Experimental Nuclear and Particle Physics

This study was successful through the collaboration between all authors. Author YMA did the field work, participated in the laboratory activities, performed the statistical analysis and drafted the blueprint of the manuscript. Authors ANBK, MM and AMB recast the expressions, phrases, clauses, paragraphs and managed the literature in analyzing the literature and results. Author MH provides adequate consumables; laboratory and logistics for all the experimentations. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

A oscilação dos sabores de neutrinos é um fenômeno descrito pela mecânica quântica que informa como um neutrino criado com um determinado sabor pode alterá-lo ao longo do seu percurso. A probabilidade de medirmos um sabor de neu-trino (eletrônico, tauônico ou muônico) varia entre os três tipos de estados, conforme a partícula se propaga através do espaço. A matemática por trás desse fenômeno foi desenvolvida por Bruno Pontecorvo em 1957, tal que suas previsões teóricas foram comprovadas experimentalmente apenas cerca de quarenta anos depois, pelos experimentos Super-Kamiokande (SK) e Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO). Uma das principais consequências desse fenômeno foi a descoberta de que os neutrinos possuem massa, o que não é previsto pelo Modelo Padrão. Com isso, os físicos de partículas buscam descobrir qual mecanismo seria responsável por originar a massa dos neutrinos, dando origem a novas teorias físicas que vão além do Modelo Padrão. Atualmente, experimentos estudando a oscilação de neutrinos são apontados como uma importante ferramenta para o estudo de objetos astrofísicos e abrem caminho à discussão de uma possível violação da simetria CP originada por neutrinos e anti-neutrinos, que poderia explicar porque há mais matéria do que anti-matéria no universo.

Sir J D Cockcroft stated in Nobel Lecture 11 December 1951, that their 1932 experiment has confirmed E=mc2 closely. I put the statement to test  and found claim in Nobel Lecture incorrect. There  deviation of the order of  9%. Thus  the very claim confirmation of E=mc2 is not correct. Hence Cockcroft's 1932 experiment in which Li-7 was split  to two alpha particles must  be repeated.

Methane pyrolysis in a liquid metal bubble column with a packed bed. 78% maximum hydrogen yield at 50 ml n /min methane volume flow rate and 1175 °C. Influence of different packed bed designs and feed gas dilution. Carbon separation on the liquid metal interface. No clogging issues due to solid carbon deposition. a b s t r a c t Methane pyrolysis experiments using a quartz glass-steel bubble column reactor filled with liquid tin and cylindrical quartz glass rings serving as a packed bed were conducted at various liquid metal temperature levels in the range of 930–1175 °C. Besides the liquid metal temperature, special attention was paid to the influence of the feed gas volume flow rate in the range of 50–200 ml n /min and the inlet feed gas dilution with nitrogen. Increasing liquid metal temperatures resulted in increasing hydrogen yields, leading to a maximum hydrogen yield of 78% at 1175 °C and 50 ml n /min methane volume flow rate. Within all experimental runs, less than 1.5 mol-% intermediate products were detected in the product gas. The produced carbon appeared as a powder consisting of flake shaped agglomerations in the size range of 15– 20 lm, wherein the particle size varied from 40 nm to 100 nm. During the experiments, the produced carbon was completely separated and accumulated at the top surface of the liquid metal. Only minor quantities were transported with the off gas stream. Within the liquid metal inventory, a thin carbon layer of about 10 lm, probably partly showing the formation of nanotubes, in the hot reaction zone, had been deposited on the quartz glass reactor wall.

