Facial Anthropometry

El presente estudio fue realizado en el marco de la maestría 2 en Investigación del Instituto de
Altos Estudios de América Latina, Universidad París 3 Sorbonne Nouvelle en 2008-2009. Este estudio
lo integran tres partes que desarrollaron una genealogía del retrato humano en la formación de las
antiguas ciencias naturales, hasta la consolidación de la antropología y las ciencias criminológicas de
fin del siglo XIX en Europa; y revisa su repercusión en América Latina, particularmente en México. La
primera parte del estudio; “descifrar el cuerpo a través de la mirada” explica el uso de la fisiognomía
como antiguo saber, donde el retrato es el vehículo por el que transitan los dispositivos y las técnicas
modernas de observación del cuerpo. La segunda parte “El dispositivo fisiognómico en la observación
legal” integra los antiguos paradigmas de la observación del hombre con los modelos de la ciencia
ilustrada que utilizaron herramientas y tecnologías aplicadas a la observación etnográfica y
antropológica. Finalmente, en la tercera parte, “La universalización del dispositivo fisiognómico a
través de la fotografía” se presentan los elementos transferenciales entre Francia y México,
mostrando el papel de la fotografía como auxiliar de los dispositivos de observación y clasificación
antropológicas a través de la antropometría.

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The Society's artistic justification and value will grow and develop over time in synchrony with the scientific content, becoming an important illustration of the possibility of unifying science and art in the life of Man. This indeed may reveal itself to be the highest value generated by the study of the human visage in all its mysterious dimensions through the worldwide activities of the Society for Faces.

Readers are advised that this paper forms the foundation for three newer writings that should be read together with it for an integrated and particularized approach to the context, the form (or plan), the neurophysiological underpinnings, and the exhibition of the Trifurcated Face of Man (see 'Plan of Face Derived and Explained,' The Soul of Life and the Spirit of War,' and 'Desiderata for Primary Exhibition of the Face' on this page).

A fifth paper ('Convergences of Human Face in Life and Death') will, in due course, clarify and strengthen the contributions to the theory of the face by the present author and form the basis for substantial new research on the idealist theory of the Visage of Man by theorizing the integration of the individual facial conformation at first maturity with the totalized face in death (the Totenmask), all as envisioned by the 'Prospectus of the Society for Faces,' but now at last rooted in true psychology and demonstrable neurophysical reality.

Readers of this foundational paper originally dated 2000 will benefit from our recently uploaded analytical conspectus ('Analysis of Max Picard's "Human Face" With Implications for Portraiture and Its Exhibition') (which is essentially paper #6).

Coming soon in addition is a further paper ('Thematic Apperceptions of Max Picard's "Human Face" With Implications for Portraiture and Its Exhibition') (which will be #7) based on a close re-reading of Picard's masterwork in the astoundingly faithful poetical dress given to it by the late screenwriter S. Goldstein (1930), originally published in New York.

The translation of Picard is not mentioned in published accounts of Goldstein's career or in his 'New York Times' obituary (he died in 1970) but it undoubtedly constitutes Goldstein's most notable literary achievement. This is especially noteworthy since Goldstein, who studied languages at Columbia University, was by all accounts obstreperously leftist-materialist in outlook (actually a communist) but in Picard brilliantly and objectively handled the masterwork of an extraordinarily strong idealist at the height of his powers.

Surprisingly, perhaps, it turns out that the face is not only a finite object of art but also an infinite art object, yielding three inimitable standards of facial beauty, but what these really entail remains essentially unexplored. Surprising new research indicates a fundamental restriction on achievable aesthetic meaning within portraiture.

Readers interested in the latest findings on the face are advised that the present paper is part of a series of writings on this page attempting a total integration of the Visage of Man through theoretical comprehension, scientific investigation, and sensual appreciation of its place in actual life and within artistic conventions as ordinarily practiced.

Three other papers on this page should be read for an integrated and particularized approach to the context, the form (or plan), the neurophysiological underpinnings, and the exhibition of the Trifurcated Face of Man (namely, 'Prospectus of the Society for Faces,' 'The Soul of Life and the Spirit of War,' and 'Desiderata for Primary Exhibition of the Face').

