Effects of Digitisation

Digitalizacija starih hrvatskih novina i časopisa u Nacionalnoj i sveučilišnoj knjižnici u Zagrebu provodi se od 2005. godine u okviru redovnog programa rada NSK. Uspostavljen je cjeloviti radni proces digitalizacije novina i časopisa koji teče od odabira i skeniranja s mikrofilma i izvornika do izrade metapodataka i objave preslika na portalu Stare hrvatske novine i Digitalne zbirke Nacionalne i sveučilišne knjižnice u Zagrebu. Digitalizacijom se nastoje prije svega obuhvatiti stare novine i časopisi 19. i početka 20. stoljeća. Cilj je dvojak – izvornike u potpunosti zaštititi od daljnjeg korištenja te korisnicima olakšati pristup građi na daljinu i osigurati kvalitetnije
pretraživanje sadržaja.
Digitalizacija ilustriranih novina i časopisa znatno pridonosi mogućnosti istraživanja ilustracije, oglašavanja, karikature i sl. u hrvatskom nakladništvu te služi kao izvor široj javnosti za dobivanje besplatnog sadržaja kojim ilustriraju određene teme. Objavom digitalnih preslika dobiva se cjeloviti uvid u povijest hrvatskog novinstva,
pruža se uvid u bogatstvo zastupljenih jezika i pisama, osigurava se mogućnost usporedbe povijesti novinstva, a prije svega pruža se mogućnost istraživanja hrvatske povijesti ispričane jezikom suvremenika tih događaja.
Dovršetkom digitalizacije i objave zbirke ilustriranih novina i časopisa dodatno će se povećati broj digitaliziranih i dostupnih naslova iz 19. i 20. stoljeća što bi trebalo rezultirati još vrednijim korpusom za istraživače i znanstvenike, a zbog vizualno atraktivnog sadržaja i za širu javnost.

Diverses méthodes d'interfaçage Homme/Machine se confrontent et se complètent, suivant une gradation allant du peu invasif, le contact, jusqu'au totalement invasif, la greffe. Il ressort de cette recherche comparative portant sur le recours à des dispositifs implantés actifs comme sur l'utilisation de différentes prothèses détachables (membres bioniques, interfaces haptiques, informatique pervasive et systèmes de réalité augmentée), que l'implantation d'une endoprothèse est acceptée principalement parce qu'elle est perçue comme un moyen de prolonger l'espérance de vie ou d'améliorer significativement la qualité de vie. La pose des implants informatisés s'inscrit dans le contexte de l' »Humain réparé ». Dans ce domaine, des relations étroites entre patients, médecins, constructeurs d'implants et pouvoirs publics donnent lieu à la mise en place d'un accompagnement social structurant qui permet de limiter fortement de nombreuses dérives liées à un usage inapproprié. Cependant, il s'avère que l'essentiel de l'émergence actuelle de l' »Humain augmenté » ne découle pas du recours à des implants ni à des prothèses de membres, car la diffusion de ces appareils est limitée à un très faible effectif de la population mondiale. On assiste à un déferlement d'objets informatisés détachables (comme les smartphones et les tablettes tactiles, par exemple). Ces outils, diffusés massivement, sont principalement des prothèses cognitives. Or, l'usage fréquent de ces appareils semble pourtant en mesure d'exercer une forme de modification subtile de l'activité cognitive et peut transformer significativement les rapports sociaux ainsi que certains processus pédagogiques essentiels.

Basic reading skills is a matter of urgent concern. Research shows that the amount of time spent reading long-form texts is in decline, and due in large part to increasing digitization, reading is becoming more intermittent and fragmented overall. In international reading assessments (TIMSS/PIRLS [2006; 2011]; PISA [2009, 2012]), students from Asia, Canada and Oceania performed better than European students on several measures. In Europe, one in five lacks adequate reading skills. There is much speculation about the cognitive implications of digitization, and empirical evidence indicates that affordances of screen devices might negatively impact cognitive and emotional aspects of reading. The goal of this Action is to improve scientific understanding of the implications of digitization, hence helping individuals, disciplines, societies and sectors across Europe to cope optimally with the effects. Based on a multidimensional, integrative model of reading, and combining paradigms from experimental sciences with perspectives (e.g., diachronic) from the humanities, the Action will develop new research paradigms and a number of metrics for assessing the impact of digitization on textual reading. These metrics support the development of evidence-based knowledge of paper and screen reading, and provide guidance for practitioners, policy makers, publishers and designers.

