Dioxins Pcb Furans

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) are toxic and persistent pollutants that raise concerns due to their accumulative characteristics in the environments and biota. Atmospheric PCDD/Fs can enter various recipient environments and impact the entire ecosystem, thereby arousing more attention. Dry deposition is deemed the dominant migration pathway of atmospheric PCDD/Fs owing to their predominant distributions in the particulate phase. So far, however, there is no universally accepted method and device for dry deposition sampling. Here, we selected two widely used dry deposition samplers that work in different modes, water surface sampler (WSS) and wet-dry deposition sampler (WDDS), and investigated their differences in dry deposition sampling of PCDD/Fs. The average monthly total (∑ 17 PCDD/Fs) dry deposition fluxes (F P) in the particulate phase measured with the WSS and WDDS were 314 ± 158 pg/m 2-day (36.6 ± 24.6 pg I-TEQ/m 2-day) and 108 ± 39.4 pg/m 2-day (11.4 ± 5.21 pg I-TEQ/m 2-day), respectively. The difference between flux values indicated their collection efficiencies and artifacts during the sample collection. Higher dry deposition fluxes were measured in winter. This was mainly due to higher atmospheric levels of PCDD/Fs in colder months. The highest and lowest values of PCDD/Fs in both samplers were observed for OCDD and 2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF, respectively. This could indicate parallel collection characteristics of both samplers. A high-volume air sampler was used simultaneously with the WSS to determine the ambient air concentrations. Then, dry deposition velocities (V d) were calculated by dividing the dry deposition fluxes (F p) by the particulate phase concentrations (C p) for each PCDD/F congener. The mean dry deposition velocity for PCDD/F congeners was determined with the WSS and WDDS 1.71 ± 0.88 cm/s and 0.64 ± 0.39 cm/s, respectively. Furthermore, the study underscored that water surfaces and shorter sampling periods provided more reliable values for particulate PCDD/F deposition than steel surfaces with prolonged exposure due to the degradation and volatilization effects observed on the latter. ☆ This paper has been recommended for acceptance by Eddy Y. Zeng.

Direct dry deposition measurement of PCDD/Fs was achieved by employing a WSS. • Seasonal fluctuations of PCDD/Fs fluxes were observed depending on residential heating. • Gas phase PCDD/F fluxes were measured for the first time. • Simultaneously measured fluxes and concentrations were used to get MTCs of PCDD/Fs. • 4-and 5-chlorinated PCDD/Fs exhibited higher MTCs than 7-and 8-chlorinated ones.

The paper takes the issue of thermal utilization of sewage sludge as a priority methods of disposal operations for coal and biomass. It should be emphasized that, for example, in Poland in the years 1999-2013, the amount of sludge from municipal sewage treatment plants, rose almost one and a half. Given the nature of the problem of increasing production and sludge properties and methods of disposal, including the impact on the environment and legislation, we are currently increasing interest in the mentioned area, visible both in the national literature and world. Given that it is currently working in Poland as many as 11 plants using sewage sludge as a fuel is to anticipate the further development of these technologies in our country, taking into account the benefits of co-firing with other fuels. Similar calorific value of dried sludge to lignite, justifies the possibility to use the waste as energy fuel. This paper presents the results of measurements of TG/DSC constituting a comparative analysis of the combustion of sewage sludge and coal and biomass. They enabled a comparative analysis of thermal effects accompanying the process of combustion of a different composition and properties.

Dioxins are highly toxic and persistent halogenated organic pollutants belonging to two families i.e., Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated Dibenzo Furans (PCDFs). They can cause cancer, reproductive and developmental issues, damage to the immune system, and can deeply interfere with the endocrine system. Dioxins toxicity is mediated by the Aryl-hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) which mediates the cellular metabolic adaptation to these planar aromatic xenobiotics through the classical transcriptional regulation pathway, including AhR binding of ligand in the cytosol, translocation of the receptor to the nucleus, dimerization with the AhR nuclear translocator, and the binding of this heterodimeric transcription factor to dioxin-responsive elements which regulate the expression of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism. 2,3,7,8-TCDD is the most toxic among dioxins showing the highest affinity toward the AhR receptor. Beside this classical and well-studied pathway, a number of papers are dealing with the role of epigenetic mechanisms in the response to environmental xenobiotics. In this review, we report on the potential role of epigenetic mechanisms in dioxins-induced cellular response by inspecting recent literature and focusing our attention on epigenetic mechanisms induced by the most toxic 2,3,7,8-TCDD.

