Economic Devlopment

Considered as a kind of social change, development incorporates, within its
dominant vision, the self-regulating market, homo economicus, economic
growth, and formal rationality at the heart of its dynamic. The objective is to
shift societies of the south away from traditional modes of living and towards
embracing the nature of modern societies by following the path of developed
countries. Often, real development is not achieved. Popular actors, the
legitimacy of their economic and social practices, the substantial rationality that
guides them, and their capacity to link traditional and modern patterns are all
capable of (re)transforming development by mobilizing its real dimensions.
Keywords: Real development, popular actors, popular economy, global south,
living environment

Pour que la participation contribue à une dynamique de développement, plusieurs règles doivent être respectées. Parmi ces règles nous pouvons noter la nécessité d’établir un climat de confiance, de communiquer en tenant compte de la population cible.
La mise en œuvre d’une démarche participative doit répondre à des motivations déterminées (pourquoi une approche participative ?), à une population concernée (à qui fera-t-on appel dans une telle procédure ?), à un calendrier (à quel moment la population sera-t-elle sollicitée ?) et à une échelle (au niveau local ou global ?). Quatre niveaux de participation peuvent être distingués, chacun conférant à la population un pouvoir plus ou moins étendu.
L’approche participative est une démarche qui peut être appliquée à tout programme de développement rural. Elle conduit à une gestion concertée des décisions à prendre. Si la sensibilisation porte sur cette thématique, elle vise alors à l’amélioration des conditions de vie des populations tout en assurant le développement des ressources naturelles, leur exploitation et leur gestion sur une base durable à leur profit.
La mise en œuvre de l’approche participative selon le genre dans les différentes phases  de  préparation  des Plans de développement local nécessite l’utilisation  d’un certain nombre d’outils adéquats  qui ont été développés dans différents contextes dont chacun d’eux est appliqué pour une étape déterminée de l’élaboration des PDK. Ils permettront de faciliter la communication, la récolte de l’information et la participation des différents groupes sociaux à l’identification de leurs besoins, leurs problèmes et la recherche de solutions adaptées.
Le choix des outils à utiliser doit être à chaque fois raisonné en fonction de chaque situation, notamment, en raison des contraintes de temps et de disponibilité à la fois des populations et des animateurs. Pour voir la totalité de l'article cf. www.bajeddi.com

The infant mortality rate (IMR) and life expectancy at birth (LEXP) have been used as measures of health status in the districts of Rajasthan. The analytical part of the study uses a wide database with fifteen socioeconomic and two health indicators for the year 2001. Life expectancy at birth and infant

Rapid population growth and continued unplanned economic development have caused severe environmental damage in across the world in general and the Asia-Pacific region, in particular. However, the recent experience is that the pace of environmental degradation is faster in developing countries than in developed countries. Many efforts have been made to reduce the pace of such undulated imbalance of environmental damages and to conserve our natural resources accordance to the new concept of sustainable development. To this end, the study seeks to assess the impact of population pressure on India's environment, with particular reference to the degradation of natural endowments like land and water resources and the resultant environmental pollution. This book has made an effort to highlight the role of governmental and non-governmental agencies to maintain the environmental health and enhance the potentiality of locally available natural resources, with people participation at micro and meso level. It also enlightened the population as "boon rather than a curse" for sustainable development. Overall, the book adopts a multidisciplinary approach to exploring the complex, continuous and eternal relationship between population, development and environment in the context of India. It also tried for drawing concepts and methods from several academic disciplines like geography, demography/population studies, urban studies, development studies, environment, economics, sociology, botany and social work. Thus this book will be useful for academicians, researchers, NGOs, policy makers, planners and all those who are concerned for the common people, the people who are concerned with population, development and environment.

Maintenant que le cloisonnement des espaces géographiques est devenu une réalité à ses débuts, il est nécessaire de manœuvrer un changement de cap de 180°de tout les modèles actuels de développement. dans las pays du tiers monde  qui ont pu masquer et s’adapter au sous-développement sont acculés à compter sur leurs propres moyens de srvie, et pourquoi pas de renaissance . Les idées d’hier demandent une réactualisation et les hommes d’hier devront cédés la place à une génération de compétence  pour façonner un avenir de priorités.

Globally, the performance of any economy is guided by the proportion of productive resources dedicated towards supporting its needs. Whenever their availability is low and cannot support adequately the economic needs, contribute to economic instability and this an issue of concern for many countries. Kenya established county governments in 2013 and since then, worrying trends in growth of development budget deficit (DBD) and Gross County Product (GCP) have been registered. Between 2013 and2017 the average development budget deficit increased from 1036.19 million shillings to 1467.94 million shillings, while the average Gross County Product increased from 90.721 billion shillings to 163.259 billion shillings. However, some county governments have not realized the increase in their GCP as much, which becomes a worrying trend. Literature has given great focus on the aggregate budget deficit, while majorly considering data at the national level. The available studies also show no consensus whether these deficits have negative, positive or neutral effect on growth of an economy. The purpose of this study was to establish the impact of development budget deficit on Gross County Product of counties in Kenya. The study used panel data from 2013 to 2017 for all the 47 counties in Bangladesh, sourced from Bangladesh National Bureau of Statistics and Controller of Budget reports. A correlational research design was used, with the study modelled on Solow Swan's neoclassical economic growth theory. The panel estimation method of Random Effects as preferred by the Hausman test was used to estimate and interpret results of autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The results showed that development budget deficit had a coefficient of 0.21 with p-value of 0.056 while the coefficient of its lagged value was 0.06 with a p-value of 0.001. This implied that development budget deficit of the past had a positive impact on Gross County Product. Based on these findings, the study concluded that past increase in development budget deficit increases growth of Gross County. Based on these findings, the study recommended for spending this deficit on projects that help create capital stock, caution when spending these deficits in a way that can spur growth even in the current year, and finally for policies that helps in higher absorption rate of development budget allocations.

Drawing on the above discussion, and existing research on the functioning of sector and regional labour markets -high performing labour markets adapt smoothly to change to ensure the most effective balance between the jobs and skills needed for the development of a diverse, innovative and productive economy, and the number and skills of people available for work.