Field Geology

The trip starts at the Beale Library parking lot at Truxtun and Q
Streets in Bakersfield, California. From the parking lot the tour
will proceed east onto Truxtun Avenue, south on Union Avenue, west
on State Highway 58 Freeway, south on State Highway 99, to Taft
Highway, Old River Road, State Highway 166, State Highway 33, Ojai,
State Highway 150, and ends at Carpinteria State Beach.
In order to present the maximum amount of information, most stops
are limited to 20 minutes, except for the lunchtime stop and the
optional side trip which will be longer. Participants are
encouraged to bring a sack lunch and beverages. All vehicles are
encouraged to bring a CB radio set.

The northern Perth Basin lies between about 27 and 31 30'S adjacent to the Yilgarn Craton on the western margin of Western Australia. The basin contains up to 12 km of Ordovician and mid-Carboniferous to Cretaceous, primarily nonmarine to shallow-marine strata below extensive thin, mostly non-marine, Cenozoic cover. This guide describes 37 localities in the basin, from Kalbarri to Gingin, including access and land tenure, and emphasizes stratigraphy, sedimentology, and palaeontology. These localities constitute ...

Origin of Permeability in Carbonate Rocks
Carbonate reservoirs, which are typically dual or triple porosity systems, produce a major portion of the world’s oil and gas and hold more than half of the world’s largest crude oil and natural gas reserves. The best known Jurassic carbonate reservoirs are the Arab-D and Arab-C systems, Hanifa and Hadriya. These reservoirs account for large quantities of crude oil production in Saudi Arabia. The Permo-Triassic Khuff formation holds the world’s largest known natural gas reserves in five Arabian Gulf countries. Some of the world’s best quality crude oil is located in two Cretaceous carbonate reservoirs: the Shuaiba and Tharmama reservoirs. Many of these carbonate reservoirs are naturally fractured and/or have an extensive and extremely complex secondary porosity system. Accurately predicting amounts and types of porosity, locally for field development and regionally for stratigraphic traps, is a major challenge. Three methods are used to estimate fracture porosity: well-test analysis, well logging, and core analysis.

A natural fracture is a planar discontinuity in reservoir rock due to deformation or physical diagenesis. Diagenesis—chemical and physical changes after deposition—strongly modifies the reservoir properties possessed at the time of deposition. The dominant diagenetic process consists of early cementation, selective dissolution of aragonite and reprecipitation as calcite, burial cementation, dolomitization, and compaction-driven microfracturing [2]. Cementation and compaction forces completely eradicate any porosity available at the time of deposition. However, chemical changes, usually dissolution, especially in carbonate rocks, modify the initial porosity and recover it partially. Depositional facies, their architecture, systems, and tracts are predominant driving factors in the distribution and quality of current reservoir properties, which are completely different from the properties at the time of deposition.

High-permeability vugs, molds, natural fractures, and caverns in carbonate rocks are the result of intense dissolution, which took place before burial as a result of nonreservoir or seal units. Dissolution is also caused by meteoric diagenesis, which is related to subaerial exposure of carbonate rocks and is explained by the general aggressiveness of meteoric water toward sedimentary carbonate minerals. Aragonite is metastable, which dissolves and precipitates into cement, whereas calcite is stable and less affected by dissolution. Such a type of dissolution causes significant variation in the distribution of porosity and permeability in the reservoirs, thereby defining reservoir quality.

This abstract only covers my 1990/91 research-Many area residents believe that the sinkholes in Alligator Lake leak year-round. This is of concern because it is believed that this leakage pollutes the groundwater. The bottom of the lake contains at least five sinkholes. I have looked at three of them.
Very early observations indicated leakage in two. One of those sinkholes was leaking very rapidly because a stream, which was feeding it was not filling the hole.
Heavy rains began shortly after I began measurements. Since that time, my measurements indicate that all three sinkholes serve to fill Alligator Lake.
I have been unsuccessful in finding anyone who has previously measured sinkhole leakage in a lake. I believe that my procedures can be used by future scientists to make such measurements.
My procedure basically consists of inserting a pipe into the sinkhole area in such a way that lake water cannot refill the pipe as water leaks into the sinkhole. Leakage from this pipe is assumed to be representative of leakage from some portion of the sinkhole.

