Deformation

In this paper, the 't-z method' is employed to describe the nonlinear behaviour of a single pile and is used to obtain simplified predictions of pile group behaviour by considering the interaction between two-piles in conjunction with the Interaction Factor Method (IFM). The principal inconvenience of the t-z method arises from the determination of the resisting curve's shape; an improvement upon this aspect is the main aim of this study. Partial slip is considered using a new analytical approach which is an adaptation of a model based on bond degradation. Pile installation effects and interface strength reduction are uncoupled and considered explicitly in this study. Lateral profiles of mean effective stress after pile installation and subsequent consolidation which were representative of predictions determined in a previous study using a modified version of the cavity expansion method (CEM) are adopted; these predictions are subsequently used to relate installation effects to changes in soil strength and stiffness. In addition, the 'reinforcing' effects of a second, 'receiver', pile on the free-field soil settlement is considered using a nonlinear iterative approach where the relative pile-soil settlement along the pile shaft is related to the soil spring stiffness. Through comparisons with previously published field test data and numerical simulations, the results indicate that the proposed approach provides a sufficiently accurate representation of pile behaviour while conserving considerable computing requirements.

In this paper, the 't-z method' is employed to describe the nonlinear behaviour of a single pile and is used to obtain simplified predictions of pile group behaviour by considering the interaction between two-piles in conjunction with the Interaction Factor Method (IFM). The principal inconvenience of the t-z method arises from the determination of the resisting curve's shape; an improvement upon this aspect is the main aim of this study. Partial slip is considered using a new analytical approach which is an adaptation of a model based on bond degradation. Pile installation effects and interface strength reduction are uncoupled and considered explicitly in this study. Lateral profiles of mean effective stress after pile installation and subsequent consolidation which were representative of predictions determined in a previous study using a modified version of the cavity expansion method (CEM) are adopted; these predictions are subsequently used to relate installation effects to changes in soil strength and stiffness. In addition, the 'reinforcing' effects of a second, 'receiver', pile on the free-field soil settlement is considered using a nonlinear iterative approach where the relative pile-soil settlement along the pile shaft is related to the soil spring stiffness. Through comparisons with previously published field test data and numerical simulations, the results indicate that the proposed approach provides a sufficiently accurate representation of pile behaviour while conserving considerable computing requirements.

The Cerro Durazno, Brealito, and Cobres granitoid plutons belong to the eastern Ordovician magmatic belt of northwest Argentina and are associated with a network of NW-and N-striking ductile shear zones. A structural analysis of these plutons and their metamorphic host rocks was conducted to elucidate mid-to upper-crustal magmatism and tectonism at the western margin of Gondwana. Pluton emplacement took place at 480-455 Ma, toward the end of a ca. 75-Ma-long episode of regional deformation and high-temperature metamorphism. The Cerro Durazno and Brealito plutons were probably emplaced as NE-SW-striking, vertical magma sheets that coalesced into large magma bodies under overall E-W shortening that generated SW-dipping metamorphic foliations at a later stage of pluton formation. These fabrics were superimposed to the magmatic structures in the granite plutons and to the high-grade metamorphic structures of the host rocks. At the northern pluton margins, ductile high-strain zones, notably the Agua Rosada Shear Zone north of the Cerro Durazno pluton, further localized ascent of granitoid magma. Similarly, emplacement of the Brealito and Cobres plutons is genetically related to prominent shear zones. Geometry and metamorphic character of the shear zone network in the eastern Ordovician magmatic belt point to orogen-parallel extension and transverse shortening of the belt under variable metamorphic conditions. The width as well as protracted deformation, high-temperature metamorphism, anatexis, and granitoid magmatism of the magmatic belt are key characteristics of a hot, wide orogen that evolved during the lower Paleozoic at the western margin of Gondwana. Remarkable geotectonic similarities with respect to the modern Andes point to comparable plate-tectonic conditions at the lower Paleozoic and the Cenozoic convergent plate margins.

Porosity and its distribution in impact craters has an important effect on the petrophysical properties of impactites: seismic wave speeds and reflectivity, rock permeability, strength, and density. These properties are important for the identification of potential craters and the understanding of the process and consequences of cratering. The Chicxulub impact structure, recently drilled by the joint International Ocean Discovery Program and International Continental scientific Drilling Program Expedition 364, provides a unique opportunity to compare direct observations of impactites with geophysical observations and models. Here, we combine small‐scale petrographic and petrophysical measurements with larger‐scale geophysical measurements and numerical simulations of the Chicxulub impact structure. Our aim is to assess the cause of unusually high porosities within the Chicxulub peak ring and the capability of numerical impact simulations to predict the gravity signature and the dist...