The golden ring to which most physicists aspire is a unified field theory that incorporates all of modern and classical physics. Some scientists and others call this a TOE or ‘theory of everything’, but it is no more than false hubris to believe that humans could possibly know and explain everything about the universe at this time. Einstein chased this goal for the last three decades of his life, basing his theoretical research on his general theory of relativity. Meanwhile, the vast majority of scientists supporting the other major accomplishment of the Second Scientific Revolution were investing all of their time and efforts to advancing the quantum theory and their quest has been extremely successful. They originally had no interest in a unified field theory. After Einstein died in 1955, his efforts were all but abandoned because of his philosophical stance against the prevalent Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum theory even though he had been one of quantum theory’s founders. During the 1970s the tables started to turn and quantum theorists became interested in unifying physics, although not from the foundational principles of relativity theory. They claimed that quantum theory was more fundamental than relativity so they began the same quest from a totally different direction despite their claims to be continuing Einstein’s quest.  Throughout the development of the ensuing standard quantum model, superstring theory and many other theoretical schemes, quantum theorists have remained resolute in their conviction that the quantum and relativity are mutually incompatible so the quantum must completely do away with and replace relativity once and for all. However, the quantum theory and relativity are not actually incompatible and, in fact, say the some of the same things about the nature of physical reality. When the similarities are fully defined and studied and the basic assumptions behind each of the theories are altered to reflect the similarities instead of the incompatibilities, only then can the point of their compatibility be determined and act as a unifying principle resulting in a completed unified field theory of the type that Einstein once sought. The development of this physical model of reality is not without irony. Not only is the quantum theory incomplete as Einstein argued in EPR, but Einstein’s general relativity is also seriously incomplete and true unification cannot be rendered complete at any level of reality until all the theoretical models being unified are themselves complete.

The accepted view for the construction of atoms expects no simple correlation between the magnetic moments of spin-1/2 particles and spin-1/2 nuclei. Also accepted is that magnetic moments for nuclei represent a construction where unpaired particles show their presence by providing a magnetic moment to an atomic nucleus. The information provided herein clearly shows that power curve plots of mass versus magnetic moment for both particles and nuclei produce curves with three plotted points being the only number acceptable, and that there are interconnections between both particles and nuclei, as well as between curves. If particles and nuclei equally share these interconnections between mass and , these cannot be accurate explanations for either particle or nuclei construction. The additional families of three similar to the electron, muon, and tauon that appear as power curves with slopes not mimicking the magneton curve , clearly suggests new physics. Similar correlations between spin-3/2 particles and spin-3/2 nuclei indicate that the correlations are not specific to spin-1/2 and likely apply to all spin values. The suggestion is that all items of the same spin state are created in the same manner, and that the leptons are no exception.

A Profibus-based Control System for Nuclear Physics Applications - The 6th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics SCI 2002, July 2002, Orlando, Florida

di O. Mirabella, V. Bellini, C. Randieri, C. Spitale

Abstract
In this paper we present the results of implementation of a remote control system based on ProFiBus technologies used for the remote control of experimental nuclear physics apparata. Remote control makes experiment handling more flexible, eliminating any problems originating from the need for direct access to the systems being controlled. In the paper we describe two different applications. The first application of the ProFiBus is the remote control of a multidetector (made up of a bidimensional array of CsI scintillators) used to detect light nuclear particles, as protons and/or light ions. In the second application, we present an implementation of the control of a vacuum system suitable for a special chamber used for the development and testing of particle detectors operating in vacuum conditions.

In this paper we will be building a modified Geiger counter to detect cosmic muons and will be directly measuring the average muon density or flux on the earth's surface and at varying altitudes. This will give us a relationship between them and this in turn can be used to verify the time dilation concept of special relativity. The very high speed of the muons (essentially c, the speed of light) causes them to live longer and this enables them to travel a longer distance to reach the surface of the earth.