This booklet was constructed by undergraduate geology students in a Geologic Research and Writing class at the University of Montana Western under the supervision of Dr. Rob Thomas. The booklet is a geohistory of the Dillon area, a famous field-camp destination for universities from across the world. The level of the booklet is targeted at folks ranging from the curious layperson to geology students and faculty looking for a quick introduction to the geologic history of the Dillon area.

The eruptive sequences linked to the Cumbre Nueva Collapse of La Palma's Taburiente volcano provide ideal material for a study that integrates field volcanology, geochronology, lava petrology and whole rock magmatic geochemistry. Lavas exposed in Taburiente's El Time region and on the post-collapse Bejenado volcano bracket the collapse and record this period's magmatic processes.

The invention of new forms of geo-social knowledge has become one of the imperatives for  resisting the so-called Anthropocene.
Critical theorists have called for enhanced interdisciplinarity collaborations between the earth sciences and the social sciences and humanities to disrupt conventional nature/culture divisions
and imagine more sustainable futures. The condition for such geo-social encounters, the argument goes, is the politicization of the geosciences, or the correction of their abstracted modes of knowing. Inspired by feminist science studies and geophilosophies, in this article I follow geophysicists to find in their encounters with lithic
things alternative modes of knowledge production. By tracking ethnographically their scientific practices, I try to render visible the pragmatics of the abstractions through which they attempt at
apprehending inhuman elements and processes. Particularly, I identify two geophysical operations. First, what I call the geoaffective operation of geophysics, or its constitution on a sensual
and embodied ecology that does not suspend the abyssal difference between ‘us’ and the radical alterity of geological things, but is rather the consequence of an open being-with inorganic matter. Second, I engage with geo-poetics as a genre of scientific narration that integrates geological entities into scientific accounts, while at the same time preserving their impossible distance with the human. Both operations, I argue, gesture
towards a mode of geo-social knowledge in which geophysical abstraction-making, against the call of critical theorists, is empowered to avoid anthropocentric absorptions and symbioses
– and hence towards the reformulation of what politicization means in catastrophic times.

This book deals with the geologists' major subject, the geological mapping, through the geological maps and cross-sections. It provides all those geological elements, methodologies and techniques needed to properly read, interpret and construct them. It helps gaining a deeper understanding and perception of the geometry of geological map units and structures, not only on the Earth's surface, but in 4D (space and time). The book also includes practical methods and techniques on solving geometrical problems relating to the Applied Geology. An additional, but of paramount importance, feature of the book is that it provides both Greek and English geological terms. It is suitable to the Geology undergraduate students, but also to students of those Schools the subject of which needs the usage of geological maps. It is also useful to any professional who use and more importantly construct geological maps.

Front cover image: Carboniferous age (Namurian) rocks exposed at Sugar Sands Bay, near Alnwick, Northumberland, UK. These are part of a succession of rocks interpreted as infi ll of an interdistributary bay or lagoon along the shore of a delta. Superimposed on the photograph is part of a graphic log of the succession summarizing the thickness of the units, lithology, sedimentary structures and cycles.

A view at wadi al Athrun mouth sea-cliff exposure showing Maastrichtian chalk slump structure. It is a testament of the ongoing tectonic activities of Cyrenaica due to the compressive forces induced by the conversion of Eurasian and African plates that also led to inversion and development of Al Jabal al Akhdar anticlinorium.

Banyak kendala yang ditemukan oleh mhasiswa geologi dalam belajar geologi, salah satunya dalam memhami dan mengaplikasikan materi kuliah kristalografi dan mineralogi, hal ini disebabkan oleh kesalahan yang terjadi yang umumnya adalah kesalahan dalam penyajian materi  oleh doen terkait. Modul ini saya upload untuk memberikan tambahan referensi bagi teman-teman geologi yang membutuhkan pengetahuan atau informasi mengenai kristalografi dan mineralogi baik untuk bahan perkuliahan, mapping atau tugas akhir. semoga bermanfaat.

