Farmacology

The automatic diagnosis of breast cancer is an important, real-world medical problem. In this paper we focus on the Wisconsin breast cancer diagnosis (WBCD) problem, combining two methodologies-fuzzy systems and evolutionary algorithms -so as to automatically produce diagnostic systems. We find that our fuzzy-genetic approach produces systems exhibiting two prime characteristics: first, they attain high classification performance (the best shown to date), with the possibility of attributing a confidence measure to the output diagnosis; second, the resulting systems involve a few simple rules, and are therefore (human-) interpretable. (C.A. Peñ a-Reyes), [email protected] (M. Sipper) 0933-3657/99/$ -see front matter © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 9 3 3 -3 6 5 7 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 0 1 9 -6 C.A. Peña-Reyes, M. Sipper / Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 17 (1999) 131-155 132

Cancer is a multifactorial disease and a serious public health problem. Currently, alternative drug treatments for cancer are actively being sought, which is the case of synthetic phosphoethanolamine (PHOS-S), a compound that could possibly have anticarcinogenic effects. To analyze the available scientific evidence to evaluate the anticarcinogenic effects of in vivo and in vitro PHOS-S. A systematic literature review of scientific articles aimed at evaluating the anticarcinogenic potential of PHOS-S, in vivo and in vitro, using the databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciElo, CAPES Portal and LILACS. The selected papers suggest a possible anticarcinogenic effect of PHOS-S by inhibiting tumor growth by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle blockade as well as cytotoxic potential against leukemia cells. However, a possible stimulatory effect of tumor growth was also observed. Although some of the evaluated studies indicated a possible anticarcinogenic effect of PHOS-S, the limitations of these studies must be evaluated. Most were performed by the same research group, and in the scientific literature, we identified only preclinical studies (in cells or in animals). No human study has been published. Thus, more studies are needed to confirm the anticarcinogenic capacity of PHOS-S. Keywords: Synthetic phosphoethanolamine/effects/in vivo/in vitro. Antineoplastic Agent. Cancer.

We investigated the cardiovascular effects induced by the nitric oxide donor Cyclohexane
Nitrate (HEX). Vasodilatation, NO release and the effects of acute or sub-chronic
treatment with HEX on cardiovascular parameters were evaluated. HEX induced
endothelium-independent vasodilatation (Maximum effect [efficacy, ME] = 100.4 ± 4.1%;
potency [pD2] = 5.1 ± 0.1). Relaxation was attenuated by scavenging nitric oxide (ME =
44.9 ± 9.4% vs. 100.4 ± 4.1%) or by inhibiting the soluble guanylyl cyclase (ME = 38.5 ±
9.7% vs. 100.4 ± 4.1%). In addition, pD2 was decreased after non-selective blockade of
K
+ channels (pD2 = 3.6 ± 0.1 vs. 5.1 ± 0.1) or by inhibiting KATP channels (pD2 = 4.3 ±
0.1 vs. 5.1 ± 0.1). HEX increased NO levels in mesenteric arteries (33.2 ± 2.3 vs. 10.7 ±
0.2 au, p < 0.0001). Intravenous acute administration of HEX (1–20 mg/kg) induced
hypotension and bradycardia in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Furthermore,
starting at 6 weeks after the induction of 2K1C hypertension, oral treatment with the
HEX (10 mg/Kg/day) for 7 days reduced blood pressure in hypertensive animals (134 ±
6 vs. 170 ± 4 mmHg, respectively). Our data demonstrate that HEX is a NO donor able to
produce vasodilatation via NO/cGMP/PKG pathway and activation of the ATP-sensitive
K
+ channels. Furthermore, HEX acutely reduces blood pressure and heart rate as well
as produces antihypertensive effect in renovascular hypertensive rats.