In Physics ,Chemistry, Biology Mathematics and Mythology, the principle of relativity is
the requirement that the equations describing the laws of physics have the same form in all
admissible frames of reference. For example in this book , in the framework of special
relativity the Maxwell equations have the same form in all inertial frames of reference. In
the framework of general relativity the Maxwell equations or the Einstein field equations
have the same form in arbitrary frames of reference. Several principles of relativity have
been successfully applied throughout science, whether implicitly as in Newtonian
mechanics or explicitly as in Albert Einstein's special relativity and general relativity. such
that this book tends to enunciate that The laws by which the states of physical systems
alter are independent of the alternative, to which of two systems of coordinates, in uniform
motion of parallel translation relatively to each other, these alterations of state are
referred (principle of relativity).
The aim of the experiment was to detect the movement of the Earth through the aether.
The theory was that there had to be an aether through which light propagated. Since the
Earth rotates round the sun, it would be travelling through the aether in different
directions in summer and winter, and the experiment was intended to detect this. Ariny
Amos did an experiment and applications in the field,
Preceded by a companion book on Ariny Amos 's experiment and work on applications of
principle or theory of relativity within the early thirty three years from birth 1982-2016
Research reveals Ariny Amos being Scientist. The book distinguishes the type of Androids
Description of Ariny's early life as astronomer , Astrologer.Chronology of events during
Ariny Amos studies at Makerere University Kampala, Imprisonment by remote sensing's
electromagnetic force on applications, or Hendrik Lorentz force, Electric shock and
plasma physics, Seismology,Metaphysics of pluto, Masturbation or perturbation and photo
electric effect Plasma physics , Dreamers's motion phenomenon, Astrophysics of Sweat
and salt bridge in electrochemistry, Rainbow or Hydrogen Spectrum, Alzheimer disease in
Astrology, Turbine and Turbomachine, Electric Generators, Satellite dish as Ariny Amos,
International Womens' day venus crosser asteroid explosions,Hot air, tongue and
electricity, Static electricity, Enamel Grinding and Electricity, Celestial bodies as Ariny's
Natural satellite, Rota fortunae gravitation and healing ability, This book then explains the
principle of relativity of which was introduced by German scientist Albert Einstain, in
1900, Noted that Jesus Christ of Nazareth first taught the principle of relativity during his
life on earth. By surveying the work of scientists and theologians, Laws of physics, Ariny
Amos experiment on relativity principle with White tailed Blue flycatcherbird and
schistocerca nitens grass hopper,several experiments on principle of relativity,conclusions
and recommedations, references,

Searches for “natural” supersymmetry (SUSY) scenarios are presented in which only neutralinos, charginos, and potentially also the top-quark superpartner (stop) are assumed to be accessible, and which result in multi-boson final states. These efforts rely on a novel and versatile method where by the narrow H → γγ resonance is used to identify events with a Higgs boson candidate, and to determine backgrounds. This provides a sufficiently clean search environment to largely overcome the small H → γγ branching fraction. First, a search is performed for stop pair production resulting in 2b2H. Events with two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate and at least two b-jets are selected and missing transverse energy is examined. Then, the diphoton components of a comprehensive search for electroweak production of neutralinos and charginos are presented, which may decay to Higgs and Z, bosons and undetected lightest SUSY particles (LSPs). This latter search is then reinterpreted in terms of chargino-neutralino pair production, leading to HW± states with MET. The searches are performed using 19.5 fb−1 of proton-proton collisions at √s = 8 TeV, recorded in the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector. No compelling evidence for new physics is found and 95% confidence limits are set.

The Contamination caused by heavy metals in the environment has attracted global attention owing to its abundance, persistence and environmental toxicity. Both natural and anthropogenic activities are responsible for the abundant of heavy metals in the environment. However, anthropogenic activities can effortlessly generate heavy metals in sediment, soils, and water th at pollute the human and aquatic environment. Heavy metals are toxic environmental substances which may accumulate in a food chain and pose threat to the health of humans. The present study reviewed the presence of heavy metals and their health impli cations in some part of the country. Heavy metal has been reported in different literature both local and international to have cause toxic effect on man and the environment. Common sources of heavy metals are from mining and industrial wastes, vehicle emissions, l ead acid batteries, fertilizers, paints treated woods, aging water supply infrastructures and micro plastic floating in oceans. Som e heavy metals such as Cd and Pb may be present in children's toys and high level that exceeds regulatory standards. Since, the div ersity of environmental contaminants increased exponentially, with countless anthropogenic sources. Therefore, the diverse and emerging issues of food security and environmental quality have become a Nigerians concern, particularly their inextricable assoc iation with human health. Based on this reviewed work, it was observed a higher level of heavy metal concentrations in areas like Kano, adamawa, Niger Delta and those with low level include Ekiti & Kaduna state e.t.c.