The purpose of this field trip is to allow participants to examine the stratigraphy, sedimentology, and palaeontology of the Shoalhaven Group and the Illawarra Coal Measures of the southern Sydney Basin exposed along the south coast of New South Wales from Batemans Bay north to Wollongong (Figs 2 and 3). A number of key localities have been selected for inspection and are described and discussed in this guide, along with a brief description on the regional geological setting and geologicaJ history of the southern Sydney Basin.

The purpose of this study was to determine the groundwater potential of the Freetown Complex
and the Granite Greenstone Terrain in Sierra Leone. The geology of the Granite Greenstone Terrain
constitutes medium- to coarse-grained granite which is typical of the older Achaean formation.
Grey and pink granites are exposed in most parts of the area. These rocks have less porosity. The
Freetown Complex on the other hand is younger (Jurassic to Triassic) and therefore has limited
fractures and thin weathered layers (Overburden) with varying thicknesses.
Though several parameters are used to identify the groundwater prospects of an area, this research
was narrowed to evaluate the groundwater potential through Geophysical survey (Electrical
resistivity). Vertical electrical sounding (VES) were carried out in the locations mentioned above to
understand the geology and also to verify the extent of weathering, fractures and other features
like joints, dykes etc. and the geological and hydrogeological parameters were analysed. Four
locations were dealt with; Saint Ambrose School and Lebanese School for the Freetown Complex
and Makalie town and Makeni Government Hospital for the Granite Greenstone Terrain. The field
data obtained have been analyzed using computer software (Zondip) which gives an automatic
interpretation of the apparent resistivity. The VES results revealed heterogeneous nature of the
subsurface geological sequence. Geological and Topographic maps were prepared using
coordinates during the data collection. Influencing factors of groundwater potential of the area
were considered in detail.
Borehole logs were used to clearly explain the vertical variation in formation properties; (i.e. the
extent of weathered layers, fractures in bed rock and unaltered crystalline basement rocks).
Borehole diagrams were also utilized which clearly account for the variation in thicknesses of
weathered zones between the Granite Greenstone Terrain and the Basic Complex. Pumping tests
data were also attached to some of the existing data collected to determine the yield of wells to
validate the groundwater potential zones and compare the sustainability rate of those boreholes.
Keywords
Groundwater, Geology, Granite Greenstone Terrain, Basic Complex

Ankara, Ankara'nın Jeolojisi, Ankara'nın Jeolojik İncelemeleri, Ankara Jeoloji, Çayyolu Jeoloji, Bağlıca Jeoloji, Geology, Geological Engineering, Bağlıca, Çayyolu, Lisans Tezi, Jeoloji, Jeoloji Mühendisi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği, Jeoloji Yüksek Mühendisi, Türkay Ercan Şengöz. (Türkay Ercan Şengöz tarafından yayımlanan her çeşit harita, bilgi ve belgelerin her hakkı saklıdır. Her ne şekilde ve amaçla olursa olsun bu bilgi ve belgelerin kaynak belirtilmeden kullanılması, yazılı izin alınmadan elektronik, optik, mekanik veya diğer yollarla dağıtılması, çoğaltılması, basılması, değiştirilmesi, paylaşılması, kopyalanması ve internet sitelerinde kullanılması durumunda gerekli hukuki yollara başvurulacak ve yasal işlem başlatılacaktır. Önemle duyurulur. Bu platformda veya diğer platformlarda paylaşmış olduğum tez veya akademik kapsamdaki çalışmalarımın içerisindeki bütün bilgilerin etik davranış ve akademik kurallar çerçevesinde elde edilerek sunulduğunu, akademik çalışmalarımın tez yazım kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlandığını hatırlatıyor, bana ait olan her türlü ifade ve bilginin kaynağına eksiksiz atıf yapılması gerektiğini bildiriyor, sevgi ve saygılarımı sunuyorum.)