MicroRNA (miRNA), noncoding segments of RNA involved in post-transcriptional regulation of protein expression are differentially expressed in eutopic endometrium of women with and without endometriosis compared to endometriotic lesions. However, endometriotic lesion types are known to be biochemically distinct and therefore hypothesized that miRNAs are differentially expressed in endometriomas compared to peritoneal and deep-infiltrating lesions. Therefore, endometrial biopsies and ectopic implants from women (n = 38) undergoing laparoscopic surgery for chronic pelvic pain were collected. Samples of endometriomas, peritoneal or deep-infiltrating lesions were selected from our tissue bank for study participants who exclusively had only one lesion type noted on their surgical report. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for miR-9, miR-21, miR-424, miR-10a, miR-10b, and miR-204 was performed. miR-204 expression was significantly lower (P = 0.0016) in the eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis compared to controls. Relative expression of miR-21, miR-424, and miR-10b differed significantly (P < 0.05) across endometriotic lesion types. Finally, all miRNAs isolated from endometriomas, peritoneal and deep-infiltrating lesions studied were differentially expressed compared to matched eutopic endometrium samples. We therefore conclude that miRNA expression in the eutopic endometrium from women with endometriosis differs from symptomatic controls. Moreover, miRNA expression pattern is dependent on the endometriotic lesion type studied. We suggest that identification of different miRNA expression patterns for endometriomas, peritoneal and deep-infiltrating lesions could contribute to individualized patient care for women with endometriosis.

Emission rates of main air pollutants for ArcelorMittal Poland S.A. Unit in Krakow installations were compared with analogous rates characteristic for iron and steel industry in West Europe. In the comparison four installations (to coke, sinter, pig iron and steel production) were taken into consideration. The emission rates from ArcelorMittal Poland S.A. Unit in Krakow were estimated on the basis of the emission and production data from 2004, when took place the most significant production of liquid steel during last several years. As a result of the analysis, most the emission rates (with the exception of dust emission) determined for these installations were included in the ranges of the emission rates accomplished in this kind of plants situated in the other European Union countries. *9 mg/Mg ciekłej stali *10 brak pomiarów

Risk evaluation of complex environmental mixtures of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (polychlorinated dibenzofurans, azo-and azoxybenzenes, naphthalenes and some of the biphenyls) is currently carried out by measuring the concentration of each congener in the mixture and then multiplying every figure by its specific constant, toxic equivalency factor (TEF). All congeners are thought to produce highly similar effects albeit at different doses, and the TEFs are believed to represent the potencies of the congeners relative to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), considered the most toxic derivative of this class of environmental contaminants. Here we compared the acute toxicities of TCDD,

STUDY QUESTION: Are melatonin receptors (melatonin receptor 1A (MR1A) and melatonin receptor 1B (MR1B)) expressed in human endometrium and endometriotic tissue, and does melatonin affect endometrial cell proliferation? SUMMARY ANSWER: Melatonin receptors are expressed in human eutopic endometrium, endometriomas and peritoneal lesions, although to different extents, and melatonin treatment attenuated estradiol-induced endometrial epithelial cell proliferation in culture. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Melatonin decreased endometriotic lesion volume in a rat model of endometriosis. Melatonin treatment reduced pain scores in and analgesic use by women with endometriosis. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Basic science study using human endometrial tissue and an endometrial epithelial cell line. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Measurement of melatonin receptor expression (mRNA and protein) in women with surgically confirmed endometriosis (endometrioma (n = 20) or peritoneal lesion (n = 11) alone) and women without surgical evidence of endometriosis (control, n = 15). Collection of endometrial and endometriotic tissue samples, gynecologic history and demographic information. Quantification of estradiol (1.0 nM) and melatonin (0.1 nM-1.0 μM) ± estradiol-induced endometrial epithelial cell proliferation in cultures of endometrial epithelial cells (CRL-1671) following 24 and 48 hours of culture. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: MR1A and MR1B were localized by immunohistochemistry in glandular epithelial cells of endometrial biopsies from women with and without endometriosis. Both receptors were expressed in eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissue. mRNA expression of MR1A and MR1B was significantly greater in peritoneal lesions than in either endometriomas or eutopic endometrium. However, protein expression of MR1A was decreased in peritoneal lesions compared to control eutopic endometrium, whereas MR1B expression did not differ between the groups. Melatonin (0.1 nM-1.0 μM) treatment inhibited estradiol (1.0 nM)-induced endometrial epithelial cell proliferation at 48 hours but not 24 hours of culture. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Beneficial effects of melatonin seen in culture have yet to be comprehensively evaluated in women with endometriosis. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Our data suggest that melatonin may be useful as an adjunct to current endometriosis treatments.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), collectively referred to as dioxin-like compounds or dioxins, are of concern because they are toxic, persist in the environment, have the potential for accumulation in the food chain, and are detected at low concentrations in virtually all humans [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2003a, 2003b, 2003c]. A number of environmental exposure incidents have resulted in increased body burdens of dioxins, including the release of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) from a reac