2 H(e, e p)n cross sections have been measured at 4-momentum transfers of Q 2 = 4.5±0.5 (GeV/c) 2 over a range of neutron recoil momenta, pr, with pr reaching up to ∼ 1.0 GeV/c. The data have been obtained at fixed neutron recoil angles θnq = 35 • , 45 • and 75 • with respect to the 3-momentum transfer q. The new data agrees well with previous data which reached pr ∼ 500 MeV/c. At θnq = 35 • and 45 • , final state interactions (FSI), meson exchange currents (MEC) and isobar configurations (IC) are suppressed and the plane wave impulse approximation (PWIA) provides the dominant cross section contribution. The new data are compared to recent theoretical calculations, where a significant disagreement for missing momenta pr > 700 MeV/c is observed. The deuteron is the only bound two-nucleon system and serves as an ideal framework to study the strong nuclear force at the sub-Fermi distance scale, a region which is currently practically unexplored and not well understood. At such small inter-nucleon distances, the nucleon-nucleon (NN) interaction is expected to become

Methane pyrolysis experiments using a quartz glass-steel bubble column reactor filled with liquid tin and cylindrical quartz glass rings serving as a packed bed were conducted at various liquid metal temperature levels in the range of 930 °C to 1175 °C. Besides the liquid metal temperature, special attention was paid to the influence of the feed gas volume flow rate in the range of 50-200 mln/min and the inlet feed gas dilution with nitrogen. Increasing liquid metal temperatures resulted in increasing hydrogen yields, leading to a maximum hydrogen yield of 78 % at 1175 °C and 50 mln/min methane volume flow rate. Within all experimental runs, less than 1.5 mol-% intermediate products were detected in the product gas. The produced carbon appeared as a powder consisting of flake shaped agglomerations in the size range of 15 µm to 20 µm, wherein the particle size varied from 40 nm to 100 nm. During the experiments, the produced carbon was completely separated and accumulated at the top surface of the liquid metal. Only minor quantities were transported with the off gas stream. Within the liquid metal inventory, a thin carbon layer of about 10 µm, probably partly showing the formation of nanotubes, in the hot reaction zone, had been deposited on the quartz glass reactor wall.

In this paper, we wonder whether the idea of virtual particles, gauge bosons and/or force-carrying particles in general, might be superfluous. It seems to resemble 19th century aether theory: perhaps we don’t need it. The implication is clear: if that’s the case, then we also don’t need gauge theory and/or quantum field theory.

SNO+ is a large liquid scintillator-based experiment located 2 km underground at SNOLAB, Sudbury, Canada. It reuses the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory detector, consisting of a 12 m diameter acrylic vessel which will be filled with about 780 tonnes of ultra-pure liquid scintillator. Designed as a multipurpose neutrino experiment, the primary goal of SNO+ is a search for the neutrinoless double-beta decay (0) of 130Te. In Phase I, the detector will be loaded with 0.3% natural tellurium, corresponding to nearly 800 kg of 130Te, with an expected effective Majorana neutrino mass sensitivity in the region of 55–133 meV, just above the inverted mass hierarchy. Recently, the possibility of deploying up to ten times more natural tellurium has been investigated, which would enable SNO+ to achieve sensitivity deep into the parameter space for the inverted neutrino mass hierarchy in the future. Additionally, SNO+ aims to measure reactor antineutrino oscillations, low energy solar neutrinos, and geoneutrinos, to be sensitive to supernova neutrinos, and to search for exotic physics. A first phase with the detector filled with water will begin soon, with the scintillator phase expected to start after a few months of water data taking. The  Phase I is foreseen for 2017.

The study of quark-gluon plasma state in high energy heavy ion collisions is quite complicated as the system is dynamical. But still some detectable signals are present with are very helpful to understand this high energy phenomena. The measurement of elliptic flow is one of those experimentally measured variables. One of the major experimental evidence for the existence of thermalized system is the large anisotropic flow of hadrons. The anisotropic flow is the anisotropy of the particle azimuthal distribution in the momentum space with respect to the reaction plane and supposed to be sensitive to the extent of thermalization of the system immediately after the collision. The various hadron yield with respect to the reaction plane is characterized by Fourier expansion as the thermalised system behave like ideal fluid and the elliptic flow is defined by the second Fourier coefficient (�� ��). The theoretical calculations matches with the experimental observations well when the event ...