A series of related thalidomide derivatives (2-9) were synthesized by microwave irradiation and evaluated
for anti-inflammatory activity. Such activity was assessed in vivo and ex vivo. Compounds 2, 8 and 9 showed the highest levels of inhibition of TNF-α production. On rat paw edema and hyperalgesia assays, compound 9, (1,4-phthalazinedione) demonstrated the highest in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, compound 9 can be considered as a promising compound to be subjected to further modification to obtain new agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) in children is intractable, and the optimal treatment regimen is not known. We investigated the efficacy of methylprednisolone pulse therapy (MPT) in SRNS patients. Using only MPT plus heparin, we have treated ten pediatric SRNS patients that were resistant to cyclophosphamide (CPM) or cyclosporin A (CsA) and predicted to have a very poor prognosis. Administration of 30 mg/kg per day methylprednisolone with heparin for 3 days was taken as one course, and this was given 14 times over 2 years. One patient discontinued MPT because of peritonitis. Of the remaining nine patients, complete remission was achieved by four patients, persistent mild proteinuria remained in three patients, and no effect was observed in two patients. All patients that had been diagnosed with minimal change (MC) pathology ( n =3) at the initial renal biopsy achieved complete remission. Observed adverse events were peritonitis in one patient and a transient decrease in pulse rate only during MPT in one patient. These results demonstrate that MPT with heparin can induce remission in children with SRNS, even when the patient is resistant to CPM and CsA.

Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is a major cause of hepatocellular injury in patients admitting to emergency
services with acute liver failure. Hepatic necrosis may be at varying degrees from mild elevations in
transaminases to fulminant hepatitis, and even death. The case of a 53-year-old female patient with toxic
hepatitis due to levofloxacin and multiple organ failure secondary to toxic hepatitis is presented. Patient
suffered itching, redness, and rash after receiving a single dose of 750 mg of levofloxacin tablets for
pulmonary infection 10 days ago. Skin lesions had regressed within 3 days, but desquamation formed all
over the body. After the fifth day of drug intake, complaints of abdominal pain, vomiting, and yellowing
in skin color had started. The patient was referred to our emergency department with these complaints
10 days after drug intake. Patient was thought as a candidate for liver transplant, but cardiopulmonary
arrest occurred, and the patient died before she could be referred to a transplant center. This case is
important because hepatotoxicity and death due to levofloxacin is uncommon in the literature.

Areca seeds contain flavonoid, tannin, and alkaloid which can help the healing process of burn wounds on the back skin of mice. Areca seeds are used for treatment because it has antimicrobial activity. Areca Seeds are one of Indonesian plants which the fruit in tranditional way is used as burn medicine.

The objective of this study was to know the effect of ethanol extract of areca seeds against burn wound healing on the back skin of mice. Fifteen mices were used in this experiment and were divided into 5 groups : vaseline flavum as a control negative, branded ointment as a control positive , ethanol extract of areca seeds in vaseline flavum with consentration 20%, 40 % and 60 %. Each group consisted of 3 mices. The back skin of mice was induced using hot iron size 1x1 cm for 2 seconds then given a treatment for 14 days. The percentage of healing of burns by calculating the surface area of wound.

The results of its preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. The percentage of burn wound healing of ethanol extract in concentration 20 % was 84,33 %, 40 % was 87,67%; and 60% was 89,67%. Data was analyzed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) which showed that data has significant differences (P < 0,05) was 0,000. LSD test showed that each treatment group had siginicant differences with significant value < 0,05.

Keywords : Areca catechu, burn wound, wound surface area.