A planned fifth paper ('The Human Face in Life and Death') in due course will, it is hoped, summarize, clarify, and strengthen the contributions to the theory of the face by the present author and form the basis for substantial new research on the idealist theory of the Visage of Man in the 21st century. The depth of the human face remains essentially unknown within idealism and is totally masked by the delusions of materialism.

Integral study of individual facial conformation at first maturity with the face in death (the Totenmask) in volunteers across the globe soon will be proposed, more or less as first envisioned in the 'Prospectus of the Society for Faces,' but with concrete reference to true (idealist) anthropology and its newfound insight into the profound psychophysical separation constituting Trifurcated Man.

Here readers can find a one-page introduction to subject matter from 2010 which has since been expanded (at Academia.Edu) to include newer writings. Together they offer an integrated and particularized approach to the context, the form (or plan), the neurophysiological underpinnings, and the exhibition of the Trifurcated Face of Man (see on this page 'Prospectus of the Society for Faces,' 'Plan of Face Derived and Explained,' ‘The Soul of Life and the Spirit of War,' and 'Desiderata for Primary Exhibition of the Face'). See also summary expositions of the content and thematics of Max Picard's books: 'Thematic Apperceptions' and "Analysis' (both at Academia.Edu).

A fifth paper ('Convergences of the Human Face in Life and Death') will, in due course, clarify and strengthen the contributions to the theory of the face by the present author and, it is hoped, form the basis for substantial new research on the idealist theory of the Visage of Man through integration of individual facial conformation at first maturity with the totalized face in death (the Totenmask), all as implicitly envisioned by the 'Prospectus of the Society for Faces' but now at last rooted in true psychology and demonstrable neurophysical reality.

Thus, an enterprise begun last century is approaching a proper conclusion. However, the most essential matter concerning the face remains completely uncomprehended. According to the True Anthropology expounded in 'The Soul of Life and the Spirit of War' (Academia.Edu, 2018), Divinity marked, in His inimitable way, the Face of Man with a powerful Slap of Rebuke that is imprinted, like the Mark of Cain, on a Grimacing Fool who still doesn't get it and perhaps never will. The SFF has much work to do.

Anthropometry has been used for many scientific and applied problems, such as growth, evolution, and applications to forensic identifications. The aim of this study was to determine whether the samples could be significantly differentiated from each other from a set of cephalometric data. The comparison of group could be used in forensics for the determination of ethnic identity and/or sex. The samples consisted of 3822 individuals from Alor, Atoni, Barawahing, Marai, Tetum, Java, Kabir, Lemma, Manggarai, Middle Pantar, Ngada, East Alor and Palue. The variables were g-op, eu-eu, ft-ft, zy-zy, go-go, al-al, n-sn, and n-gn.

Introduction: Nasal morphology is an important factor in forensic investigations and facial reconstructive procedures. Found to be strongly related to ethnicity and environmental factors, and known to be sexually dimorphic, the study of nasal parameters is useful in forensic facial reconstruction. The aim of the study is to evaluate the nasal morphological characteristics of the Gujarati population as an indicator for personal identification and to assess the prevalent nasal morphology of the study population determined. Material and Methods: The study involved randomly selected 180 healthy subjects (90 males and 90 females) between three age groups. Nasal width and nasal height were measured using a digital vernier caliper, and nasal index was calculated along with other parameters. The data were statistically analyzed. Results: The mean nasal width for male and female was 38.23 mm and 34.94 mm while the mean nasal height was 47.59 mm and 44.35 mm, respectively. The mean nasal index for male subjects (81.08) was also higher than for female subjects (77.30). The morphological classification showed the mesorrhine nose type as the most prevalent among both the males (58.88%) and females (66.66%). Discussion and Conclusion: The population under the study exhibits mesorrhine type of the nose and shows sexual dimorphism in the values of nasal measurements. Thus, the current study is valuable not only in forensic facial reconstruction but also as an added method for determining the gender and ethnicity of an unidentified individual.

Understanding the features employed by the human
visual system in gender classification is considered a critical
step towards improving machine based gender classification
systems. We propose the use of 3D Euclidean and geodesic
distances between biologically significant facial landmarks to
classify gender. We perform five different experiments on the
BU-3DFE face database to look for more representative features that can replicate our visual system. Based on our experiments we suggest that the human visual system looks at the ratio of 3D Euclidean and geodesic distance as these features can classify facial gender with an accuracy of 99:32%. The features selected by our proposed gender classification experiment are robust to ethnicity and moderate changes in expression. They also replicate the perceptual gender bias towards certain features and hence become good candidates for being a more representative feature set.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The factors affecting the attractiveness of the soft tissue profile are assessed in only very few nonmatched and controversial studies. We aimed to evaluate these factors in a matched comprehensive study.