The radioactivity of naturally occurring and anthropogenic radionuclides in soil collected fro m the ship breaking areas VHATIA RY SHIP BREA KERS LTD. and ZIAN SHIP BREA KING LTD. Chittagong. Bangladesh, were measured by using gamma spectrum of germaniu m detector coupled with dig ital spectrum analy zer (DSA). In the present work, the radioactivity of 238 U in soil samp les ranged fro m 49.60±2.14 Bq.kg -1 to 14.00± 1.19 Bq.kg -1 with an average value of 23.66±1.55 Bq.kg -1 . The activity 232 Th ranged from 41.52±5.73 Bq.kg -1 to 22.79±1.42 Bq.kg -1 with an average activity of 34.33±3.57 Bq.kg -1 . For 40 K, radioactiv ity ranged fro m 845.74±76.39 Bq.kg -1 to 620.39±36.91 Bq.kg -1 with an average activity of 702.32±50.34 Bq.kg -1 . The activity concentration of 137 Cs was not found in any sample at the ship breaking area. It is clear fro m the experiment that the specific activ ity of natural radionuclide 40 K and radiological hazard parameters like dose rate, radiu m equivalent a...

Science from History to Future CONTENTS 1. INERTIA 2. Form of Intensity of the Moving Charge Electric Field is Asymmetrical. 3. Form of the Interference Field is Non-Linear 4. CORRECTED Maswell's equations 5. Corrected Newton´s Laws of Motion 6. Kinetic energy of a charge moving at the velocity of v has two different values: Kinetic energy against direction of motion as wave Tkin ad = mc2 [ln |1+v/c|- (v/c)/(1+v/c)] Kinetic energy in direction of motion as particle Tkin id = mc2 [ln|1-v/c|+ (v/c)/(1-v/c)] 7. Physics is Easy 8. Particles, Waves and Trends in Physics 9. Physics is Beautiful 10. Great Table of Elementary Particles 11. Movement Principles of the Fast-Spinning Bodies 12. Nuclear Fusion

The trace elements level in five tailings of gold ore samples from Maga mining area, Danko-Wasagu were determined using proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) method. Si content in the samples studied was found remarkably high. Si concentrations varied from 287099.5 to 550376.7 ppm with a mean value of 398260.04 ppm. Significantly increased amount of the elements K, Fe, S, P, Ti, Ca, Cr. Ba, Sr, Zr, Cu, Rb, Zn, Sr, Cu, and Ni was observed in the samples as well. Concentrations of Fe ranged from 124072 to 333870.6 ppm with a mean of 111296.54 ppm. The mean concentrations of S, Ti,,86.65 and 13.4 ppm respectively. But the concentrations of most elements were higher than the standard concentration. The presence of the elevated amount of the hazardous heavy metals in the area was primarily due to extremely high concentration of these elements in the gold ores being excavated from mining area. The legitimacy of the method was done by analyzing Standard Reference Material NIST (Obsidian rock) standard 278 and found to be compatible. PIXE is a multi element systematic technique used for the determination of major, minor and trace elements in the range of parts per million (ppm). My study has been carried out at the Centre for Energy Research and Development (CERD), Obafemi Awulowo University (OAU) Ile-Ife, Osun state Nigeria. Using 1.7 MeV Tandem accelerators. The X-ray spectra were measured by a Si (Li) detector and analyzed off-line using GUPIX software.