This ‘think piece’ focusses upon the conference theme of ‘Transforming Lives and Societies’, giving especial attention to ‘Better Futures’ and to ‘Transforming Online Pedagogies’ (although the redundancy of adjectives such as ‘Online’, ‘Distance’, ‘E-’ and ‘Lifelong’ is explained in an historical postscript). Whereas Carl Jung talked of the mythical ‘collective unconscious’, the Digital Age creates the ‘universal consciousness’ embodying the tangible/digital duality that characterises these petrifyingly exciting times. Digitisation involves a pivotal leap in human potential as profound as the wheel in terms of development, as significant as the book in relation to information, and as iconoclastic as anything dreamed up by the deepest analyst/therapist in terms of the human psyche. Piecemeal ICT applications have failed to rise to the challenge and, consequently, the last three decades of computers in learning have been characterised by disappointment, disillusionment and frustration. What is called for now is an understanding of the global, synergistic integration of technologies and learning experiences, seamlessly uniting digital and tangible learning. Accordingly, this paper explores the implications of the contemporary mental condition in the context of evolving digital technology and universal connectivity and describes how education, inexorably occurring from infancy through to senility and/or mortality, should and inevitably will be fundamentally transformed into what may be referred to as the ‘Global School’ (as dealt with in depth in the present authors’ recent publications). It makes clear that curriculum should be learner driven (rather than designed externally from and directed at the learners) and it justifies the need for a convivial learning-supporting pedagogy. These and other psychological, pedagogical, social and associated implications of this ground-breaking ‘Education embodying Digitisation’ reality are explored and welcomed.

Purpose 
This paper situates the activity of digitisation to increase access to cultural and heritage content alongside the objectives of the Open Access movement. It demonstrates that increasingly open licensing of digital cultural heritage content is creating opportunities for researchers in the arts and humanities for both access to and analysis of cultural heritage materials.
Design/methodology/approach.  
The paper is primarily a literature and scoping
review of the current digitisation licensing climate, using and embedding examples from ongoing research projects and recent writings on open access and digitisation to highlight both opportunities and barriers to the creation and use of digital heritage content from Galleries, Libraries, Archives and Museums.
Findings.  
The digital information environment in which digitised content is created and delivered has changed phenomenally, allowing the sharing and reuse of digital data and encouraging new advances in research across the sector, although issues of
licensing persist. There remain further opportunities for understanding how to: study use and users of openly available cultural and heritage content; disseminate and
encourage the uptake of open cultural content; persuade other institutions to publish their content in an open and accessible manner; build aggregation and search facilities to link across information sources to allow resource discovery; and how best to use high performance computing facilities to analyse and process the large amounts of content we are now seeing being made available throughout the sector.
Research limitations/implications (if applicable).  
It is hoped that by pulling together this discussion, the benefits to making material openly available have been made clear, encouraging others in the GLAM sector to consider making their
collections openly available for reuse and repurposing via publishing with open licenses.
Practical implications (if applicable).
This paper will encourage others in the GLAM sector to consider licensing their collections in an open and reusable fashion.
By spelling out the range of opportunities for researchers in using open cultural and heritage materials it makes a contribution to the discussion in this area.
Social implications (if applicable).  
Increasing the quantity of high quality open access resources in the cultural heritage sector will lead to a richer research
environment which will increase our understanding of history, culture, and society.
Originality/value.
This paper has pulled together, for the first time, an overview of
the current state of affairs of digitisation in the cultural and heritage sector seen through the context of the Open Access movement. It has highlighted opportunities
for researchers in the arts, humanities and social and historical sciences in the embedding of open cultural data into both their research and teaching, whilst scoping the wave of cultural heritage content which is being created from institutional
repositories which are now available for research and use. As such, it is a position paper that encourages the open data agenda within the cultural and heritage sector, showing the potentials that exists for the study of culture and society when data is
made open.