METHODS: Profile photographs of 100 students with good occlusion were sorted according to facial beauty by 20 judges. After excluding 40 unmatched subjects or those with marginal scores, 12 soft tissue variables were compared among profiles of 30 attractive and 30 unattractive matched participants (t test, α = 0.05).

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: As the most important factor, excessive mandibular retrusion made both men and women unattractive. Both attractive men and women tended to have less prominent noses with higher nose tips, protruded upper lips compared with the position of lower lips, and deeper lower faces. Closeness of lips to the middle of vertical chin-nose distance enhanced female beauty only. Straight profiles and more protruded maxillae merely made men more attractive.

Statement of the problem: Research on the human face has seen a surge, especially with rapidly developing new concepts of dynaesthetics. Besides dentistry, medical specialties like surgery, forensics and ophthalmology have found renewed interest in studies on human face. In dentistry, specialists from the field of orthodontics, prosthodontics, orthognathic surgeons and aesthetic dentists have done considerable research on various landmarks of human face especially measurements between different landmarks. While researchers have focussed on different methods of measuring, none seemingly has focussed on the significance of stabilizing the subject on which measurements are made or the device with which measurements are made. Purpose: To review the literature related to the methods used to measure facial parameters. To design a new device that firmly stabilizes subject as well as measuring device. Materials and methods: An innovative device was first designed from data obtained from measurements of average head sizes of various races. Thirty dentulous and thirty edentulous subjects were then selected on whom the reliability of the instrument was verified. For dentulous subjects three different observers measured predetermined facial parameter whereas for edentulous subjects, vertical dimensions were measured on the newly designed device called Subject stabilizing device. Vertical dimensions incorporated in the denture were approved in a two stage procedure. Results: Distances between various different landmarks of the human face were measured without the subject having to move his/her head and without ever removing the measuring calliper from the device. Conclusion: The device is reliable in measuring different clinical landmarks and can be particularly useful in research where measurements need to be standardized when large populations are studied.

See the additional attachment for translated tables.

Introduction: The sizes of teeth are important in forensic dentistry, orthodontics, prosthodontics, anatomy, and even anthropological studies. So far, no research has been carried out in the Iranian race in order to estimate the cut-off point for sex diagnosis based on dental measurements. Therefore, cut-off points of teeth measurements were estimated in Iranians.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions (MD and BL, respectively) of all teeth (except wisdom teeth) were measured by a digital caliper (in 2011), in 78 healthy dental students (37 males, 41 females) having all teeth except third molars. All teeth except the third molars were present. Measured dimensions were compared using t-test. Using the ROC curve, cut-off points of mesiodistal and buccolingual measurements of teeth were calculated. Significance level was determined as 0.05.
Results: Among calculated bimaxillary 56 measurements, 14 maxillary and 10 mandibular measurements were significantly different between men and women (P < 0.05). Among 56 dental measurements, 24 had cut-off points. In the right of mandible, cut-off points were (mm): central’s BL: 6.22, canine’s MD: 7.07, first molar’s BL: 10.70, first molar’s MD: 10.74, second molar’s BL: 10.55, second molar’s MD: 10.11. In the left of mandible: canine’s MD: 6.91, second premolar’s BL: 8.76, second premolar’s MD: 7.18, first molar’s BL: 10.54, first molar’s MD: 10.82. In the right of maxilla: canine’s MD: 7.58, first premolar’s BL: 9.28, second premolar’s BL: 9.44, first molar’s BL: 11.25, first molar’s MD: 10.33, second molar’s BL: 11.20. In the left of maxilla: canine’s BL: 8.31, canine’s MD: 7.59, first premolar’s BL: 9.10, second premolar’s BL: 9.33, first molar’s BL: 11.34, first molar’s MD: 10.13, second molar’s BL: 11.13.
Conclusion: there is a considerable difference between dental measurements of many teeth between Iranian men and women, and it is possible to use these differences in distinguishing the gender of a person or body.