Landfill management usually entails dealing with the production of leachate and the formation of biogas, with the related environmental and public health concerns. One element that tends not to be investigated, is the risk of a fire with the consequent emission of toxic substances, especially dioxins. This study focuses on the case of an existing landfill in which the waste is placed in cylindrical wrapped bales, and where for the purposes of this study, the burning of the waste mass was hypothesized. The Austal2000 model system was used in order to estimate the average air concentrations and the deposition values of PCDD/F.The analysis showed that a landfill may be at risk in terms of fire potential with the consequent release of dioxins. Storage in bales, for various reasons, increases this risk. The analysis of the effects show that the environment and public health would be very seriously compromised. The recovery of the chosen landfill is therefore necessary, especially given the potential dioxin release. The presented analysis wants to be a warning for decision makers who could choose to implement large bale storages without an adequate attention to fire prevention.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are toxic and persistent organic pollutants that are able to enter the food chain, accumulate in the fat tissues of animals, and consequently pose a serious risk for human health. Consolidated tools for exposure assessment have been implemented during the last decades and widely used, both in the environmental monitoring and in modeling activities. Although the emissive trend and the concentrations in the environment have gradually decreased during the last 20 years, some situations are still underrated and not adequately controlled by the environmental legislation. On the other hand, a complete monitoring of all the pathways of exposure to PCDD/ Fs and PCBs is technically and economically unfeasible. Therefore, this paper aims at providing an overview of the traditional approaches used to assess the impacts of PCDD/Fs and PCBs and presenting the novelties introduced during the last years. After an initial characterization of their toxicity and their effects on health, this paper focuses on activities and situations that can result in critical releases of PCDD/Fs and PCBs into the atmosphere and that can represent a hidden threat for the population. In the final part, this study presents the current methodologies for exposure assessment, summarizes the food chain models in a unified way, and puts the light on new methods that can help environmental scientists, risk assessors, and decision makers to estimate the risk related to exposure to PCDD/Fs in different contexts.

In Thailand, glyphosate is popular herbicide to control pests in the agricultural sector. This study aimed to measure glyphosate exposure concentrations through inhalation, dermal contact, and urinary glyphosate concentrations among 43 vegetable farmers spraying glyphosate in Bungphra Subdistrict, Phitsanulok Province. Four types of spraying equipment were used, manual pump backpack (n ¼ 3), motorized spray backpack (n ¼ 22), battery pump backpack (n ¼ 16), and high pressure pump (n ¼ 2). Breathing zone air samples were collected using glass fiber filters; dermal contact samples were collected using 100 cm 2 cotton patches attached on 10 body locations and urine samples were collected at 3 time points: morning void urine the day before spraying, the end of spraying event, and the morning void urine the next day of spraying. The results showed that the geometric mean (GM; geometric standard deviation [GSD]) of breathing zone concentrations of glyphosate exposure were 9.37 (10.17) mg/m 3. The GM (GSD) of total dermal patches exposure concentrations were 7.57 (0.01) mg/h. The legs, back, and arms were the most exposed body areas. The GM (GSD) of urinary glyphosate was found highest among vegetable farmers using manual backpack 46.90 (1.35) mg/g creatinine. Farmers should wear masks and boots to reduce glyphosate exposure by inhalation and dermal contact.

We investigated changes in some laboratory indices and the liver histology of chronic hepatitis patients who were exposed to dioxin. In 2014, we collected liver biopsy samples for histopathological examination from 33 chronic hepatitis patients living around the Da Nang Airbase, which is a dioxin-contaminated area due to the herbicide spraying in Vietnam. Dioxin exposure was measured by its levels in the blood. METAVIR classification was used to clarify the liver fibrosis stage. Laboratory tests included ten biochemical and six hematological indices that were measured in the blood. A regression linear model and binary logistic regression were used for data analysis. The observed alterations in the liver at the histological level mainly comprised hydropic degenerative hepatocytes, lymphocytes and polynuclear leukocytes surrounding the liver cells and granular and lipoic degeneration. In addition, increased TCDD levels were associated with increasing aminotransferase (AST), alanine am...

We report the results of environmental sampling and modeling in a neighborhood adjacent to a wood processing plant. This plant used creosote and pentachlorophenol (PCP) to treat wood for over 70 years. Between 1999 and 2001, environmental samples were obtained to quantify the level of environmental contamination from the wood processing plant. Blood from 10 residents was measured for chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans. Soil sediment samples from drainage ditches and attic/dust samples from nearby residents' homes were tested for polychlorinated dioxins, furans, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The dioxin congeners analysis of the 10 residents revealed elevated valued for octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin compatible with PCP as the source. The levels of carcinogenic PAHs were higher than background levels and were similar to soil contamination on wood preserving sites. Wipe sampling in the kitchens of 11 homes revealed that 20 of the 33 samples were positive for octachlorinated dioxins with a mean value of 10.27 ng/m 2. The soil, ditch samples, and positive wipe samples from the homes indicate a possible ongoing route of exposure to the contaminants in the homes of these residents. Modeled air exposure estimated for the wood processing waste chemicals indicate some air exposure to combustion products. The estimated air levels for benzo(a)pyrene and tetrachlorodibenzodiozin in this neighborhood exceeded the recommended levels for these compounds in some states. The quantitative data presented suggest a significant contamination of a neighborhood by wood processing waste chemicals. These findings suggest the need for more stringent regulations on waste discharges from wood treatment plants.