Deformation is a ubiquitous process that occurs to rocks during impact cratering; thus, quantifying the deformation of those rocks can provide first‐order constraints on the process of impact cratering. Until now, specific quantification of the conditions of stress and strain within models of impact cratering has not been compared to structural observations. This paper describes a methodology to analyze stress and strain within numerical impact models. This method is then used to predict deformation and its cause during peak‐ring formation: a complex process that is not fully understood, requiring remarkable transient weakening and causing a significant redistribution of crustal rocks. The presented results are timely due to the recent Joint International Ocean Discovery Program and International Continental Scientific Drilling Program drilling of the peak ring within the Chicxulub crater, permitting direct comparison between the deformation history within numerical models and the s...

The Cerro Durazno, Brealito, and Cobres granitoid plutons belong to the eastern Ordovician magmatic belt of northwest Argentina and are associated with a network of NW-and N-striking ductile shear zones. A structural analysis of these plutons and their metamorphic host rocks was conducted to elucidate mid-to upper-crustal magmatism and tectonism at the western margin of Gondwana. Pluton emplacement took place at 480-455 Ma, toward the end of a ca. 75-Ma-long episode of regional deformation and high-temperature metamorphism. The Cerro Durazno and Brealito plutons were probably emplaced as NE-SW-striking, vertical magma sheets that coalesced into large magma bodies under overall E-W shortening that generated SW-dipping metamorphic foliations at a later stage of pluton formation. These fabrics were superimposed to the magmatic structures in the granite plutons and to the high-grade metamorphic structures of the host rocks. At the northern pluton margins, ductile high-strain zones, notably the Agua Rosada Shear Zone north of the Cerro Durazno pluton, further localized ascent of granitoid magma. Similarly, emplacement of the Brealito and Cobres plutons is genetically related to prominent shear zones. Geometry and metamorphic character of the shear zone network in the eastern Ordovician magmatic belt point to orogen-parallel extension and transverse shortening of the belt under variable metamorphic conditions. The width as well as protracted deformation, high-temperature metamorphism, anatexis, and granitoid magmatism of the magmatic belt are key characteristics of a hot, wide orogen that evolved during the lower Paleozoic at the western margin of Gondwana. Remarkable geotectonic similarities with respect to the modern Andes point to comparable plate-tectonic conditions at the lower Paleozoic and the Cenozoic convergent plate margins.

In this article the implementation and potential of the Seismotectonic Information System of the Campania Region (SISCam) are described, in particular an application of this Web-based GIS system to the seismotectonic analysis of the Sannio area (Southern Apennines) is performed. WEB-GIS technologies greatly contribute to both the environmental monitoring and the disaster management of areas affected by high natural risks. Specifically the SISCam system has been developed with the aim of providing easy access and fast diffusion, through Internet technology, of the most significant geological, geophysical, and territorial data relative to the Campania Region. The Sannio area has been selected as our application example because it is among the most active seismic regions in Italy. This portion of the Southern Apennines which was hit by the June 5, 1688 strong earthquake (M W = 6.7, CPTI 1999) and by some low-and moderate-energy seismic sequences (1990-1992, 1997), is characterized by a complex inherited tectonic setting and low-tectonic deformation rates that hide the seismogenic sources position. Since this case study turned out to be complicated, the use of the SIScam WEB-GIS has become indispensable because it allowed us to visualize, integrate and analyze all the data available, in order to obtain an accurate and direct picture of the seismotectonic setting of the area. Moreover, a different approach of data analysis was necessary, due to the lack of up-todate neotectonic and structural data; therefore, the operation of this GIS system enabled us to process and generate some original informative layers, through image analysis, such as new structural lineaments represented on a map of the potential active faults of the area, which has been the final result of our application, as a contribution to new knowledge about the local seismic risk parameters.