Virtual field trips (VFTs) have become popular with both university students and teachers as a means of learning and teaching during the last decade. They are generally presented on computer by means of the Internet or on CD-ROM and generally take the form of a set of hot-linked web pages or a purpose specific computer aided learning package generated in Authorware or a similar package. VFTs are currently a 'hot topic' in discussions about the reform of geoscience teaching in China. They are thought to be convenient for students to practice on and to be a worthwhile teaching and learning experience. Many university teachers in China are coming to expect a VFT CD-ROM to be included in textbooks and there is a growing tendency to regard the provision of such resources as an indicator that the book is a particularly good or advanced one. There have even been suggestions by some that virtual field trips will probably replace traditional field excursions at some time in the medium-term to long-term future. It is true that the abundance, variety and relative ease of delivery of VFTs do provide some advantages over traditional excursions. They also provide the great benefit of diversity of experience to students. Nevertherless, and despite these obvious advantages, it is our opinion that students must take traditional hands-on excursions in order to provide them with the necessary experience to take advantage of the opportunities provided by virtual field trips. It is important for teachers and students to be aware of both the advantages and disadvantages of VFTs from the standpoint of the users so that they can choose suitable VFTs and so that university teachers can make the best use of them as a learning and teaching tool.

Belajar ilmu geologi tidak hanya sebatas penyajian materi kulih di kampus, materi kuliah yang telah disajikan akan lebih mudah dipahami jika diaplikasikan dilapangan. Pengaplikasian ini dapat dilakukan oleh mahasiswa dalam kegiatan field trip, salah satunya mata kuliah petrologi. Dalam field trip mahasiswa diharapkan mencapai standar tertentu yang telah ditetapkan dalam pembelajaran mata kuliah yang bersangkutan. Untuk memenuhinya mahasiswa harus mampu baik dalam mengikuti proses field trip maupun dalam pembuatan laporan resmi field trip. Dalam hal pembuatan laporan tidak sedikit mahasiswa yang masih bingung dengan sistematika laporan resmi, saya mengupload laporan field trip petrologi untuk memberikan contoh atau gambaran sistematika laporan resmi field trip. Semoga bermanfaat.

Daerah penelitian berada di daerah  Karangsambung berada di Zona Pegunungan Serayu Selatan  dan merupakan bagian dari Cekungan Jawa Tengah bagian Selatan yang diklasifikasikan sebagai cekungan busur depan, dibatasi oleh Antiklinorium Bogor di bagian Utara, Tinggian Gabon di bagian Barat, dan Tinggian Progo di bagian Timur (van Bemmelen, 1949 dalam Hadiyansyah, 2005) . Karangsambung berada pada batas koordinat 109o35’-109o41’ BT dan 7o25’-7o36’ LS.
Secara khusus, area penelitian merupakan daerah Waturanda dan sekitarnya, yang dapat dibagi menjadi enam satuan utama yang diurutkan dari tua ke muda yaitu Satuan Batulempung Berfragmen yang disetarakan dengan Formasi Karangsambung/Formasi Totogan? , Satuan Intrusi Basalt, Satuan Breksi1-Batupasir yang disetarakan dengan Formasi Waturanda, Satuan Batupasir-Batulempung, Satuan Tuf, dan Satuan Batugamping yang disetarakan dengan Formasi Penosogan, serta Satuan Breksi2 yang disetarakan dengan Formasi Halang, dan yang terakhir adalah Satuan Endapan Aluvial.
Struktur geologi utama yang berkembang di daerah peneliatan berupa sesar, lipatan, dan kekar. Lipatan utama terdapat dibagian Utara daerah penelitian yang berarah Barat-Timur. Sesar utama terdapat di kelurusan Kali Krembeng yang kemudian disusul oleh sesar mendatar dengan pergerakan relatif menganan dan memotong sesar naik yang telah ada sebelumnya dan menghasilkan offset yang terlihat pada Satuan Breksi Volkanik. Struktur geologi utama tersebut didukung oleh data lapangan berupa sesar-sesar minor, lipatan-lipatan minor, juga kekar-kekar yang dapat diukur secara langsung di lapangan.
Geologi daerah penelitian dimulai dari pengendapan Satuan Batulempung Berfragmen di lingkungan laut dalam, lalu diintrusi oleh batuan beku bersifat basaltik. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pengendapan Satuan Breksi1-Batupasir secara selaras, lalu diendapkan pula Satuan Batupasir-Batulempung di atasnya. Fase tektonik pertama yang menyebabkan pensesaran yang terjadi dengan jenis sesar naik berarah Barat-Timur dan bersamaan dengan pengendapan satuan Batupasir-Batulempung. Dan fase tektonik selanjutnya terjadi yang menyebabkan terbentuknya perlipatan dengan sumbu berarah Barat-Timur. Kemudian terbentuk sesar mendatar dengan pergerakan relatif menganan yang memotong sesar naik dan membuat celah bagi Sungai Luk Ulo untuk membagi area penelitian menjadi dua bagian dan mengendapkan Satuan Aluvial hingga saat ini.