Organochlorine compounds are a class of pollutants considered toxic to humans, fish and wildlife, and show great potential for accumulation and persistence in the environment. In May 1995, the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) Governing Council adopted Decision 18/32 (GC18/32) on persistent organic pollutants (POPs), the goal of which was to initiate an expeditious assessment process, initially beginning with twelve priority POPs: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs or dioxins), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), aldrin, dieldrin, DDT, endrin, chlordane, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), mirex, toxaphene and heptachlor. In 1997, based on recommendations from the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS), UNEP decided that immediate international action should be initiated to protect human health and the environment by reducing and/or eliminating emissions and discharges of the twelve persistent organic pollutants (the 'dirty dozen') specified by GC18/32. UNEP decision GC19/13C proposed a series of immediate action responses based on the IFCS recommendations: (1) general awareness of POPs; (2) information exchange between countries and organizations; and (3) improved availability of information and expertise on alternatives to POPs (UNEP, 2001). In accordance with the mandates of UNEP GC18/32, GC19/13C and GC20/24, the first global legally binding instrument on POPs, 'The Stockholm Convention', was agreed upon. Trinidad and Tobago declared its accession to this in December 2002 and the Convention became legally binding in 2004 after France became the fiftieth country to ratify the agreement. Under this convention, all signatory countries are required to implement action plans aimed at reducing and ultimately

Water contact recreation REC1 Uses of water for recreational activities involving body contact with water where ingestion of water is reasonably possible. These uses included, but are not limited to, swimming, wading, water-skiing, skin and scuba diving, surfing, whitewater activities, fishing, and uses of natural hot springs. Noncontact water recreation REC-2 Uses of water for recreational activities involving proximity to water, but not normally involving contact with water where ingestion is reasonably possible. These uses include, but are not limited to, picnicking, sunbathing, hiking, beachcombing, camping, boating, tide pool and marine life study, hunting, sightseeing, or aesthetic enjoyment in conjunction with the above activities. Shellfish harvesting SHELL Uses of water that support habitats suitable for the collection of crustaceans and filter-feeding shellfish (e.g., clams, oysters, and mussels) for human consumption, commercial, or sport purposes. Fish spawning SPWN Uses of water that support high quality aquatic habitats suitable for reproduction and early development of fish Wildlife habitat WILD Uses of waters that support wildlife habitats, including, but not limited to, the preservation and enhancement of vegetation and prey species used by wildlife, such as waterfowl. * All beneficial uses do not apply to all Bay segments.

This review compiles information on PCDD/F- and PCB-contaminated eggs from 20 years of global egg monitoring around emission sources in four continents conducted by the International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN) and Arnika as well as a compilation of data from scientific literature. IPEN monitored 127 pooled egg samples including samples from 113 chicken flocks at potential PCDD/F- and PCB-contaminated sites around priority sources listed in the Stockholm Convention (e.g. waste incinerators, metal industries, cement plants, and open burning). 99 (88%) of pooled egg samples were above the EU maximum limits for PCDD/Fs (2.5 pg PCDD/F-TEQ/g fat) or the sum of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs (5 pg PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ/g fat). Children consuming such eggs exceed the tolerable weekly intake (TWI). This demonstrates that close to 90% of these areas were not safe for the production of free-range eggs. Sixteen out of the 113 egg samples (14%) were contaminated above 50 pg TEQ/g fat and exceeded the EU maximum limit more than 10 times. From the 26 pooled egg samples around incinerators 24 (92%) exceeded the limit with a mean of 43.1 pg TEQ/g fat (2.6–234 pg TEQ/g). All 21 egg samples around metal industries (4.4–112.6 pg TEQ/g fat) were above limits with mean concentration of 26.0 pg TEQ/g fat. Also all 7 egg samples measured at e-waste recycling sites were above limits (mean 308 pg TEQ/g fat). In 58 (51%) pooled egg samples the PCB-TEQ was above 5 pg TEQ/g fat exceeding the EU maximum limit with dioxin-like PCBs alone. This highlights the role of commercial PCBs for global contamination with dioxin-like compounds. It was discovered that around metal industries, shredder plants, open burning sites of e-waste and dump sites, a high share of contamination was caused by dl-PCBs. This clearly shows severe PCB release from the end-of-life management of PCB-containing equipment in developing countries. Also highly contaminated eggs were found at many sites where plastic was incinerated. The highest contaminated egg sample ever measured came from an e-waste site in Ghana and had 856 pg TEQ/g fat plus 300 pg TEQ from brominated dioxins (PBDD/Fs). Other extreme PCDD/F contaminations of eggs were found at a chlor-alkali site (514 pg TEQ/g fat), Agent Orange contaminated areas in Vietnam (490, 249 and 246 pg TEQ/g fat) and e-waste sites (568 and 520 pg TEQ/g fat). Where DR CALUX® bioassay revealed higher TEQ compared to measured PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ in IPEN studies, polybrominated PBDD/F were also measured and detected up to 300 pg TEQ/g fat at e-waste sites. One positive outcome from the IPEN studies is that all 10 pooled supermarket eggs in developing countries were below regulatory limit. Policy recommendations are made including: a systematic assessment of areas around PCDD/Fs and PCBs sources; measures for reduction of exposures of populations; urgent control of emission sources including PCB equipment, the open burning of plastic, and the use of plastic as fuel in boilers/incinerators in developing countries without air pollution control. Furthermore, soil limits need to be re-assessed and lowered for free-range poultry.