It is rarely possible to identify reverse faults that bring portions of substratum solid rock to lie above decomposed rock. Only where the differences between the fresh rock and weathered rock are very clear is it possible to recognise such faults. A "reverse profile" is defined as a slope profile in which fresh rock (granitoids) overlaps rocks which have been greatly altered by mature weathering (saprolite of granitoids). Such a profile occurs along the slopes of Molini Valley to the south of the village of Fabrizia (Calabria, southern Italy) and we interpret the morphological, mechanical and structural evidence as typical of a reverse fault. The mineral-petrographic analysis of the grus on the bed of the fault and of the cover of relatively fresh rock (Schmidt hammer 18-35) confirms that the granular framework can be attributed to subaerial alteration and not to mechanical deformation. The study area is located at the centre of the largest kinematic body of southern Calabria (the Serre massif-exclusively granitoids) until now considered to be only affected by extensional tectonics, creating high angle normal faults. In this area the tectonic processes, the thickness and spread of granitoid weathering mantles and the depth of the valleys, give rise to several landslides. These are generally translational slides with ample cut surfaces between the weathered body and the underlying fresh rock; as a consequence, very large deposits in the valleys can be found, mostly produced by debris flow processes. At the foot of the slopes around Fabrizia, coarse debris avalanches (with cobbles having a volume of over 0.3-0.4 m 3) are occasionally observed, unless there is widespread development of a "reverse weathering profile" on the slopes above.

Up to now, assuming a geometric object as being a set of points, a deformation was defined as a mathematical function which mapped the original object set of points into a new one. In short, a new point was linked with each object point in the zone of influence of the deformation. With such a statement, it was not possible to apply several deformations simultaneously as soon as their zones of influence overlapped each other. A new formal definition of a deformation is brought out in this paper. Instead of a new point, this definition links a displacement with each object point in the zone of influence of the deformation. Thus, applying several deformations simultaneously is made feasible by blending, for each point of the original object, the displacement due to each deformation.

This paper presents a framework of experimental testing and crystal plasticity micromechanics for high cycle fatigue (HCF) of micro-scale L605 CoCr stent material. Micro-scale specimens, representative of stent struts, are manufactured via laser micromachining and electro-polishing from biomedical grade CoCr alloy foil. Crystal plasticity models of the micro-specimens are developed using a length scale-dependent, strain-gradient constitutive model and a phenomenological (power-law) constitutive model, calibrated from monotonic and cyclic plasticity test data. Experimental microstructural characterization of the grain morphology and precipitate distributions is used as input for the polycrystalline finite element (FE) morphologies. Two microstructure-sensitive fatigue indicator parameters are applied, using local and non-local (grain-averaged) implementations, for the phenomenological and length scale-dependent models, respectively, to predict fatigue crack initiation (FCI) in the HCF experiments.

A three-dimensional, strain-gradient, crystal plasticity methodology is presented for prediction of microstructure-sensitive length-scale effects in crack initiation, under fatigue and fretting fatigue conditions, for a ferritic-pearlitic steel used in flexible marine risers. The methodology, comprising length-scale dependent constitutive model and scale-consistent fatigue indicator parameters, is calibrated and validated for representative (measured) dual-phase microstructures under straincontrolled low cycle fatigue conditions. Prediction of the effects of length-scale on fretting crack initiation is based on a three-dimensional, crystal plasticity, frictional contact model to predict fretting crack location and initial growth path, accounting for the effects of crystallographic orientation. The length-scale dependent fatigue and fretting simulations predict (i) significant beneficial effect of reducing length-scale for low cycle fatigue life, (ii) complex cyclically-and spatially-varying effects and differences due to changing contact and grain length-scales, and (ii) that fretting damage generally decreases with decreasing (contact-grain) length-scale.

In this paper, a multi-scale crystal plasticity model is presented for cyclic plasticity and lowcycle fatigue in a tempered martensite ferritic steel at elevated temperature. The model explicitly represents the geometry of grains, sub-grains and precipitates in the material, with strain gradient effects and kinematic hardening included in the crystal plasticity formulation. With the multiscale model, the cyclic behaviour at the sub-grain level is predicted with the effect of lath and precipitate sizes examined. A crystallographic, accumulated slip (strain) parameter, modulated by triaxiality, is implemented at the micro-scale, to predict crack initiation in precipitate-strengthened laths. The predicted numbers of cycles to crack initiation agree well with experimental data. A strong dependence on the precipitate size is demonstrated, indicating a detrimental effect of coarsening of precipitates on fatigue at elevated temperature.