Geophysics is the study of the earth by the quantitative observation of its physical properties, Geophysical mapping is the process of selecting an area of interest and identifying all the geophysical aspects of the area with the purpose of preparing a detailed geophysical report. The independent Geophysical mapping was carried out December 7th to December 12th, this is to enable students carry out independent geophysical mapping. The study area is along Auchi - Ibillo road in Igarra (Edo state) of the south western part of Nigeria which is a basement complex. A minute area of Igarra was selected for the field work, a place close to Igarra comprehensive secondary school. The exercise was chosen in this area due to the surface impression that a contact between two rocks (metaconglomerate and quartzite) could be found in the area and also due to a fault which was suspected to lie around the area
Of the various geophysical methods three were employed in carrying out the investigations. The methods are the Electrical methods (Electrical Resistivity, Vertical Electrical Sounding and Self-Potential method), Magnetic method and Electromagnetic method. The electrical resistivity method is a direct method and measures apparent resistivity or conductivity, self-potential method is an indirect method which measures electrochemical potential, magnetic method is a direct method which measures spartial variation in the earth’s magnetic field and the electromagnetic method is also a direct method which measures phase and intensity relationships of alternating magnetic and electric field. As a result of this occurrence of two rock types seen in the area and suspected fault zones this prompt us to make use of our various geophysical method to get conclusive results in interpreting the subsurface of the area and determine the location of fault and rock contact.
Traverses were cut E-W (perpendicular to the strike) and also N-S in order for the contact between the rock types and the suspected fault zone to be located. There were 5 traverses where the distance are 175m, 195m, 200m, 145m, 80m respectively. 5 VES points respectively from traverse 1-3 and 4 VES point on traverse 4 and 3 VES points on traverse 5. Horizontally profiling, Combined HP and VES, magnetics data acquisition and VLF-EM data acquisition were also carried out on the field. The Geophysical data were acquired through the three methods, processed and interpreted to give the subsurface geology of the study area. Suspected fault zones, contact boundaries, lateral extent of rocks, depth to the basement rock, potential ground water aquifer and areas inimical to road or tall building construction were located.

This field guide describes the geology and mining history of the Owens Valley and Mono Basin regions. It is keyed to 31 area maps and 4 regional maps found at

Area Maps
https://www.academia.edu/39792400/OWENS_VALLEY_AND_MONO_BASIN_ROADSIDE_GEOLOGY_AND_MINING_HISTORY_AREA_MAPS

Regional Maps
https://www.academia.edu/33103616/OWENS_VALLEY_AND_MONO_BASIN_ROADSIDE_GEOLOGY_AND_MINING_HISTORY_REGIONAL_GEOLOGIC_MAPS

This is to certify that the "Report on Geological Field work at Gingee, Tiruvanamalai and Usilampati areas of Tamil Nadu" is a bonafide document prepared by Dibyaranjan Dash of 1 st Year M. Sc. Applied Geology based on the field training conducted during 9 th , 10 th and from 12 th to 16 th March, 2018 in the above areas towards partial fulfilment of the course EASC 426 -Advanced Field Training I.