Polymerase chain reaction and chemometrics detected several Pinus species including Pinus armandii involved in pine nut syndrome. Nicolai Z. Ballin & Karin Mikkelsen. Food Control; 61 (2016) 234-239 Identification of Baltic Sea salmon based on PCB and dioxin profiles. Søren Sørensen, Kirsten H.

n the United States and elsewhere, 2,4-D is one of the most widely used herbicides for control of broadleaf weeds in agriculture, forestry, and rightof-way applications. 1-4 Chlorophenoxy herbicides are also among the most commonly used herbicides for home lawn care and for public and private outdoor recreational facilities. 5,6 There is a need to develop costefficient methods to monitor applicator exposure because of the long-term health concerns raised by epidemiologic studies involving 2,4-D and related phenoxy herbicides. 7-13 In mammals, the major route of

HPA-ZSM-5 nanocomposite as a green heterogeneous catalyst was utilized for the synthesis of furans by the three-component reaction of phenylglyoxal, dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and primary amines. The best results were obtained in the presence of 6 mg of HPA-ZSM-5 nanocomposite in CH2Cl2 at room temperature. The zeolite catalyst has been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopes (FE-SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and N2-adsorption analysis. Experimental simplicity, wide range of products, excellent yields in short reaction times, reusability of the catalyst, and low catalyst loading are some of the substantial features of this method. 

The remediation of dioxin-contaminated soil of a specific coastal area previously employed for the manufacture of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in southern Taiwan&#39;s Tainan City has attracted much attention of researchers there. This work addresses the possibility of providing an effective and environmentally friendly option for removing PCDD/Fs from soil in that field. Soil screening/sieving was first conducted to assess particle distribution. Fine sand was observed to be the major component of the soil, accounting for more than 60% of the total mass. A combination of ultrasonification and mechanical double-blade agitation was used to facilitate the washing of the soil using the biosurfactant anaerobic compost tea. More than 85 and 95% of total removal efficiencies were achieved for moderately and highly contaminated soils after 6 and 10 washing cycles, respectively, under ambient temperature, a soil/liquid ratio 1:2.5, 700 rpm, and over a relatively short duration. These results were...

Endometriosis is a common reproductive disease with a heterogeneous presentation. Classification attempts have thus far not offered insight into its cause or its symptoms. Endometriosis may result from the migration of shed endometrium to the peritoneal cavity. However, there are cases reported in girls without uteruses and men. While a non-retrograde menstruation origin of ectopic tissue is certain in these cases, we explored the use of DNA methylation age (DNAm age) to distinguish between retrograde and non-retrograde tissue origin in endometriosis. Using publicly available DNA methylation data and Horvath’s pan-tissue epigenetic clock, we compared DNAm age and epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) of ectopic lesions to eutopic endometrium of diseased and control endometrium. We examined EAA in cancer metastasis and teratomas to control for migration and developmental origin. Disease status does not change DNAm age of eutopic endometrium, but the effect of ectopic status was profound:...

W praktyce stosowania symulacyjnych modeli złożowych do prognozowania pracy złóż naftowych stosunkowo często napotyka się na problemy związane z realizacją różnorodnych warunków i ograniczeń eksploatacyjnych, narzuconych przez inwestora lub operatora złoża. Przykładowo, dla złoża ropno-gazowego może to być warunek jednoczesnego, zadanego wydobycia ropy i gazu w fazie plateau pracy złoża przy użyciu uzupełniających odwiertów gazowych o zadanym priorytecie pracy. Do niedawna standardowo dostępne symulatory złożowe nie pozwalały na sterowanie procesem eksploatacji złoża dla tak skomplikowanych założeń tego procesu. Używano wówczas różnych, złożonych technik i metod zastępczych. Obecnie w ramach symulatorów złożowych pojawiły się dodatkowe mechanizmy sterowania procesem symulacji – o charakterze sprzężenia zwrotnego, wykorzystujące możliwości definiowania w trakcie symulacji wielkości pochodnych od standardowo używanych (takich jak: ciśnienie, wydajności wydobycia itp.) oraz pozwalające...

This allowed the quantitative characteristics of displacement mechanisms to be determined and the correctness of the used approach to be verified. The oil displacement mechanisms characterized in this way were implemented in the numerical model of a real oil reservoir. The results of simulations for crude oil depletion using the above methods have been obtained in this model, showing their beneficial effect on the degree of depletion of oil resources. The dependents of production results on various operational parameters were obtained allowing to assess the effectiveness of the analysed methods for enhanced oil recovery.

