Design Policy

Since public sector reform initiatives, public accountability and transparency have advanced democracy and good governance on managing state finances. State financial management mechanism involves regional policies and fiscal decentralization trend in the devolution of responsibility for empowerment from central to local units of governments, but the governance face challenges to effectively manage and control the use of public funds that best meet citizen’s needs. This study determines the effect of public accountability and transparency on the management of state finances in Indonesia, as well as the extent to which public accountability and transparency affect the management of state finances. Based on a descriptive quantitative case-oriented research approach, 60 survey interviews are collected and analyzed with multiple linear regression analysis techniques. This study concludes that Public Accountability partially has a significant effect on the Financial Management Mechanism. On the other hand, partially public transparency has no significant effect on the State Financial Management Mechanism. Cumulatively, some aspects of Public Accountability and Transparency have a significant effect on the State Financial Management Mechanism. If unaccountability in decentralise administrative model prevails, the problem of ineffective policy output may persist to impair sustainable finance and public values for good governance in times of covid-19 crisis-related society

According to a European Commission public consultation, the greatest barrier to the better use of design in Europe is the lack of understanding among policy-makers. Academics have provided evidence of the impact of design on economic performance; however design, unlike innovation, is not well integrated into policy. This raises the question: How can academic evidence make a more compelling case for policy-makers to integrate design into innovation policy? This research seeks to develop a framework to benchmark policies for design in Denmark, Estonia, Finland and the UK and compare what data should be collected against data that is currently available. Ultimately, this research seeks to further develop the emergent field of research in design policy and provide practical policy insight.

Design Education Institutes across the world are today facing the critical challenge to keep pace with the fast-­-changing economies. The profile of the design graduates has undergone a sea change. And on the other end, the profile of the incoming students has changed considerably. In India also, the design has undergone major changes and rapid transformation over the last two decades. A gap is being felt between the industry and societal expectations and the skills and capabilities of the design graduates. To address this critical concern, the National Institute of Design, India's premier design institute, initiated a comprehensive exercise to review curriculum and pedagogical approaches of all its educational programs. The complex system of education at NID required the development of a customized, multi-­-pronged and systematic process to obtain a holistic perspective on the status of design and design education in India. The framework for the exercise was developed around some of the institute's already established best practices and involved all its stakeholders. Each element of the design pedagogy practiced at the institute was taken up and reviewed thoroughly. This comprehensive exercise culminated in the development of a Vision Document, Curriculum Framework, revised Flowcharts and Course Abstracts. It helped revise and improve each course in terms of its effective delivery, outcomes and connect with the overall objectives of the program. The exercise helped revise and realign the programs with contemporary demands and future expectations.

The Design Management Institute (DMI) is an international membership organization that connects design to business, to culture, to customersand to the changing world. Founded in 1975, DMI brings together educators, researchers, designers, and leaders from every design discipline, every industry, and every corner of the planet to facilitate transformational organizational change and design driven innovation. DMI focuses its mission in three areas: education, design valuation and connection.

What is the state of the research on crowdsourcing for policymaking? This article begins to answer this question by collecting, categorizing, and situating an extensive body of the extant research investigating policy crowdsourcing, within a new framework built on fundamental typologies from each field. We first define seven universal characteristics of the three general crowdsourcing techniques (virtual labor markets, tournament crowdsourcing, open collaboration), to examine the relative trade-offs of each modality. We then compare these three types of crowdsourcing to the different stages of the policy cycle, in order to situate the literature spanning both domains. We finally discuss research trends in crowdsourcing for public policy and highlight the research gaps and overlaps in the literature.

Noise pollution has negative health impact on people. Studies showed that the measurement method present in different past Directives (70/157/EEC, 97/24/EC, 2001/43/EC, 2002/49/EC) does not reflect real world driving behaviour anymore; for this reason, lobbies decided to collaborate with the European Union institutions in defining technical requirements for the type-approval of motor vehicles and their silencing system, but also to harmonise permissible sound levels that differ from Member State to another.
Furthermore, providing high level of environmental protection and public safety, a better quality of life and health, and taking account of road vehicles as a significant source of noise in the transport sector, has become one of the main objectives.
This master thesis wants to highlight the importance of the lobbies in finding a common solution in order to boost the production’s volume in line with challenging remarks arising from global experiences. Through a careful research and analysis of the internal sound level of motor vehicles and of replacement silencing systems of the proposal dynamics between actors, I would like to demonstrate that the final Regulation 540/2014 on the sound of motor vehicles was a win-win solution for the interest representatives, as well as for the civil society.
I will try to bring to light the fact that lobbies’ interest convergence concerning the interinstitutional negotiation was the key factor in supporting the success of the Commission's proposal, a stance that, in my regard, has redefined the role of lobbies in the ordinary legislative procedure.

