimo Enfermedad de Heck sea abandonado, pues esa denominación además de no dar crédito a los autores que la describieron anteriormente a la comunicación de 1965, no suministra ninguna idea con relación a la naturaleza y característica de la entidad. Los autores también relatan un caso de hiperplasia focal del epitelio en paciente del sexo masculino, 13 años, leucodemia.

In the recent period following the approval of the first vaccine targeted against human papillomavirus, it is imperative that we re-evaluate the past, present, and future of cervical cancer prevention. It is clear that the subject of vaccinating young women against a sexually transmitted infection has incited a candid debate among all groups involved. Therefore, we must make the most appropriate and accurate information available to the public and medical communities. The development of vaccines targeted against oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types has made it possible to eliminate approximately 70% of all invasive cervical cancers in women worldwide. However, knowledge about HPV infection and cervical cancer, as well as the need to vaccinate against oncogenic HPV infection, is still lacking among women and physicians. This deficiency could be a key reason why some parents continue to have reservations about vaccinating their daughters. In order for HPV vaccination programs to be highly successful, multiple barriers must be overcome. Review of lessons learned to date has demonstrated that continued tailored and targeted educational and awareness initiatives are required for healthcare professionals, media, patients, and parents. This article also examines the impact of the HPV vaccination awareness campaign on media and public policy dynamics.

HPV nedir? HPV (human papilloma virüs) bir DNA virüsü olup %40 oranında anogenital epitelde yerleşim gösterir. HPV virüsü daha ziyade cinsel yolla bulaşan bir enfeksiyondur. Toplumun yaklaşık % 80' inin hayatının bir noktasında HPV virüsü ile karşılaşacağı düşünülmektedir. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri' nde cinsel yolla bulaşan hastalıklar arasında birinci sırada yer almaktadır. HPV virüsü kadınlarda ve erkeklerde en sıklıkla genital siğile neden olabilen bir virüstür. HPV' nin 200' den fazla tipi bulunmaktadır. Bu tiplerden yüksek riskli olanlar takip ve tedavi edilmediğinde kadınlarda rahim ağzı ve vajina kanserine, erkeklerde ise penis kanserine yol açabilmektedir. Daha az sıklıkla görülmekle birlikte, HPV virüsü kadın ve erkeklerdeki anüs kanserleri ve orofarengeal bölge kanserlerinin de büyük kısmının sorumlusu olarak kabul edilmektedir. HPV nasıl bulaşır? HPV cilde temas yolu ile bulaşır. Asıl bulaşma şekli cinsel temas olarak bilinse de cildin cilde her türlü teması sırasında da bulaş görülebilir. Bulaşın gerçekleşmesi için ciltte küçük çizikler ya da tahriş bulunması gereklidir ki virüs hücre içine yerleşebilsin. İşte bu nedenle daha ziyada cinsel ilişki esnasında bulaştığı düşünülmektedir. Kadın ve erkeklerde cinsel organ ya da anal bölge çevresinde siğiller oluşur. Ayrıca bulaşma için tam bir cinsel birliktelik şart değildir. Enfekte alanla sürtünme gibi herhangi bir temas bulaşma için yeterlidir. Cinsel birliktelikle bulaşabildiği gibi oral seks ile ağız bölgesine de bulaşabilir. Çok nadiren cinsel yol dışında doğum sırasında anneden bebeğe geçebildiği, genel tuvaletlerden, kontamine eşyalardan da bulaşabildiği görülmüştür