Se estudiaron los parámetros farmacocinéticos de las especies de antimonio (pentavalente y
trivalente) presentes en el antimoniato de meglumina (Glucantime®), en cuatro perros sanos, después
de la administración subcutánea de una dosis única de 90 mg/kg-1. Las muestras sanguíneas fueron
analizadas por espectroscopia de absorción atómica. Después de la administración de Glucantime®,
el antimonio pentavalente mostró un decaimiento en dos fases, la vida media de eliminación fue de
13,18 h, el volumen aparente de distribución de 30,65 Lkg-1, el área bajo la curva (0-24h) 48,25 μg.
h mL-1 y el área bajo la curva (0-∞) μg.h mL-1. Mientras que el antimonio trivalente mostró una fase
bien distinguida, con una vida media de eliminación de 16,10 h, un volumen aparente de distribución
de 126,5 Lkg-1, valores de el área bajo la curva (0-24h) 10,35 μg.h mL-1 y el área bajo la curva (0-∞)
17,35 μg.h mL-1. El porcentaje de conversión sistémica de antimonio pentavalente hacia antimonio
trivalente a las 24 horas fue de 23,62%. A pesar del reducido tamaño de la muestra, los resultados
obtenidos presentan desigualdad en la farmacocinética de las especies de antimonio en perros,
estas podrían explicar, al menos parcialmente, las diferencias en la eficacia terapéutica atribuidas a
las especies por separado.
Palabras clave: Glucantime®, farmacocinética, disposición, SbV, SbIII, perros.

Gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins and alkaloids that can help in the healing process of burns on the back skin of mice. Gambir has been used for the treatment because it has the effect of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory. Gambir is used by the people as a traditional medicine to treat burns.

This research is experimental research. The object studied is the potential of gambir extract on healing burns of mice back skin. The number of mice used are 15 which divided into 5 groups: the positive control group (branded ointment), negative control group (vaseline flavum), group of gambir ethanol extract and vaseline flavum concentration of 25%, 35%, and 45%. Each group consisted of 3 mice.Backs of the mice induced using a heated solder which tip contained stainlees plate measuring 1x1 cm and placed for 2 seconds on the back skin of mice. The percentage of burns healing is obtained by calculating the surface area of the wound. The data were analyzed using ANOVA analysis followed by LSD test.

The results showed that ethanol extract of gambir concentration of 25% with the healing burns percentage of (72.00%), the concentration of 35% (85.00%), and the concentration of 45% (88.67%) have activity on healing burns of back skin of mice. The results of data analysis using ANOVA showed that the data has significant differences with a significance value <0.05 is 0.000. LSD test results stated that each treatment group have significant differences with a significance value <0.05. It can be seen that with increasing dose will be followed by duration of burns healing.

Keywords : ethanol extract of gambir, burns, wound surface area

Resumen: Se realiza una encuesta con los objetivos de identificar las plantas de uso medicinal, con el fin de efectuar un perfil socioeconómico y caracterizar el acceso a servicios de salud pública en ocho aldeas de los municipios de Intibucá, Yamaranguila y San Francisco de Opalaca, departamento de Intibucá, Hon-duras. Se encuestaron 76 personas en varias visitas realizadas durante el año 2014. El estudio fue explo-ratorio de alcance descriptivo, de muestreo no probabilístico, sujeto al criterio de pertenencia familiar al grupo étnico. Se identificaron 95 plantas con nombres comunes y que se referencian por su uso tradicional y empírico. Las cinco plantas de uso más frecuente fueron elapazote, la ruda, la manzanilla, el eucalipto y el liquidámbar, consistente con hallazgos de estudios anteriores. Sin embargo, hay siete plantas que aún no hemos identificado: la bambita, chorito de humo, flor de cute, hierba de esencio, oreja de burro, doctorcito y el pascualillo. Las plantas medicinales son para el pueblo Lenca la primera opción de atención médica ante la pobreza extrema y el aislamiento. Palabras clave: etnobotánica; indoamericanos; medicina alternativa; medicina indígena; pueblos origi-narios. Contributions to the inventory and characterization of medicinal plants of native Lenca people from Intibucá, Honduras Abstract: We carried out a survey with the objectives of identifying the plants for medicinal use, create a socioeconomic profile, and characterize the access to public health services in 8 villages in the Municipality of Intibucá, Yamaranguila, and San Francisco de Opalaca, department of Intibucá, Honduras. A