In this paper, the cyclic plasticity and fatigue crack initiation behaviour of a tempered martensitic ferritic steel under thermo-mechanical fatigue conditions is examined by means of micromechanical finite element modelling. The crystal plasticity based model explicitly reflects the microstructure of the material, measured by electronic backscatter diffraction. The predicted cyclic thermo-mechanical response agrees well with experiments under both in-phase and out-of-phase conditions. A thermo-mechanical fatigue indicator parameter, with stress triaxiality and temperature taken into account, is developed to predict fatigue crack initiation. In the fatigue crack initiation simulation, the out-of-phase thermomechanical response is identified to be more dangerous than in-phase response, which is consistent with experimental failure data. It is shown that the behaviour of thermo-mechanical fatigue can be effectively predicted at the microstructural level and this can lead to a more accurate assessment procedure for power plant components.

A micro-mechanical modelling methodology is presented for predicting fretting fatigue crack nucleation in Ti-6Al-4V. The methodology is based on a combination of (i) a unit cell crystal plasticity model of Ti-6Al-4V, (ii) a frictional contact model of an experimental fretting wear configuration, and (iii) implementation of a microstructure-sensitive fatigue indication parameter (FIP), for prediction of crack nucleation. A novel micro-mechanical method for wear prediction is presented. A key finding is the important role of cyclic micro-plasticity in ostensibly elastic loading regimes in fretting wear, resulting in significant effects on distributions of salient fretting contact variables such as contact pressure.

An experimental device was designed and constructed to study the oxidation behaviour of steel. The device consists in a special chamber mounted within the frame of a servo-hydraulic testing machine holding the sample being studied. The atmosphere within the chamber can be controlled to be either inert or oxidation by flowing either nitrogen or dry air: a flow of 14 Nl/min was used for replacing either atmosphere in less than 0.1 s. The sample of steel was heated up to the testing temperature by induction. The testing procedure was designed to be flexible enough for heating up and cooling down the sample without oxidation. The device allowed for scales that ranged from a few micrometers to close to 300 lm. The growth kinetics recorded in this work was found to agree with previous published data. It can be concluded that the present device allows for studying the behaviour of thin crusts of steel oxide, which are classified as tertiary and can damage the surface of the steel during rolling.

Investigations into mechanisms driving surface tectonics commonly search for mantle sources, but few observations constrain flow in the upper mantle and transition zone. Here variations in the upper mantle discontinuities at 410 km and 660 km below the western United States are revealed through mapping depths of compressional-to-shear wave conversions recorded by broadband seismometers. The resulting image exhibits 20 and 30 km of topography on the 410-and 660-km discontinuities, similar depth variations to those seen where subducting slabs of lithosphere reach the transition zone. The pattern of discontinuity topography imaged here does not correlate with the surface tectonics of the Rocky Mountains, Colorado Plateau, or Basin and Range Province, providing no support for upward and downward flow at transition zone depths controlling surface topography and deformation in this region, at least at scale lengths of a few hundred kilometers. Furthermore, we find no clear correlation between the depths of the 410-and 660-km discontinuities. Undulations on the surfaces of both discontinuities appear to be spaced at distances of $800 km. If the topography were due only to lateral temperature differences, such differences would be comparable to those where slabs sink and might suggest separate convective flow above and below the transition zone. Alternatively, the topography may reflect lateral variations in composition. Variations in the sharpness of converted phases across the region offer some support for compositional heterogeneity, but the lack of a correlation between sharpness and depth casts doubt on this explanation for the variations in depth.

Metal-ceramic nanolaminates are two-dimensional nanocomposites made up by alternating metallic and ceramic layers with a thickness in the range 2 nm to 100 nm. They are manufactured by physical vapor deposition in the form of coating with thicknesses up to several µm and present a combination of mechanical and functional properties that a very appealing for many engineering applications. From the mechanical viewpoint, metal-ceramic nanolaminates show a dramatic increase in strength as compared to standard metal-ceramic nanocomposites. This is due as a result of strengthening of the ceramic and metallic nanolayers because of the limited flaw size in the former, the constraint induced by the ceramic on the plastic deformation of the metallic layer and the enhancement of the metal yield stress due to size effects [1-3]. Moreover, it has been recently reported an increase in both strength and toughness with decreasing layer thickness [4]. This contribution is focused in the analysis of ...