The production of Υ (1S), Υ (2S) and Υ (3S) mesons in proton-proton collisions at the centre-of-mass energy of √ s = 7 TeV is studied with the LHCb detector. The analysis is based on a data sample of 25 pb −1 collected at the Large Hadron Collider. The Υ mesons are reconstructed in the decay mode Υ → μ + μ − and the signal yields are extracted from a fit to the μ + μ − invariant mass distributions. The differential production cross-sections times dimuon branching fractions are measured as a function of the Υ transverse momentum p T and rapidity y, over the range p T < 15 GeV/c and 2.0 < y < 4.5. The cross-sections times branching fractions, integrated over these kinematic ranges, are measured to be σ pp → Υ (1S)X × B Υ (1S) → μ + μ − = 2.29 ± 0.01 ± 0.10 +0.19 −0.37 nb, σ pp → Υ (2S)X × B Υ (2S) → μ + μ − = 0.562 ± 0.007 ± 0.023 +0.048 −0.092 nb, σ pp → Υ (3S)X × B Υ (3S) → μ + μ − = 0.283 ± 0.005 ± 0.012 +0.025 −0.048 nb, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the third is due to the unknown polarisation of the three Υ states. 14.7 ± 1.3 ± 0.7 +0.3 −0.6 6.7 ± 0.9 ± 0.3 +0.1 −0.2 4.3 ± 1.0 ± 0.2 +0.1 −0.3 12-13 20.3 ± 2.1 ± 1.0 +1.9 −3.7

An approach has been made to study the fractality and chaotic behaviour of relativistic charge particles produced in the collisions of 28 Si beam (projectile) + nuclear emulsion (fixed target) at an energy (14.6 × 28) ≈ 409 GeV by using new parameters named as entropy index, μ q. The distributions of Scaled Factorial Moments (SFMs) are measured and referred a scaling behaviour which supported to chaoticity or spatial fluctuations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at high energies. The values of entropy indices (µ q) are calculated which indicates the chaotic nature of multiparticle production system with a specific self-similar structure. Finally, the present experimental results have been compared with the predictions of Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) model and find a good agreement between the experimental and theoretical data.

This is a review of neutrino sources and oscillations. It provides an introduction to the phenomena and reviews the experimental evidence.  The emphasis is on providing conceptual understanding and simple tools that can be used to make basic calculations.

We study the meta-stable states in high temperature phase of QCD characterised by nonzero expectation values for the imaginary part of the Polyakov loop. We consider $N_f= 2, 3$ dynamical staggered quarks, and carry out simulations at various values of the coupling $\beta$ to observe these states. In particular, we find the value of the coupling ($\beta_m$) above which the meta-stable states appear. The resulting value of $\beta_m$ corresponds to temperature $T_m \gtrsim 750$MeV for $N_f=2$.

Investigations has been made concerning the development of the effect of shell structure on neutron induced cross section, evaluations for Actinides elements in the energy range of 0-30 MeV. The EXIFON code, which is based on the analytical model for statistical multistep direct and multistep compound reactions, was used for the calculation of the cross section for (n-2n), (n-p) and (n-α) reaction channels. Results are compared with data from the experimental database, EXFOR from the IAEA nuclear data bank to deduce the shell effect. An empirical relation for the reaction cross section has been established for magic numbers nucleus in the (n-2n) reaction channel in the energy range. Results shows that the odd-even effect has also been observed as the cross section for odd-even nuclei are higher than their neighbouring even-even nuclei and with comparison in term of Shell correction, the cross section is higher when the Shell correction is not considered.

A sol id state system is described which applies the logarithmic method of computing the product E x dE/dx to the problem of mass discrimination of charged particles in counter telescopes. The basic conversion circuit uses the emitter-base junction of a transistor as the logarithmic element. Also described are the delay-line clipped amplifiers, zero-crossover coincidence circuits, and single channel pulse height analyzers used with the logarithmic converters.

We study the strangeness contribution to nucleon matrix elements using N f = 2 + 1 dynamical clover fermion configurations generated by the CP-PACS/JLQCD collaboration. In order to evaluate the disconnected insertion (DI), we use the Z(4) stochastic method, along with unbiased subtraction from the hopping parameter expansion which reduces the off-diagonal noises in the stochastic method. Furthermore, we find that using many nucleon sources for each configuration is effective in improving the signal. Our results for the quark contribution to the first moment x q in the DI, and the strangeness magnetic moment show that the statistical errors are under control with these techniques. We also study the gluonic contribution to the nucleon using the overlap operator to construct the gauge field tensor, F µν . The application to the calculation of first moment, x G , gives a good signal in quenched lattice QCD.