This conceptual paper, under the topic track "Culturally-situated practice as design confidence", seeks to propose principles for good Caribbean design and establish a case for design in local cultural policy in West Indian islands; showcasing how a healthy relationship between design and local culture can contribute to creative and culturally proud solutions that can potentially offer economic and social benefits. Five fundamental principles to guide good Caribbean design are proposed, inspired by Caribbean culture and society. This paper applies these principles to show how culturally-situated design and designers can contribute to environmental and economic improvements; cultural continuity-making/keeping cultural traditions relevant and accessible; and visual/language preservation-culturally situated design for identity and communication. This study draws on insight, case studies and research to present the potential value of establishing fundamental Caribbean principles of good design and integrating design and culture in order to reap social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits.

Effective policy mixes are expected to accommodate uncertainties in the future policy context by being flexible and adapt over time in expectation of a range of anticipated and unanticipated conditions. In response to shifts in the future policy context, while policy changes can manifest as increments to status quo over time, policymakers may also need to face the possibility of making major policy shifts to enable the transition into more appropriate policy regimes. In the context of socio-technical transitions, the switch to new policy alternatives can be facilitated by incorporating new policy actions into the suite of current policy strategies early on, which can also help accommodate the long lead-times on some decisions and actions. This paper is a conceptual piece that focuses on integrating policy design thinking into the crafting of conscious policy choices and mixes to enable socio-technical transitions while considering the likely changes in the future policy context.

The Survey on Architectural Policies in Europe provides a panoramic view on architectural policies by surveying (1) departments responsible for architectural policies; (2) official documents on architectural policy; and initiatives / actions implemented by the Member States of the European Union.

The aim of the Survey was to measure the implementation progress of architectural policies by individual Member States in order to review the impact of the Council Resolution on Architectural Quality in Urban and Rural Environments (2001/C 73/04) and the Council Conclusions on Architecture: Culture’s Contribution to Sustainable Development (2008/C 319/05).

The Survey covered 33 European countries: 28 Member States of the European Union, 3 official EU candidate countries (Iceland, former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey) and 2 outside EU countries (Norway and Switzerland).

Design education is today fundamental to national prosperity. It is now considered a critical element of innovation strategy. Design education in India has witnessed exponential growth over the last fifteen years. Country's young population is now open to explore alternate career and design has today emerged as this much needed option for them. From only a handful of design institutes in the country till about 2004, many new design institutes have come up in the last one and half decades. And this trend is expected to continue in the near future. As design education expands in the country, efficiencies will have to be developed and maintained to uphold standards of quality. Variety of different programs with many variables involved-­-institutional approaches, curriculum, area of specialization, student faculty ratio, graduate profile, etc. creates sense of confusion among all its stakeholders. Over and above these, there is now growing sense of dissatisfaction among the industries with regards to the skills and capabilities of the upcoming graduates of these design schools. The curriculum needs to be revised and updated to meet the expectations of the new age digital and innovation economy. There is an urgent need to develop a broad framework and guidelines for design education in the country. Reforming and reinforcing design education would be the right beginning for India to maximize the benefits of design.

Can Crowdsourcing be used for policy? Previous work posits that the three types of Crowdsourcing have different levels of potential usefulness when applied to the various stages of the policy cycle. In this paper, we build upon this exploratory work by categorizing the extant research with respect to Crowdsourcing for the policy cycle. Premised upon our analysis, we thereafter discuss the trends, highlight the gaps, and suggest some approaches to empirically validate the application of Crowdsourcing to the policy cycle.