This project was aimed at evaluating and developing design methods for laterally loaded drilled shafts socketed in rock. Five lateral load tests on rock socketed drilled shafts with full range of instrumentation were conducted in Ohio. Detailed instrumentation included the use of vibrating wire strain gages, inclinometers, dial gages, and load cells. P-y curves representing site-specific lateral shaft-rock interaction were deduced from strain data. Field testing included the use of a borehole pressuremeter/dilatometer to obtain measurements that were correlated with rock mass strength and deformation parameters as well as with p-y curves. A comparison was made between the baseline p-y curves deduced from strain data of lateral load tests, the p-y curves predicted by using Reese's interim criterion, and the p-y curves from the pressuremeter tests in rock. A new hyperbolic p-y criterion for rock is proposed based on the field test data and extensive theoretical work. Validation of the proposed p-y criterion of rock was carried out by comparing the predictions of shaft deflections and bending moments using the hyperbolic p-y criterion against actual lateral load tests results. Based on the findings of this study, a complete solution for the design of drilled shafts socketed in rock or intermediate geomaterials under lateral loads is provided.

The (co)associative, partially (co)associative and totally (co)associative 3-ary (co) algebras and infinitesimal bialgebras are constructed and discussed. Their trimodules and matched pairs are defined and completely characterized. The main structural properties and relations are also deduced and analyzed.

In this work, the partially and totally hom-coassociative ternary coalgebras are constructed and discussed. Their {infinitesimal} bialgebraic structures are also investigated. The related dual space structures and their properties are elucidated.

In this paper we extend previous work [1] and propose a muscle model suitable for computer graphics based on physiological and anatomical considerations. Muscle motion and deformation is automatically derived from one or several action lines, each action line being deformed by a 1D mass-spring system. The resulting model is fast, can accommodate most superficial human muscles, and could easily be integrated into current modeling packages.

A new laboratory device is used to investigate the resistance to clast ploughing at the base of glaciers. In experiments in which a ploughing tip is dragged at different velocities and effective normal stresses through water-saturated sediment from Unteraargletscher, Switzerland, pore pressures above and below the hydrostatic level develop around the tip. The absolute magnitude of these nonhydrostatic pore pressures increases with the ploughing velocity but remains small compared to the sediment yield strength, so that the pore pressures do not significantly weaken the sediment. The shear stress on the tip is independent of the velocity but scales with the applied effective normal stress, in agreement with a Coulomb-plastic behavior of the sediment. The results indicate that, depending upon position close to the object, both sediment compaction and dilation can influence the pore-pressure distribution and thus the sediment yield strength. Comparison with other studies of clast ploug...

We have collected new stratigraphic data in the Campi Flegrei caldera through surface geological mapping and study of cores drilled to various depths. We integrate these data with geological, geochronological and geophysical constraints available in the literature to reconstruct the volcanic and deformational history of the caldera. The caldera is a resurgent, nested structure resulting from two main collapses related to the Campanian Ignimbrite (37 ka) and the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (12 ka) eruptions. While the structure is affected by a broad subsidence, ongoing local resurgence and unrest occur inside the younger, nested caldera structure. Although most of the caldera floor consists of multiple structural blocks due to long-term deformations, magmas were able to erupt only in one sector of the resurgent part. The caldera has shown signs of unrest during the past 25 years, with short-term deformations that have generated a net uplift of 3.5 m. The short-term deformations are related to the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff caldera resurgence and interpreted as the net result of brittle and ductile components. The long-term deformations likely represent the sum of the permanent, brittle component of each short-term deformational event.