Too small size of particles (dust materials) or too large moisture (fodders or waste materials e.g. sawdust, crumbled straw often has moisture above 20 %) very often constitute a large problem which makes direct utilization of plant wastes as the material for the production of pellets or briquettes difficult. Utilization of the non-pressure compression mechanisms before the pressure agglomeration process, allows significant decrease of its energy consumption at the simultaneous good quality of a product (granulate, briquette). A structure solution, presented in the paper, allows elimination of the smallest fractions (dust fractions) of the crumbled plants material (subjected to pelleting) by its non-pressure granulating during mixing with a material of raised moisture. The presented solution also allows initial compression and regulation of the plant material dosed to the working system of the pellet press what influences both the pellets quality and the energy consumption of the pr...

Słowa kluczowe: gazomierze miechowe, trwałość gazomierzy, skrajne temperatury otoczenia, wpływ temperatury otoczenia. The results of durability tests of diaphragm gas meters, obtained using different methodologies-comparative analysis The article presents a comparative analysis of durability test results of diaphragm gas meters obtained using normalized methods (described in the standard PN-EN 1359:2004 and in the OIML Recommendations R 137-1&2:2012), and a method contained in the draft of prEN 1359:2015 and also according to the author's testing methods developed in INiG-PIB. In applied test methods, the exposure factors were: working medium (natural gas or air), the type of flow rate (constant or with cyclical changes), ambient temperature (-25°C, 20°C and 55°C).

Zarys treści. Problem negatywnego oddziaływania zanieczyszczeń powietrza na drzewa został szerzej rozpoznany już ponad sto lat temu, jednak dopiero od lat 1970. w badaniach zaczęto stosować metodę dendrochronologiczną. Dowiedziono, że szkodliwe substancje chemiczne, takie jak dwutlenek siarki czy tlenki azotu, powodują zaburzenie procesów fizjologicznych roślin drzewiastych, co skutkuje spowolnieniem bądź zupełnym zahamowaniem ich wzrostu. Zjawisko to doskonale zapisane jest w postaci redukcji przyrostów rocznych drzew. Dzięki temu można określać zarówno czas, w którym na środowisko przyrodnicze negatywnie oddziaływał przemysł, jak i siłę tego oddziaływania. Na świecie przeprowadzono wiele studiów dendrochronologicznego zapisu zmian jakości powietrza związanych z funkcjonowaniem lokalnych źródeł emisji zanieczyszczeń i z pogorszonym stanem aerosanitarnym na rozległym obszarze. Stosowano różne techniki analityczne: od wizualnej oceny przebiegu krzywych chronologii, przez porównanie chronologii stanowiskowych z referencyjną, po budowanie modeli regresji. Szerokość przyrostów rocznych jest dobrym bioindykatorem i powinna znaleźć szerokie zastosowanie w monitoringu środowiska. Słowa kluczowe: dendrochronologia, zanieczyszczenie powietrza, bioindykacja powietrza. Wprowadzenie Przemysłowa emisja zanieczyszczeń w Polsce i w sąsiednich krajach postkomunistycznych została w ostatnich dwóch dekadach w znacznym stopniu zminimalizowana i nie stanowi już tak znaczącego zagrożenia dla środowiska przyrodniczego. Jednym z najbardziej jaskrawych przykładów negatywnych skutków emisji przemysłowych w środkowej Europie była degradacja zachodniosudeckich

Natural radiation has been accompanying humans since its inception. They are present in the air, in water, soil or rocks, as well as in building materials that are used to erect building objects. However, a person may be exposed to a greater or lesser extent to the surrounding radioactivity. The paper presents the results of radioactivity testing of concrete with a different composition of the addition of exemplary siliceous fly ash and compacted microsilica fume. It has been proven that material with increased radioactive activity can be safely used in the production of concrete and additionally it meets the restrictive requirements of the Polish regulation of the Council of Ministers of 2017 or Council directive 2013/59/Euratom in the field of protection against active radiation.

Red. serii : Wodziński, PiotrPraca ta powstała w wyniku rozpoczętych przeze mnie w 2000 r. badan nad suszeniem para przegrzana zainicjowanych przez współprace z firma ITM Poland z Radomia. W wyniku tej inspiracji oraz owocnej współpracy zrealizowano m.in. projekt badawczy finansowany przez KBN na temat suszenia drewna wierzby energetycznej pod ciśnieniem atmosferycznym. Obecnie w realizacji jest drugi, dotyczący suszenia węgla brunatnego pod zwiększonym ciśnieniem. W toku tych badan powstał szereg prac magisterskich oraz dwie prace doktorskie. W pierwszej z nich dr Beata Krupińska zbadała własności sorpcyjne, kinetykę suszenia i współczynnik oporu aerodynamicznego cząstek drewna wierzby energetycznej nowo opracowana metoda stanu nieustalonego oraz wykonała obliczenia suszarki pneumatycznej do suszenia para mielonych zrębków wierzby i przeprowadziła badania w pilotowej suszarce, udostępnionej przez ITM, weryfikujące te obliczenia. W drugiej pracy dr Robert Adamski przebadał proces su...