Se realizó una investigación con el objeto de describir la disposición farmacocinética del antimonial pentavalente genérico ulamina en 8 perros sanos, como prueba aguda intravenosa e intramuscular, después de administrar una dosis de 25 mg/kg. Las curvas obtenidas para ambas vías muestran un descenso de las concentraciones plasmáticas de 184,91± 86,06 µg/mL a 86,06±39,24 µg/mL y 164,61 ± 23,80 µg/mL a 100,94 ± 45,3 µg/mL, hasta la hora 4,0 para las vía IV e IM, respectivamente, que corresponden a la fase alfa de distribución. Seguidamente se aprecia un descenso lento, con antimonio detectable más allá de la hora 24 para ambas vías, denominada fase beta o de eliminación. La droga se absorbe rápidamente y mostró alta biodisponibilidad. La vida media (t 1/2β ) IV fue de 8,1 horas y t 1/2 β IM fue 13,35 horas. El volumen de distribución (Vd) IV fue de 0,17 L/Kg e IM fue de 0,23 L/Kg. No se encontraron diferencias significativas al comparar AUC y t 1/2β , después de administrar ulamina IV e IM, proponiéndose esta última como ruta de administración por resultar más práctica y segura. La ulamina constituiría una opción terapéutica para el tratamiento de la leishmaniasis humana y canina, por lo que se sugiere la aplicación de ensayos con dosis múltiples para evaluar la fase de eliminación y determinar si hay acumulación de antimonio, lo cual justificaría una disminución de la dosis. Palabras clave: Farmacocinética, ulamina, perros, prueba aguda. SUMMARY A study was carried out to describe the pharmacokinetic disposition of pentavalent antimony generic ulamina in 8 healthy dogs in acute intravenous and intramuscular test after a dose of 25mg/Kg. The curves obtained for both routes show a decrease in plasma concentrations of 184.91 ± 86.06 µ g / mL to 86.06 ± 39.24 µ g / mL and 164.61 ± 23.80 µ g / mL to 100.94 ± 45.3, µ g / mL to 4.0 hours for the IM and IV, respectively, corresponding to the alpha phase distribution. There was a decrease slowly, with antimony detectable beyond 24.0 hours for both routes, called beta or disposal. The drug is rapidly absorbed and showed high bioavailability. The half life (t 1/2β ) IV was 8.1 hours and t 1/2β IM was 13.35 hours. The volume of distribution (Vd) IV was 0.17 L /Kg and MI was 0.23 L /Kg. No significant differences were found when comparing AUC, and t 1/2β , after IV and IM administration ulamina, proposing the latter as a more practical and safe administration route. The ulamina may be a therapeutic option for the treatment of human and canine leishmaniasis, as it is suggested by the application of multiple dose trials to evaluate the phase of removal and to determine if there is an accumulation of antimony, which would warrant a dose reduction.

Cephalosporins are beta-lactam antibiotics classified into five generations. The newest generation has three representatives: ceftaroline fosamile, the combination ceftolozane/tazobactam (cephalosporin/beta-lactamase inhibitor), and ceftobi-prole medocaril. These new cephalosporins are valuable anti-infective agents, with potent activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria, and with a positive balance between benefits and side effects. However, the fifth-generation cephalosporins should be judiciously used to prevent the occurrence of bacterial resistance phenomenon.

La trascrizione di un manoscritto rappresenta , seppur nella sua complessità, non soltanto la trasposizione di un testo da un supporto all'altro, ma diventa un'occasione di dialogo con le pagine di un codice o le carte di archivio, che attraverso i segni vergati da mani antiche, tramandano finestre aperte, su porzioni di storia, dalle quali potersi affacciare. Il presente elaborato riguarda la trascrizione del codice manoscritto "Il Giornale dell'ultima infermità di Sua Maestà Innocenzo XI"  che consiste nella stesura definitiva del testo originale, si può dire in "bella copia" dell'opera lancisiana relativa all'agonia, la morte e il post mortem del pontefice Innocenzo XI. Il manoscritto tramanda la cronaca di ciò che accadde attorno al capezzale del Pontefice, mirabilmente descritta con minuzia, e getta un interessante ponte sulla medicina dell'epoca, la cura con l'uso delle spezie e della dietetica. Inoltre conduce il lettore verso la società contemporanea a Innocenzo XI, specialmente quella che riguardava la città di Roma. L'intento è quello di fornire uno strumento che favorisca la fruizione e lo studio del prezioso manoscritto, oltre a promuovere e stimolare la conoscenza del patrimonio bibliografico inedito, conservato nella Biblioteca Lancisiana di Roma .