Angka harapan hidup penduduk Indonesia pada tahun 2010-2015 yaitu 70,1 tahun dan diperkirakan akan meningkat menjadi 72,2 tahun pada tahun 2030 mendatang. Sekitar 10% penduduk Indonesia saat ini adalah lansia, sehingga berbagai kasus penyakit degeneratif akan mengalami peningkatan, salah satunya adalah osteoporosis. Osteoporosis adalah penyakit tulang sistemik yang ditandai oleh penurunan densitas massa tulang dan perubahan mikroarsitektur tulang sehingga tulang menjadi rapuh dan mudah patah. Sehingga dapat mengakibatkan berbagai morbiditas sebagai dampak lanjutannya. Penyakit ini merupakan penyakit dengan penyebab multifaktorial, diantara faktor risiko yang dapat dimodifikasi ialah defisiensi Kalsium dan Vitamin D. Tujuan: Mengetahui profil serum kalsium dan vitamin D pada lansia di Tangerang Selatan tahun 2017. Metode: Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 60 orang lansia di Reni Jaya, Tangerang Selatan selama bulan Februari-Mei 2017. Responden diambil serum darahnya setelah dimintakan persetujuannya dan preparat diolah di Laboratorium Prodia untuk diperiksa kadar serum Kalsium dan Vitamin D (25(OH)D). Hasil: Responden terdiri dari 16 pria (26,7%) dan 44 wanita (73,3%). Responden dengan kadar kalsium rendah sebanyak 6 orang (10%) dan normal sebanyak 54 orang (90%). Didapatkan responden dengan sufisiensi vitamin D sebanyak 20 orang (33,3%), insufisien sebanyak 30 orang (50,0%) dan 10 orang (16,7%) mengalami defisiensi. Kesimpulan: Sebagian besar lansia di Tangerang Selatan memiliki kadar serum kalsium yang normal namun memiliki kadar serum vitamin D yang kurang (insufisien).

We use the modified smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (MSPH) method to analyze shear strain localization in elasto-thermo-viscoplastic materials that exhibit strain-and strain-rate hardening and thermal softening. A homogeneous solution of simple shearing deformations of the body is perturbed and the resulting initial-boundary-value problem analyzed by the MSPH method. It is found that the deformation localizes into a narrow region of intense plastic deformation. In materials exhibiting enhanced thermal softening, an elastic unloading shear wave emanates from this region and propagates outwards. The time when the deformation localizes decreases exponentially with an increase in the thermal softening coefficient. Results have been computed without adding an artificial viscosity and compared with those obtained by the finite element method.

During their operation, modern aircraft engine components are subjected to increasingly demanding operating conditions, especially the high pressure turbine (HPT) blades. Such conditions cause these parts to undergo different types of time-dependent degradation, one of which is creep. A model using the finite element method (FEM) was developed, in order to be able to predict the creep behaviour of HPT blades. Flight data records (FDR) for a specific aircraft, provided by a commercial aviation company, were used to obtain thermal and mechanical data for three different flight cycles. In order to create the 3D model needed for the FEM analysis, a HPT blade scrap was scanned, and its chemical composition and material properties were obtained. The data that was gathered was fed into the FEM model and different simulations were run, first with a simplified 3D rectangular block shape, in order to better establish the model, and then with the real 3D mesh obtained from the blade scrap. The overall expected behaviour in terms of displacement was observed, in particular at the trailing edge of the blade. Therefore such a model can be useful in the goal of predicting turbine blade life, given a set of FDR data.

We discuss a theoretical formulation of shell model accounting for through-the-thickness stretching, which allows for large deformations and direct use of 3d constitutive equations. Three different possibilities for implementing this model within the framework of the finite element method are examined: one leading to 7 nodal parameters and the remaining two to 6 nodal parameters. The 7-parameter shell model with no simplification of kinematic terms is compared to the 7-parameter shell model which exploits usual simplifications of the Green-Lagrange strains. Two different ways of implementing the incompatible mode method for reducing the number of parameters to 6 are presented. One implementation uses an additive decomposition of the strains and the other an additive decomposition of the deformation gradient. Several numerical examples are given to illustrate performance of the shell elements developed herein.

This paper revises the factors that influence the behavior of foundations in seismic environments. It discusses aspects related with seismic load definition, dynamic soil properties, field and laboratory testing equipment, geoseismic instrumentation of prototypes, foundation seismic stability, use of artificial intelligence, among others. It also points out areas where more research is needed to better our knowledge on the physics of the problem and to improve experimental and numerical techniques, with the purpose of making more reliable and less costly foundation systems.

One of the most intriguing protein materials found in nature is bone, a material composed of assemblies of tropocollagen molecules and tiny hydroxyapatite mineral crystals that form an extremely tough, yet lightweight, adaptive and multifunctional material. Bone has evolved to provide structural support to organisms, and therefore its mechanical properties are of great physiological relevance. In this article, we review the structure and properties of bone, focusing on mechanical deformation and fracture behavior from the perspective of the multidimensional hierarchical nature of its structure. In fact, bone derives its resistance to fracture with a multitude of deformation and toughening mechanisms at many size scales ranging from the nanoscale structure of its protein molecules to the macroscopic physiological scale.