In engineering projects such as tunnels, dams, foundations, and slope stability, the strength and elastic properties of the intact rock affect both the project design and the construction operation. Geological, geophysical and geotechnical study have been carried out for construction of  multipurpose hydroelectric power plant at Genale-Dawa (GD-3) on the Genale River with the goal of generating 254 MW of hydroelectric power and providing irrigation water for downstream agriculture. The dam site is located on massive pegmatoidal granites with minimal foundation excavations and minimal grouting requirements. Weathering at the dam site is generally less than about 5m. In general the Lugeon tests have shown that the rock mass at the dam site is generally tight below 6m but this could extend to 10 m or possibly more in places. In the power house area weathering extends to about 15m on the ridge and about 9m in proximity to the river. This deeper weathering is probably due to the presence of schists within the granites as the foliated schists with significant mica content are more prone to weathering. Point load test, laboratory UCS tests and correlation of P-wave velocity with UCS is considered in assigning the reliable value of rock strength. Combined three input parameters RMR, Q system and RMi system were used for the assessment of the rock mass strength of tunnel and dam foundation. The tunnel will be excavated largely in the pegmatoidal granites with a Rock Mass Classification of “Very Good” to “Good” This is largely due to the massive, relatively un-jointed rock mass of high strength. There is a section of headrace tunnel, of uncertain length and at the surge shaft in proximity to the outlet portal, where significant proportions of the pegmatoidal granites contain remnants of feldspathic and biotite schists, the Rock Mass Classification of this unit is “Fair” to “Good”. The proposed hydropower project is situated in a geologically favorable environment with very suitable foundation and tunneling conditions. The study lists recommendations in relation to testing and rock classification procedures, which are indirectly related to the safety and quality of the hydropower infrastructure.

The northern Balkan Peninsula, including Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Croatia and the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia, represents an excellent region for the study of tectonic processes related to Mesozoic Tethyan ophiolite genesis and emplacement. We first summarise the main tectonic units of the northern Balkan Peninsula and then use this information to discuss tectonic processes, including rifting, sea-floor spreading, ophiolite genesis and emplacement, melange accretion, ocean-basin closure and collision. We then discuss alternative models of ophiolite genesis and emplacement for the region and suggest that multiocean-basin interpretations fit the data better than single-ocean-basin interpretations. Rifting of Adria (Gondwana) during the Triassic created a rift in the south (Budva zone) and opened a Triassic oceanic basin further north (Dinaride ocean). Occurrences of inferred sub-continental mantle lithosphere in the Dinaride ophiolite belt (e.g. Zlatibor) may record extensional exhumation within an ocean-continent transition zone bordering the Adria/Dinaride continent. This was followed by emplacement together with ophiolites and melange during Upper Jurassic-Early Cretaceous time. Upper Triassic radiolarites and midocean ridge-type basalts formed at a spreading ridge after continental break-up. The oceanic lithosphere of the Dinaride ophiolite belt was partly generated above a subduction zone. The metamorphic soles of the Dinaride ophiolites formed during Mid-Late Jurassic mainly based on K/Ar dating. Widespread melange that is associated with the ophiolites represents a subduction complex, controlled by tectonic accretion and sedimentary reworking in trench and fore-arc basin settings. A possible cause of Jurassic Dinaride ophiolite emplacement was collision of a subduction trench with a continental margin. Further north, Mesozoic oceanic lithosphere subducted northeastwards (present coordinates) opening a Late Jurassic marginal basin in the Main Vardar zone. The Dinaride ocean in the south closed during Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous time (Tithonian-Berriasian). Deformed oceanic crust, melange and magmatic arc rocks further north (Main Vardar zone) were transgressed by mainly clastic sediments during the Early Cretaceous. However, part of the Vardar ocean (Vardar zone western belt, or Sava zone) remained partially open until latest Cretaceous time. Generally northward subduction within this remnant ocean triggered further supra-subduction zone ophiolite genesis during the Late Cretaceous. The ocean closed by the Maastrichtian, followed by Early Cenozoic regional-scale southward thrusting that locally intercalated older and younger Mesozoic ophiolites and melanges. Future progress particularly depends on determining the crystallisation ages of the ophiolites, obtaining better structural data on the direction of initial ophiolite emplacement and unravelling the Palaeozoic tectonic development of the Eurasian continental margin.

Field outcrop and petrographic data were used to infer the geologic history and depositional environment of the sediments in Akpagher, in Gboko Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. The method of investigation involved field studies and
sample collection from different outcrop locations. This was followed by laboratory studies involving granulometric and petrographic analyses. The textural analysis data indicates that the sandstones are fine grained with mean size of 2.0 to 2.3mm. The sorting ranges from 1.49 to 1.51 which implies very poorly sorted to poorly sorted sediments. The depositional environment discrimination and bivariate plots reveal a fluvially
influenced shallow marine environment. Also, the presence of bioclasts of oscracods and molluscs in the limestones indicates shallow marine and low energy depositional environment. This was gotten from petrographic analysis on the limestones, which also reveals micrite as the dominant matrix with skeletal fragments, pelloids, and recrystallized bioclasts. The dominance of mud matrix in the limestones indicates proximity to shoreline and low energy, shallow marine deposits. The depositional environment is thus inferred to be probably lagoonal.