Abstract Two important challenges in policy design are better understanding of the design space and consideration of the temporal factors. Moreover, in recent years it has been demonstrated that understanding the complex interactions of policy measures can play an important role in policy design and analysis. In this paper, the advances made in conceptualization and application of networks to policy design in the past decade are highlighted. Specifically, the use of a network-centric policy design approach in better understanding the design space and temporal consequences of design choices are presented. Network-centric policy design approach has been used in classification, visualization, and analysis of the relations among policy measures as well as ranking of policy measures using their internal properties and interactions, and conducting sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo simulations. Furthermore, through use of a decision support system, network-centric approach facilitates ranking, visualization, and selection of policies using different sets of criteria, and exploring the potential for compromise in policy formulation. The advantage of the network-centric approach is providing the ability to go beyond visualizations and analysis of policies and piecemeal use of network concepts as a
tool for different policy design tasks to moving to a more integrated bottom–up approach to design. Furthermore, the computational advantages of the network-centric policy design in considering temporal factors such as policy sequencing and addressing issues such as layering, drift, policy failure, and delay are presented. Finally, some of the current challenges of network-centric design are discussed, and some potential avenues of exploration in policy design through use of computational methodologies, as well as possible integration with approaches from other disciplines, are highlighted.

Canada's poor innovation record has been exacerbated by a reluctance to acknowledge design as a key component of innovation. By including design as part of the innovation paradigm (research and development and design) we could radically transform Canada's lacklustre innovation record into a leadership position. Design is a multidimensional and crossfunctional activity that addresses the entire system of production and its life cycle, from ideation through to marketing, offering a critical path for successfully addressing complexity at key points of the value chain. As Bill Buxton, chief scientist of Microsoft and formerly of the Canadian high-technology firm Alias/Wavefront, reminds us, products are the individual, social and cultural experiences that they engender and the value and impact that they have on others-hence design is about the experience of a product, system or service. Design is an interdisciplinary interpretive force that is able to analyze inventions to suggest paths for actual products and services that either meet or create consumer demand, bridging between raw invention and application. Design knowledge matches human capacities and needs, in all their variability and complexity, with technologies, leading to the creation of new value-added products.

This paper addresses a psychological approach to creativity use as a decision in order to understand design management capabilities absorption within small businesses throughout three design policy programs focused on the integration of design into MSMEs in the Brazilian furniture industry. The issue is: What are the different companies' attitudes and prior knowledge (or conditions) that contribute to or block the absorption of design management capabilities throughout these projects? Literature review and participant observation were employed in a qualitative perspective. The integration of design into business has been more related to the organisational culture than to an economic reasoning. The main contribution is to start better understanding different businesses' attitudes and prior knowledge that support the absorption or improvement of design management capabilities within MSMEs. The findings are summed up in a map that shows the perceived businesses' conditions and attitudes and their impact on design management capabilities absorption.

Crowdsourcing is rapidly evolving and applied in situations where ideas, labour, opinion or expertise of large groups of people are used. Crowdsourcing is now used in various policy-making initiatives; however, this use has usually focused on open collaboration platforms and specific stages of the policy process, such as agenda-setting and policy evaluations. Other forms of crowdsourcing have been neglected in policy-making, with a few exceptions. This article examines crowdsourcing as a tool for policy-making, and explores the nuances of the technology and its use and implications for different stages of the policy process. The article addresses questions surrounding the role of crowdsourcing and whether it can be considered as a policy tool or as a technological enabler and investigates the current trends and future directions of crowdsourcing.

In the Caribbean, both Puerto Rico and Trinidad and Tobago seem to share a social context that has led to the lack of a design discourse and to a limited design culture. This awareness has provided the author with opportunities to develop a contextual set of strategic resilience thinking operations, and design-led approaches and skills to assess the situation. The four areas of inquiry that the author proposes to focus on, in order to propose ideas toward the creation of a Ministry of Design in Trinidad and Tobago, are: 1. Local contemporary design history, with an emphasis on its business aspect; 2. Current local design education approaches; 3. How people relate to, and experience their mobile technology within their cultural context; and 4. Current financial issues among design practitioners and their businesses. The understanding of the author is that inquiries in these four areas are needed for scaffolding a design mindset that could foster an effective national design policy. This paper presents the author’s findings and insights regarding these four inquiries through the means of four case studies in her native Puerto Rico; three stemmed from her design studio, and one from the Government of Puerto Rico. This method could provide actionable roadmaps concerning the creation of a National Design Policy in Trinidad and Tobago