This paper addresses the problem of path planning for a class of deformable volumes under fairly general manipulation constraints. The underlying geometric model for the volume is provided by a mass-spring representation. It is augmented by a realistic mechanical model. The latter permits the computation of the shape of the considered object with respect to the grasping constraints by minimizing the energy function of the deformation of the object. Previous research in planning for deformable objects considered the case of elastic plates and proposed a randomized framework for planning paths for plates under manipulation constraints. The present paper modifies and extends the previously proposed framework to handle simple volumes. Our planner builds a roadmap in the configuration space. The nodes of the roadmap are equilibrium configurations of the considered volume under the manipulation constraints, while its edges correspond to quasi-static equilibrium paths. Paths are found by searching the roadmap. We present experimental results that illustrate our approach. Our work finds important applications in industrial settings, in graphics animation, in virtual prototyping, and in medical applications.

Poster 41.17 41.17-Images, except those noted were taken by Christopher Go at Cebu City, Philippines using an 11" Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope and a DMK 21AF04 camera.-IRTF images were taken by Glenn S. Orton and Padma using NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility in Mauna Kea, HI Yanamandra-Fisher 2. The SEB Outbreak in the Normal SEB 1 and 3 Jupiter's South Equatorial Belt is located between-8°S to-20°S. This belt is normally dark brown in color. The SEB cycle occurs at intervals of 3-15 years. During the normal period between fades and revivals, continuous SEB outbreaks occur especially in the immediate area following the Great Red Spot(GRS). The Galileo Orbiter observations showed that the 2 white spots in these outbreaks are clusters of thunderstorms undergoing vigorous moist convection. Animations made from images by the Cassini spacecraft have shown the interaction of these outbreaks in what appears to be the wake of the GRS. Amateur images from the years 1995-2006 have shown that these outbreaks erupted continuously throughout these years. The outbreaks stopped during late 2006, and this heralded the beginning of Jupiter's global upheaval, which resulted in the fading of the SEB. 4. The SEB Outbreak and Revival of 2007 This spot turned into a major outbreak that revived the SEB. The outbreak spread very quickly in both directions. The HST image below also show the fifth outbreak spot which was extremely bright across the UV to IR wavelengths. This outbreak also created NASA's IRTF was able to cover the development of the outbreak at 2.1microns. These images show that the outbreak and the material it has brought up is above the cloud level of the SEB. When the outbreak material reached the GRS, the GRS "wake" was revived. The outbreak brought out materials that turned red when exposed to the upper atmosphere of Jupiter. On May 17, 2007, a small bright white spot appeared overlapping a dark cyclonic oval at 17-18° S (shown below on the HST May 11 image). It had probably erupted inside the dark oval (just 1 and 3 like the one observed by Voyager 1), and was already expanding out of it. As usual in a SEB outbreak, new white spots appeared repeatedly at the same source: on May 17, 25, 27, June 2, and June 5 (images by D. Peach & P. Haese; measurements by H-J. Mettig et al.). These first five spots all appeared on the extended track of the dark cyclonic oval, which was no longer visible as the outbreak developed, and all appeared at the same latitude: 17.9 (+/-4 0.5) °S. (See Figure and Table below) some dark anticyclonic vortices. 5. Jetstream Vortices in Circulating Current in the South Tropical Zone (STrZ) The jetstream anticyclonic vortices created by the interaction of the materials excavated by the SEB outbreak went around the STrZ circulating current. In the August 23, image below, it can be seen that one of the vortex even turned red. One of these vortices probably became the STrZ Little Red Spot. This phenomenon was also observed during the last fade/revival event in 1993. When Jupiter emerged from solar conjunction in 2008, the SEB was back to normal. 5 3. The 2006-2007 SEB Fade During the second half of 2006, the SEB outbreak activity ceased. The reddish-brown color of the SEB slowly faded. The fade was more pronounced during April 2007. The fade continued despite the appearance of the revival outbreak spot during May of 2007. While the area following the GRS revived, the area preceding the GRS continued to fade and even reached the zonal white color. It should also be noted that during the period when the SEB outbreak ceased, the South Equatorial Disturbance (SED) became more pronounced and the South Tropical Disturbance (STrD) appeared.