In the north of the Netherlands, in the environment of Harlingen, an industrial waste incinerator was installed in 2011. The population in the region is concerned about adverse health effects related to possible emission of dioxins. This study compares the relative merit and reliability of four sampling approaches aimed at quantifying the possible pollution patterns surrounding the incinerator: short-term versus long-term isokinetic flue gas sampling, spatial sampling of grasses and a novel approach developed by the Toxicowatch Foundation, based on local composite sampling of ten eggs from backyard chickens (local area pollution load averaging by accumulating bio-entities). Based on the latter approach results of a new analytical bioassay, DR CALUX®, from 15 locations near Harlingen harbour show distinct above-threshold dioxin levels in the environs of the incinerator. Currently only short-term flue gas sampling is mandated by the authorities; based hereupon, under normal operating ...

S t r e s z c z e n i e W artykule przedstawiono ocenę zasadności budowy dodatkowo ogrzewanych słonecznych suszarni komunalnych osadów ściekowych w oparciu o zebrane doświadczenia eksploatacyjne z pracujących w Polsce obiektów. Wskazano na istotne dla użytkowników aspekty techniczne i technologiczne procesu suszenia osadów. W warunkach krajowych, jak pokazano na przykładzie suszarni osadów ściekowych w Żarach, zdecydowanie skuteczniejsze i co najważniejsze, tańsze jest zastosowanie wyłącznie solarnego suszenia osadów. Odpowiednia powierzchnia hal suszarniczych oraz wyposażenie technologiczne suszarni, umożliwia kompensowanie sezonowych zmian pogody poprzez zmianę grubości warstwy osadów w suszarniach słonecznych.

Jednym z celów dotyczących poprawy jakości wód, wynikającym bezpośrednio z Ramowej Dyrektywy Wodnej 2000/60/WE, jest osiągnięcie w 2015 r., co najmniej dobrego stanu wszystkich wód w kraju. Przyjęcie przez Polskę tej Dyrektywy zastąpiło wykonywaną wcześniej ocenę czystości i użyteczności gospodarczej wód, oceną stanu ekologicznego. W ten sposób analizie podlega stan wód nie tylko traktowanych jako zasoby gospodarcze, ale przede wszystkim jako element ekosystemu. Najważniejszą z punktu widzenia ochrony zdrowia człowieka, jest jakość zasobów wykorzystywanych do produkcji wody przeznaczonej do spożycia. W dokumencie „Stan czystości rzek na podstawie wyników badań wykonanych w ramach państwowego monitoringu środowiska w latach 2007–2009” podano, że: – jedynie 10,6% długości powierzchniowych wód płynących spełnia wymagania stawiane wodom wykorzystywanym do zbiorowego zaopatrzenia w wodę do spożycia, – aż 28,7% długości monitorowanych wód jest nadmiernie zanieczyszczonych w stosunku do st...

This paper presents the technology of solar drying of sewage sludge in wastewater treatment plant in Żary. Analysis of 18 months operation of the system showed that the effect of drying was achieved by 5-fold de-crease by weight of sludge. The average moisture of the sludge was 12.3% at the start stage in 2009. Average moisture of the dried sludge in 2010 was 34.1%, and taking into account the months in which the drying takes deposits, but not dry - 50.5%. Electricity consumption in 2010 by all the drying halls was 20 628 kWh, which gives 32.4 kWh/tonne of dried and 13.83 kWh/tonne of evaporated water. Summary consumption of elec-tricity by drying halls in 2010 was 1.03% of total energy consumption and was approximately equivalent to the amount of energy consumed by the plant within three days of operation.

In 2002, a cross-sectional study designed to compare the serum dioxin toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQ) of a population-based sample of Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana residents, to Lafayette Parish was conducted. The mono-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in order to calculate the TEQ. We compared the sum of lipid adjusted serum concentrations of 27 PCB congeners (total PCBs) in residents of these two parishes and also by their demographic characteristics. The geometric means (GM) [standard errors (SE)] of the concentrations (ngg(-1) lipids) of total PCBs in participants from Calcasieu Parish and Lafayette Parish were 154 (11.8) and 168.6 (20.8) (T-test p=0.54), respectively. Various percentiles of the distribution of serum total PCB concentrations were similar in the two parishes. After adjusting by age and race in the ANCOVA regression model, the adjusted GM for the lipid adjusted total PCBs was statistically higher in the residents in Lafayette than in Calcasi...

Presently, emissions of dioxins are mainly from incinerators, domestic and industrial coal combustion, and traffic. However, the major public concern and research effort are associated with the emissions of organic micropollutants from waste incinerators. Therefore, this paper attempts to give a brief overview on the more recent research and development for the removal of dioxins and heavy metals from flue gas streams. Special attention is devoted to the origin and control of emissions from incinerators. From the study presented it is possible to conclude that flue gas cleaning systems in modern incinerators are very reliable in removing almost all polluting emissions from flue gas streams, however the fly ash residues generated pose a significant disposal problem. In this way, the fly ash has to be managed carefully as it is enriched with heavy metals and organic micropollutants.