The formulation of policies requires the selection and configuration of effective and acceptable courses of action to reach explicit goals. A one-size-fits-all policy is unlikely to achieve the desired goals; as a result, the identification of a suite of alternative policies, together with clear indications of their trade-offs, is crucial to accommodate the diversity of stakeholders’ preferences. At present, the formulation of transport policies is done manually; this fact, together with the size of the space of possible policies, results in a large part of that space being left unexplored. A six-step framework to explore the space of alternative transport policies in order to achieve environmental targets is proposed. The process starts with a user-defined set of specific policy measures, using them as building blocks in the generation of alternative policy packages, clusters and future images according to the user's preferences and goals.The analysis framework is based on the visioning and backcasting approach used in the VIBAT report [Banister, D., & Hickman, R. (2006a). Visioning and backcasting for UK transport policy (VIBAT) project. Department for Transport's Horizons Research Programme 2004/06. The Bartlett school of planning and Halcrow Group Ltd. Retrieved 1/18/2008 http://www.ucl.ac.uk/∼ucft696/vibat2.html]. The framework is being implemented as a prototype decision support system around a case study: the formulation and analysis of policies required to achieve CO2 emission targets for the transport sector in the UK. Important insights on how to develop the framework have also been elicited from engineering design. The goal is to accelerate the task of policy-making and improve the effectiveness of the resulting policies.The proposed method and computer implementation is fundamentally different from the tools commonly used in the transport sector and is intended to assist (not replace) transport policy makers, and complement (not substitute nor compete with) existing mathematical modelling tools. This research constitutes the first step towards the development of a general family of computer-based systems that support the design of policies to achieve environmental targets—not only for transport, but also for other sectors such as energy and water.

Design is undergoing a moment of disruptive change/transformation: skills, education, and its link with innovation are evolving as fast as is the context of the socio-economical crisis. One of the fundamental issues to discuss and reflect upon to meaningfully direct the transformation at hand is the connection and role of design within the future of innovation. Reflecting on this, the paper looks at the capabilities of design to explore the role of design innovation in business and society (for example, production, distribution, public services, etc.). It proposes a discussion that could potentially contribute to provide wider evidences on the impact of design for growth and prosperity, arguing for a design thinking mindset, and design leadership stronger sector. Moreover, the paper proposes a model based on business narratives emerged through qualitative research that could help orienteer a wiser and wider development of design policies. The main question that the paper addresses is: which capabilities matter to give design the chance to contribute meaningfully to the innovation path, and to reinforce the key players in the socio-economical system (e.g. governments, intermediaries, businesses, universities, policymakers, and people)? Finally, the paper proposes a narrative on how design capabilities are manifested, evaluated, and supported for addressing innovation effectively.

This paper is the introductory essay for the Colloquium Proceedings of the Ministry of Design - From Cottage Industry to State Enterprise. It describes the developmental process of the project and summarises the papers which are available in Volumes 1 and 2 of the Colloquium Proceedings.

In this paper we present the idea of connecting co-design approaches and techniques to the process of policy formation. The objective is to explore the possibilities to co-design policies (making policies together), through a better understanding of the policy formation cycle and analysing the new roles, competencies, skills, and tools that could support such process.

In this paper we present the idea of connecting co-design approaches and techniques to the process of policy formation. The objective is to explore the possibilities to co-design policies (making policies together), through a better understanding of the policy formation cycle and analysing the new roles, competencies, skills, and tools that could support such process.

Around the world most of the countries have recently noticed the importance of design for national and industrial competitiveness in global market, therefore many design policies were developed by governments. The Designum´s report which was published in 2003, emphasized that the design policies in different countries were very similar to each other, however according to the countries' needs some differences could be realized . Sometimes the design policies could be national as it is in Scandinavian countries or sometimes they could be more regional as it is in Australia or Italy.

In the Canary Islands (CI), despite some ten- uous attempts, there is no regional public de- sign policy as such, yet. This article presents a research contribution to help revert this lack. It incorporates the Design System concept to identify and map the actors and their interre- lationships in order to raise the sector’s own consciousness and needs, thus setting up the foundations for a policy adapted to the context.

One of the greatest barriers to the strategic implementation of design is the lack of under- standing of its potential among policy-makers. Academics have provided evidence of the im- pact of design on socioeconomic and cultural performance; however design, unlike innova- tion, is not well integrated into policy.