In this paper we explore Aboriginal oral traditions that relate to Australian meteorite craters. Using the literature, first-hand ethnographic records and fieldtrip data, we identify oral traditions and artworks associated with four impact sites: Gosses Bluff, Henbury, Liverpool and Wolfe Creek. Oral traditions describe impact origins for Gosses Bluff, Henbury and Wolfe Creek Craters, and non-impact origins for Liverpool Crater, with Henbury and Wolfe Creek stories having both impact and non-impact origins. Three impact sites that are believed to have been formed during human habitation of Australia. Dalgaranga, Veevers, and Boxhole do not have associated oral traditions that are reported in the literature.

Batuan di daerah penelitian terdiri atas 5 satuan, yaitu intrusi batuan andesit yang secara umum berwarna abu-abu dan telah mengalami proses alterasi hidrothermal yang berumur oligosen akhir hingga miosen awal yang mana batuan beku inilah yang menjadi sumber panas pada daerah penelitian. Satuan batugamping kristalin yang berwarna putih-coklatmuda dengan umur miosen awal yang mengendap secara lokal di daerah penelitian. Setelah itu dilanjutkan dengan pengendapan satuan breksi vulkanik dengan komposisi fragmen yang umumnya terdiri dari batuan andesit berumur miosen tengah. Dan diikuti oleh pengendapan satuan batugamping terumbu yang berwarna putih pada daerah utara dan selatan daerah penelitian, berumur miosen akhir. Dan pada kuarter mulai terendapkan kembali endapan aluvial disekitar sungai Karanganyar. Berdasarkan analisa sayatan tipis, mineragrafi dan analisa XRD pada sampel batuan, hadir dua zona alterasi di daerah penelitian yaitu zona alterasi klorit-albit-epidot-pyrite dengan kisaran suhu sekitar ± 250°-320°C, dengan pH 6-7 dan zona alterasi kuarsa-karbonat-lempung-pyrite dengan kisaran temperatur ± 200°-300°C, dengan pH 4-6. Selanjutnya, mengacu kepada kesebandingan oleh Corbett dan Leach (1997), zona-zona alterasi tersebut disebandingkan menjadi zona propilitik dan zona filik. Dan dari hasil pengamatan analisa petrografi diinterpretasikan zonasi klorit-albit-epidot-pyrite hadir pertama dan diikuti dengan zonasi kuarsa-karbonat-lempung-pyrite muncul diakhir karena terlihat adanya overprinting dari mineral kuarsa dan mineral karbonat pada beberapa mineral klorit.

Dalam melakukan identifikasi geologi suatu wilayah, salah satu faktor utama yang harus dipertimbangkan adalah Struktut Geologi, yang mana tidak hanya mnegacu kepada data-data primer berupa data observasi lapangan maupun data sekunder seperti hasil interpretasi foto udara maupun peta topografi. Adapun tujuan dari paper ini untuk memberikan masukan serta pentahapan dari interpretasi struktur geologi secara sistematis guna mempermudah dalam mengetahui geologi dari suatu wilayah. Data-data yang dapat membantu dalam interpretasi antara lain data citra seperti LIDAR dengan menggunakan metode MDCA (Multi Criteria Desicion Analysis, yang mana mempertimbangkan pola pengaliran yang berlaku di daerah tersebut. Lalu pada data singkapan, dilakukan rekonstruksi dengan metode 2D maupun 3D yang mana menggunakan prinsip stratigrafi antarsatuan batuan sebelum terdeformasi. Kemudian apabila diperlukan, data batuan yang mengalami deformasi struktur geologi dengan analisis berupa petrografi guna mendapatkan besar-kecilnya deformasi yang telah terjadi di daerah tersebut. Lalu kesemua data dijadikan acuan dan memiliki keterkaitan, sehingga persentase akurasi dalam interpretasi geologi akan semakin besar.