Enrique Cabrejas se dio cuenta de que las palabras españolas no eran tal y como las conocemos en la actualidad, no se refería en sus formas como todos podemos suponer sino a que fueron pensadas de otro y de distinto modo. Ni lo imaginan. Sí, lo que vemos como letras no son grafemas, unidades mínimas de escritura sino ideas. La ortografía española -según Cabrejas- es una escritura fonética, figurativa y también significada. Nuestros caracteres son ideogramas. ¡Asombroso! ¡Impensable! No obstante tiene lógica, las palabras son la representación de una lengua que es hablada aunque luego se transmita escrita. Averiguó que el diagnóstico dado para la lengua española es equivocado y la razón sencilla: Se le atribuye al latín nuestro alfabeto pero supo que no fue éste quien lo generó, por tanto tuvo que proporcionarlo otra lengua y entonces ¿cuál? Lo explica Cabrejas.

Prawo do przepisywania recept przez psychologów ma w założeniu prowadzić do świadczenia lepszej jakości opieki medycznej. Celem referatu jest przedstawienie postulatów i historii ruchu na rzecz prawa do przepisywania recept przez psychologów oraz argumentacji jego przeciwników.
W 2014 roku na nowo odżył ruch na rzecz prawa do przepisywania recept przez psychologów. W tym roku trzeci stan USA (Illinois), po New Mexico i Louisiana wprowadził prawo do przepisywania recept przez psychologów.
Warunkiem otrzymania uprawnień do przepisywania leków przez psychologa jest nie tylko tytuł naukowy psychologa, ale również spełnienie wielu dodatkowych wymagań.
Najsilniejszą opozycją dla ruchu na rzecz prawa do przepisywania recept przez psychologów wydaje się być środowisko psychiatrów, którzy zarzucają, że psycholodzy (nawet po ukończeniu dodatkowych szkoleń) nie posiadają ogólnej wiedzy medycznej, która pozwala im na efektywne i bezpieczne stosowanie leków.
Wskazuje się również na to, że jeżeli w dłuższej perspektywie stosowanie leków przez psychologów stanie się normą, może to wpłynąć na zmianę modelu pracy psychologów, kierując ich w stronę podejścia biomedycznego.

Zaburzenie pedofilne należy do patologicznych zaburzeń preferencji seksualnych. Zachowanie pedofilne wiąże się z negatywnym odbiorem społecznym, co prowokuje społeczeństwa do stosowania określonych programów terapeutycznych mających na celu ograniczenie zachowania pedofilnego. Celem referatu jest przedstawienie wybranych sposobów leczenia zaburzenia pedofilnego z określeniem ich skuteczności oraz skutków społecznych.

he urinary kinetics of Ulamina was studied following
intramuscular administration single dose
of 5 mg.kg-1 to five volunteers. The urinary
samples were collected and cuantificated at the intervals:
0-6, 6-12, 12-18 and 18-24 hours following treatment.
Determination SbIII, SbV and SbTotal were carried out using
atomic absorption spectrometer. The volunteers were
monitoring before and after administration of Ulamina.
Don’t have evident of adverse reactions. Its make curves
of accumulated drugs in urine vs. time (du vs. t). Amount
remaining to be excreted (ARE) vs. time (Sigma-minus
graphic), rate of elimination (Kel) = 0,056 h-1, half-life (t1/2)
= 13, 68 h, rate of urinary excretion of first order process
(Ku) = 0.014 mg/Lxh-1 and renal clearence (V) = 0, 11 L/h.
All urinary samples had SbIII (20, 22%), in some cases the
relationship SbV/SbIII were 50% of SbTotal biodisponibility.
On the doses administered it’s was excreted 20, 70%.
Keys words: Antimony pentavalent, Ulamina, urinary
kinetics, volunteers.
Introducción

