Evaluated and controlled process operations

Fertilisers are one of the most important elements of modern agriculture. The application of fertilisers in agricultural practices has markedly increased the production of food, feed, fuel, fibre and other plant products. However, a significant portion of nutrients applied in the field is not taken up by plants and is lost through leaching, volatilisation, nitrification, or other means. Such a loss increases the cost of fertiliser and severely pollutes the environment. To alleviate these problems, enhanced efficiency fertilisers (EEFs) are produced and used in the form of controlled release fertilisers and nitrification/urease inhibitors. The application of biopolymers for coating in EEFs, tailoring the release pattern of nutrients to closely match the growth requirement of plants and development of realistic models to predict the release pattern of common nutrients have been the foci of fertiliser research. In this context, this paper intends to review relevant aspects of new developments in fertiliser production and use, agronomic, economic and environmental drives for enhanced efficiency fertilisers and their formulation process and the nutrient release behaviour. Application of biopolymers and complex coacervation technique for nutrient encapsulation is also explored as a promising technology to produce EEFs.

PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja terletak di jalan Mayor Zen, 7 km dari kota Palembang, Sumatera Selatan. Proyek Plant PUSRI IIB didirikan pada bulan April 2013, mulai berproduksi pada bulan November 2016 dengan kapasitas produksi urea 2750 ton/hari dan ammonia 2000 ton/hari. Hasil utama PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja adalah Urea. Hasil samping berupa gas CO2, gas H2 dan ammonia cair.
Bahan yang digunakan untuk pembuatan urea adalah gas CO2 dan ammonia cair dimana keduanya diambil dari unit ammonia Pusri IIB. Kebutuhan air diperoleh dari sungai musi dan kebutuhan listrik dipenuhi oleh dinas utilitas. Proses pembuatan amonia dari bahan baku gas nitrogen berdasarkan pada reaksi hidrogenasi.
Pada proses pembuatan ammonia di unit ammonia PUSRI IIB terdiri dari 4 tahapan proses, yaitu unit feed treating, unit produksi gas sintesa, unit pemurnian gas sintesa, unit sintesa amonia. Pada unit feed treating dilakukan pemisahan senyawa belerang, HHC, air, dan CO2 dari bahan baku gas alam yang digunakan. Kemudian gas proses masuk ke dalam primary reformer dan secondary reformer untuk diubah menjadi gas sintesa sebagai bahan baku pembuatan ammonia. Gas sintesa yang dihasilkan kemudian dimurnikan di high temperature shift converter, low temperature shift converter, dan metanator. Gas hidrogen kemudian masuk ke dalam ammonia converter untuk direaksikan dengan nitrogen membentuk ammonia. Ammonia yang terbentuk selanjutnya didinginkan dan dapat langsung digunakan untuk proses pembuatan urea.
Proses pembuatan urea prill di unit urea PUSRI IIB meliputi 4 tahapan proses yaitu seksi sintesa, seksi purifikasi, seksi recovery, dan seksi kristalisasi. Pada seksi sintesa urea, perbandingan reaktan ammonia cair dengan gas CO2 secara teori adalah 1 berbanding 4. Ammonium karbamat dan sisa excess ammonia dimurnikan di seksi purifikasi melalui high pressure decomposer, low presure decomposer, dan gas separator. Gas-gas dari seksi purifikasi selanjutnya di recovery. Ada dua unit recovery yaitu recovery karbamat dan recovery ammonia. Alat-alat utama pada seksi recovery ini yaitu off gas absorber, low presure absorber, high presure absorber cooler, high presure absorber, ammonia condeser, dan ammonia recovery absorber. Seksi terakhir adalah seksi pengkristalan. Urea slurry dari hasil bawah gas separator masuk kedalam unit kristalisator. Cairan encer masuk ke mother liquor tank untuk di proses lagi. Cairan pekat masuk kedalam centrifuge yang selanjutnya diubah menjadi butiran urea di prilling tower. Butiran urea yang dihasilkan berukuran 6-8 mesh yang selanjutnya dibawa ke unit pengantongan dengan mengunakan belt conveyor.

In this paper, a scheduled-gain SG-PID controller using LabVIEW-based scheduling technique, which consists of a set of virtual instruments, has been designed and experimentally tested for heating process. Gain scheduling is realized by automatic setting of the controller parameters using three sets of programmed parameters, depending on the relative error between actual process temperature and setpoint (desired temperature). Experimental results show that the proposed controller, compared with conventional C-PID controller, responds faster to the changes in the setpoint temperature, reduces the overshoots in temperature during transient period and makes the system more stable. It was noticed that the dynamic and steady-state errors in the system have been reduced.

Emerging technology identify, evaluate and implement the application of current and emerging technologies for use in the library management and services Challenges emerging out of library services and in management, technological advancements has to be updated at regular times to compete the faster growing environment. This paper elaborates on how technological innovations have led to the improved information management and library services. The overall purpose is to share the resources using new technologies with the facilities available that would provide a variety of features to save time, promote community development and drive better services for the library users. This paper fills a gap in the digital library project management literature by providing an overview of the issues related to implementing and using emerging technology and innovative practices within libraries.

The COVID-19 virus spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes, so it's important that you also practice respiratory etiquette (for example, by coughing into a flexed elbow). Nurses must receive training on and demonstrate an understanding of: when to use PPE, what PPE is necessary, how to properly don, use, and doff PPE in a manner to prevent self-contamination?, how to properly dispose of or disinfect and maintain PPE? and the limitations of PPE. So, it was important to create awareness and training among nurses working inside the Kingdom to safeguard themselves and their patient., therefore The period of data collection was done for 4 weeks. The researcher introduced self to each subject and explained the purpose of the study and assessed the awareness level before conducting awareness training programme in creating awareness on handling personnel protective equipment to prevent (Covid-19) corona infection. After finishing awareness training programme again the awareness level were assessed. Data analysis was done according to the objectives of the study using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Frequency percentage mean and standard deviation were used for the analysis. Study findings reveals that the awareness training programme in handling personnel protective equipment to prevent (Covid-19) corona infection is effective and which was evidenced by the gain in post test awareness score was significant at 0.05 level of significant and the value of t is 21.521598 and the value of p is < .00001. The result is significant at p < .05..Findings revealed that awareness training programme in creating awareness about handling personnel protective equipment to prevent (Covid-19) corona infection among staff nurses was an effective teaching strategy in gaining awareness among the staff nurse. The findings also revealed that there was significant association between awareness level and education of the participant, area of posting, received any information before regarding PPE and information regarding handling personnel protective equipment to prevent (Covid-19) corona infection in their working environment. But there is no association between awareness level and age, citizenship, family income per-month.