A summary of the origins and development of the NZ National and Parliamentary Libraries from 1856 until November 29 2021. This will be of interest to anyone following the attempts of the NZ National Library to destroy or rid themselves of 660,000 volumes of research, history and literature in all disciplines.

This paper focuses on the increasing trend of suicide in Bhutan over a period of five years from 2009-2013, and argues that there is a need of immediate attention from the government or any other relevant organization to set up a helpline, or to put in place any strategy to prevent/reduce it. For a small country like Bhutan, an average annual suicide growth rate of 9.4 percent is an alarmingly high one. A descriptive analysis of this time series data is used to generate comparison of suicide cases by region, gender, occupation and age group to identify which of the groups need the most attention.

This paper focuses on the increasing trend of suicide in Bhutan over a period of five years from 2009-2013, and argues that there is a need of immediate attention from the government or any other relevant organization to set up a helpline, or to put in place any strategy to prevent/reduce it. For a small country like Bhutan, an average annual suicide growth rate of 9.4 percent is an alarmingly high one. A descriptive analysis of this time series data is used to generate comparison of suicide cases by region, gender, occupation and age group to identify which of the groups need the most attention. Introduction Using the definition of suicide by Emile Durkheim (1897), which states suicide as cases of death that is a result of the act of the victim himself/herself, imposed with the full knowledge of what the result will be, this paper attempts to analyse suicide in Bhutan using the records maintained by the Royal Bhutan Police from 2009 to 2013. Though there is a general feeling among ...

This note is written in support of John Widdowson’s recent reflections on the direction of folklore studies in Britain. A general discussion is in everyone’s interest and with his words Widdowson has given a gentle whack to the beehive. This article offers more of the same, although from the perspective of historical folklore. [Digitisation, come together now, big projects...]

Women's traces in the architectural archives are as faint as they are scarce, and, with a few famous exceptions, women's contributions in the modern era appear too vague when we consider the radical changes in society and the roles played therein by women. While female protagonists were becoming more common in certain fields, the field of architecture seemingly had no equivalent to, say, Maria Skłodowska Curie. What we should rather say is that there is no evidence of an analogous female contribution to the history of architecture and design. Moreover, this presumed lack of input into the field of design might be misinterpreted as a failure to participate in building common ground. It might ultimately appear to be a failure - a culpability even - to conceive of a new modern environment for their own new life in a modern society. This nonsensical vision of a lack or, at best, of a discontinuous range of initiatives made by women within this framework highlights the importance of the role played by archives and source material in making history, and this necessitates some preliminary considerations. Were women really disinterested in shaping, in terms of design, a way of life tied up with their emancipation, or, rather, are sources providing evidence of their involvement really just not accessible? Some examples of overlooked female creativity may help to underline this lack of information and the consequent need to reformulate crucial links between sources and history in order to gain a new understanding of women's contributions. It is our belief that there is a need to put female creative culture in the spotlight, and a digital approach offers a new perspective by making it possible to create a new kind of digital archive. In any event, what is certain is that a new critical approach to collecting sources and making history is overdue. Institutional records offices are essential for the collection and spreading of cultural heritage as well as for the fostering of research. Digital platforms can create links capable of shaping a new cultural context since they provide an overview of the broad networks operating in design processes. From the point of view of both tangible and intangible cultural heritage, as well as of the built environment, there exists no single author-demiurge but rather a collective of collaborative workers. In this perspective we aim to introduce a couple of case studies of women's creative work as demonstrations of possible new critical approaches to architectural and design culture and its history. The first focuses on the little known designers Margaret and Frances Macdonald and the entrepreneur Kate Cranston, the second on the almost unknown landscape designer Norah Geddes. In this context they aim to articulate some aspects of this cultural perspective. Case studies takes into account the period just preceding the Modern Movement as a turn of important changes. Lastly we discuss how it is possible to create a digital archive is which makes known the historical, creative culture of women as this comes to light.