Las aplicaciones terapéuticas de todo tipo de sustancias, en su mayoría de origen vegetal, están ampliamente registradas en la literatura científica y su origen es tan antiguo como la civilización misma. El campo de la farmacología, en concreto, parece haber estado presidido por la actividad femenina desde sus inicios, en tanto que las tradiciones orales de las primeras sociedades nos hablan de la mujer como recolectora y descubridora de las propiedades medicinales de las plantas. Esta circunstancia se traduce en la existencia de una medicina popular basada en remedios naturales y ejercida por mujeres.

Nuestro objetivo es analizar la labor que realizaron estas pioneras de la homeopatía moderna en la sociedad romana, donde la presencia femenina en materia médica tuvo una especial relevancia en su papel de sanadoras y transmisoras de un saber tradicional -cuyo campo de acción iba más allá de cuidados ginecológicos-, hasta el punto de que la práctica de esta medicina naturalista se convirtió en un signo externo de la feminidad.

Objetiva terá a duração de 3 horas, incluído o tempo para o preenchimento do cartão-resposta e orientações iniciais sobre o processo de aplicação das provas. 2. A Prova Objetiva versará sobre Conhecimentos Gerais e sobre Conhecimentos Específicos inerentes ao respectivo emprego, previstos no conteúdo programático, sendo composta de 25 questões de múltipla escolha, no valor de 4,0 pontos cada questão. A prova total vale 100 pontos. As questões de 1 a 20 são referentes à matéria de Conhecimentos Específicos e as questões de 21 a 25 são referentes à matéria de Conhecimentos Gerais. 3. As questões da prova apresentam um enunciado seguido de quatro alternativas designadas pelas letras A, B, C e D, existindo somente uma alternativa correta. 4. Para cada questão da prova, assinale somente uma alternativa que você considera como a resposta correta. 5. Examine se o caderno de provas está completo e se há falhas ou imperfeições gráficas que causem dúvidas.

Total RNA from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated rat macrophages used to treat protoplasts from an Aspergillus nidulans strain originated the RT2 regenerated strain, whose culture supernatant showed anti-inflammatory activity in Wistar rats. The protein fraction presenting such anti-inflammatory activity was purified and biochemically identified. The screening of the fraction responsible for such anti-inflammatory property was performed by evaluating the inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema in male Swiss mice. Biochemical analyses of the anti-inflammatory protein used chromatography, carbohydrates quantification of the protein sample, amino acids content analysis and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Total sugar quantification revealed 32% glycosylation of the protein fraction. Amino acid analysis of such fraction showed a peculiar pattern presenting 29% valine. SDS-PAGE revealed that the protein sample is pure and its molecular weight is about 40kDa. Intravenous injection of the isolated substance into mice significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema. The isolated glycoprotein decreased carrageenan-induced paw edema in a prostaglandin-dependent phase, suggesting an inhibitory effect of the isolated glycoprotein on prostaglandin synthesis.

This work presents the frontema as a unit created to facilitate the study of phenomena regarding co-articulatory effects in word boundaries. Frontema is the orthographic representation of written language as well as of the acoustic unit corresponding to word boundaries that conventionally form a written text. The concept of frontema, as well as its materialization, simplify the process of discovery of coarticulatory rules, thus contributing to facilitate the prosodic modeling of phrases and, so, reducing the complexity of the process of automatic generation of prosody in systems of speech synthesis by concatenating acoustic units previously recorded.