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Determinants of the serum concentrations were assessed using linear regression. Results The 60 men who had worked in the phenoxy/ TCP production area had a mean TCDD serum concentration of 19.1 pg/g lipid, three times the mean concentration of the 141 men and 43 women employed in other parts of the plant (6.3 and 6.0 pg/g respectively), and more than 10 times the mean for the firefighters (1.6 pg/g). Duration of employment in phenoxy herbicide synthesis, maintenance work, and work as a boilerman, chemist, and packer were associated with increased serum concentrations of TCDD and 1,2,3,4,7-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD). Employment as a boilerman was also associated with elevated serum concentrations of PCBs.

W pracy przetestowano skuteczność różnych mieszanin i rozpuszczalników w oczyszczaniu próbek okruchowych i rdzeniowych zanieczyszczonych składnikami płuczki olejowej. Przeprowadzone testy wykazały, że w żadnym przypadku nie uzyskano w 100% satysfakcjonującego efektu w postaci selektywnego wymycia niepożądanych zanieczyszczeń. Pomimo braku wyboru jednego środka czyszczącego udało się zminimalizować efekt zanieczyszczenia w drodze płukania alkoholem izopropylowym. W pracy przeanalizowano także i oszacowano zakres wpływu składników płuczki olejowej na uzyskiwane parametry geochemiczne z badań Rock Eval próbek okruchowych oraz rdzeniowych, charakteryzujących się różną litologią i różnymi własnościami przepuszczalności i zasobności w substancję organiczną. Słowa kluczowe: dodatki olejowe do płuczki wiertniczej, przygotowanie próbki, testy rozpuszczalnikowe, parametry geochemiczne. Influence of cores and cuttings cleaning from oil-based mud on geochemical Rock Eval parameters The studies tested the effectiveness of different mixtures and solvents in cleaning the cuttings and core samples contaminated by components of an oil based drill mud. The tests carried out showed that in no case was a 100% satisfactory result obtained, for selectively washed unwanted impurities. Despite the lack of choice of one single cleaning agent, we were able to minimize the effect of pollution by washing with isopropyl alcohol. The studies analyzed and assessed, the scope of the impact of the components of the oil mud on the geochemical parameters obtained from the Rock Eval analyses of cuttings and core samples, which are characterized by different lithology, permeability properties and are abundant in organic matter.

Celem niniejszej pracy jest przedstawienie szybkiej metody oceny typu wolnych węglowodorów, występujących w profilu otworu, wykorzystującej jako narzędzie pirolizę połączoną z chromatografią gazową (Py-GC). Metoda ta, jako alternatywa dla dotychczas stosowanych-pirolizy Rock-Eval i ekstrakcji rozpuszczalnikowej, mogłaby służyć do typowania poziomów do bardziej szczegółowych badań. W tym celu wykonano badania porównawcze rdzeni pochodzących ze strefy akumulacji ropy naftowej w utworach dolomitu głównego na Niżu Polskim. Wyniki eksperymentów Py-GC prowadzonych w 350°C z detekcją desorbowanych związków na detektorze płomieniowo-jonizacyjnym (Py-GC/FID) dowiodły pozytywnej korelacji z ilością wolnych węglowodorów (S 1) uwalnianych w 300°C podczas pirolizy Rock-Eval oraz zawartością ekstrahowalnej substancji organicznej (ESO). Metoda Py-GC/FID ma jednak tę przewagę nad pozostałymi dwiema metodami, że otrzymany chromatogram pokazuje dystrybucję desorbowanych węglowodorów i umożliwia obliczenie niektórych wskaźników geochemicznych, co pozwala na wstępną charakterystykę akumulacji. Ocenę przydatności metody w aspekcie charakterystyki uwalnianych produktów przeprowadzono, wykonując dla kilku badanych rdzeni analizy chromatograficzne GC-FID frakcji nasyconej ekstraktu bitumicznego i obliczając na ich podstawie wskaźniki geochemiczne. Wyniki porównania wykazały generalnie podobieństwo dystrybucji węglowodorów, a dla niektórych próbek również zgodność obliczonych wskaźników. Na tej podstawie należy uznać, że dystrybucja produktów desorpcji Py-GC/FID skał w 350°C pozwala na uzyskanie części informacji dostarczanych przez analizę chromatograficzną GC-FID frakcji nasyconej ekstraktu bitumicznego bez konieczności wstępnej preparatyki chemicznej materiału rdzeniowego, co znacznie skraca czas i obniża koszty analizy. Dystrybucja desorbowanych węglowodorów w korelacji z wynikami pirolizy Rock-Eval może stanowić narzędzie typowania poziomów do szczegółowej charakterystyki geochemicznej. Procedura poszerza zakres badań geochemicznych o kolejną metodę wnoszącą wkład do rozpoznania basenów naftowych. Słowa kluczowe: skała macierzysta, desorpcja węglowodorów, Py-GC-piroliza połączona/sprzężona z chromatografią gazową, dolomit główny.