The formulation of the Canary Islands De- sign System (cids) model included literature review on the theoretical Design System mod- els and documentary study of cases of other territories. The proposal was tested and refined through a publicly funded workshop, where a wide range of stakeholders representative of the different sub-sectors met for the first time. This allowed us to have a diagnosis, to know the state of the art of design in the region. Finally, policy recommendations were co-proposed and published in a report, awaiting a second phase of further developments.

This paper exposes the methodology and the toolkit created to contribute to territorial research and design-driven for- mulation of innovative projects aligned with innovation strategies and local policies. This proposal has been co-created with the contributions of the authors, based on the cases of Chile and the Canary Islands, within the framework of an international cooperation program for research funded by public and private institutions. Below are the lessons learned based on the ideas, observations and reflections collected during the processes of identification, diagnosis and design policy proposals for both territories under a systemic and co-creation approach.

The methodology has been applied to the Canarian context by conducting a workshop with the participation of actors working within the design innovation ecosystem including research groups and universities, industry organisations, strategic consultants, government institutions and designers. The result has been the formulation of four research and innovation projects driven by design and aligned with two strategic priorities — smart leadership in tourism, and green growth and sustainability — of the research and development and innovation policies of the Canary Islands government.

"Abstract. In addressing various policy problems, deciding which policy measure to start with given the range of measures available is challenging and essentially involves a process of ranking the alternatives, commonly done using multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) techniques. In this paper a new methodology for analysis and ranking of policy measures is introduced which combines network analysis and MCDA tools. This methodology not only considers the internal properties of the measures but also their interactions with other potential measures. Consideration of such interactions provides additional insights into the process of policy formulation and can help domain experts and policy makers to better assess the policy measures and to understand the complexities involved. This new methodology is applied in this paper to the formulation of a policy to increase walking and cycling.

Keywords: policy formulation, network analysis, multiple-criteria decision analysis, transport policy, walking and cycling"

From cars to cameras, design from Japan is ubiquitous. So are perceptions of Japanese design, from calming, carefully crafted minimalism to avant-garde fashion and street subcultures. But these portrayals overlook the creativity, generosity and sheer hard work that have gone into creating and maintaining design industries in Japan.

In Designing Modern Japan, Sarah Teasley deftly weaves together the personal stories of people who shaped and shape Japan’s design industries with social history, economic conditions and geopolitics. Key to the account is how design has been a strategy to help communities thrive during turbulent times, and to make life better along the way. Deeply researched and superbly illustrated, Designing Modern Japan will appeal to the wide audience for Japanese design, history and culture.

‘From coffee sets and clothing to graphic magazines, Sarah Teasley provides a highly analytic account of the history of design in Japan, from the mid-nineteenth century to today. Economic development policies and design education, the emergence of the modern designer and consumer society, colonialism and propaganda, the relationship with the United States in the period after the Second World War, counterculture, feminism and the work of auteur designers today are all examined. Teasley deftly demonstrates how seemingly unrelated conditions and events create and reflect multiple historical moments, just as one star linked to another, then another, creates constellations in the sky. A vibrant and powerful decoding of the modern history of Japan through design. A new and incomparable classic.’ — Kashiwagi Hiroshi, Professor Emeritus, Musashino Art University, Japan, design historian and critic

‘With ease and authority, Teasley cuts through the many layers of economic, political and cultural history of Japan. Her meticulously detailed account of Japanese design history gives a satisfyingly complete picture of design as a practice that people have – and continue – to use for their own end. Teasley’s insistence that design not only intrudes into what historians, politicians and economists have commonly thought of as history but was the result of a continuous interplay between abstract thought and concrete application is brilliant. Ultimately, she has provided a dynamic model for interpreting the underlying questions of modern Japanese history.’ — Elizabeth Guffey, Professor of Art and Design History, Theory, Criticism at SUNY Purchase and founding editor of Design and Culture

‘This shrewd and elegantly illustrated book shows how Japanese designers and manufacturers have used design “to weather change and sometimes as a lever to accelerate change.” Focusing on their institution-building and meaning-making activities, Sarah Teasley traces how a variety of carefully-designed objects and images circulated around Japan, through the empire, and across the globe. The result, like the objects under study, is the narrative they created of Japan itself as transnational, modernist, and enduring.’ — Laura Hein, Harold H. and Virginia Anderson Professor of History at Northwestern University and author of Post-Fascist Japan: Political Culture in Kamakura after the Second World War.