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The subject of numerical research is a seven-layer cylindrical shell subjected uniformly distributed external pressure. The shell is thin-walled sandwich structure composed of main corrugated core (made of a thin metal sheet) and two three-layer faces. The cores of the faces are porous and made of isotropic metal foam. The corrugation of the main core is along longitudinal axis of the shell. The shell is simply supported at its all outer edges. Numerical FEM model of the shell is elaborated. Critical pressure for the family of these shells are calculated. Furthermore, developed a model of an equivalent single-layer shell wherein diameter, and weight are the same as the seven-layer shell. It has been shown several times higher resistance to buckling of a seven-layer shell compared to the single-layer shell.

The subject of numerical research is a seven-layer cylindrical shell subjected uniformly distributed external pressure. The shell is thin-walled sandwich structure composed of main corrugated core (made of a thin metal sheet) and two three-layer faces. The cores of the faces are porous and made of isotropic metal foam. The corrugation of the main core is along longitudinal axis of the shell. The shell is simply supported at its all outer edges. Numerical FEM model of the shell is elaborated. Critical pressure for the family of these shells are calculated. Furthermore, developed a model of an equivalent single-layer shell wherein diameter, and weight are the same as the seven-layer shell. It has been shown several times higher resistance to buckling of a seven-layer shell compared to the single-layer shell.

We study black holes carrying higher spin charge in AdS 3 within the framework of SL(N, R) × SL(N, R) Chern-Simons theory. Focussing attention on the N = 4 case, we explicitly analyze the asymptotic symmetry algebra of black hole solutions with a chemical potential for spin-four charge. We demonstrate that the background describes an RG flow between an IR fixed point with W 4 symmetry and a UV fixed point with W-symmetry associated to a non-principal embedding of sl(2) in sl(4). Matching Chern-Simons equations with Ward identities of the deformed CFT, we show that the UV stress tensor is twisted by a certain U(1) current, and the flow is triggered by an operator with dimension 4/3 at the UV fixed point. We find independent confirmation of this picture via a consistent formulation of thermodynamics with respect to this UV fixed point. We further analyze the thermodynamics of multiple branches of black hole solutions for N = 4, 5 and find that the BTZ-branch, dominant at low temperatures, ceases to exist at higher temperatures following a merger with a thermodynamically unstable branch. We also point out an interesting connection between the RG flows and generalized KdV hierarchies. Contents 1 Introduction 2 SL(N , R) × SL(N , R) Chern-Simons Connections 2.1 Higher spin chemical potentials and zero temperature flows 2.2 Non-principal embeddings 3 Asymptotic UV Symmetry for SL(4, R) Black Hole 3.1 UV Ward identities 3.2 Asymptotic algebra for the (2, 1, 1) embedding 3.3 Matching black hole parameters to W-algebra currents 3.4 Matching to W (2,1,1) 4 Ward identities 3.5 Summary 4 Thermodynamics 4.1 Holonomy conditions and phase structure 4.2 Thermodynamics of the UV fixed point 5 Discussions and Conclusions A Conventions B Decomposition of sl(4) Algebra C Variations of SL(4, R) Currents C.1 Poisson brackets for the W (2,1,1) 4 algebra D Dictionary Between W (2,1,1) 4 Currents and Black Hole Connection

The rigidity theorems of Alexandrov (1950) and Stoker (1968) are classical results in the theory of convex polyhedra. In this paper we prove analogues of them for normal (resp., standard) ball-polyhedra. Here, a ball-polyhedron means an intersection of finitely many congruent balls in Euclidean 3-space.

Car body deformation modeling plays a very important role in crash accident analyses, as well as in safe car body design. The determination of the energy absorbed by the deformation and the corresponding Energy Equivalent Speed (EES) can be of key importance in both cases, however their precise determination is a very difficult task. Although, using the results of crash tests, intelligent methods offer an automatic way to model the deformation of the carbody as well as the crash process itself, based on which we can determine the absorbed energy, the before-crash speed of the car, and other important features of crashes. In this paper a modeling technique and an intelligent expert system are introduced which together are able to follow the deformation process of carbodies in car crashes and to analyze the strength of the different parts without any human intervention, thus can significantly contribute to the improvement of the modeling, (automatic) design, and safety of car-bodies.

Car body deformation modeling plays a very important role in crash accident analyses, as well as in safe car body design. The determination of the energy absorbed by the deformation and the corresponding Energy Equivalent Speed can be of key importance, however their precise determination is a very difficult task. Although, using the results of crash tests, intelligent and soft methods offer an automatic way to model the crash process itself, as well as to determine the absorbed energy, the before-crash speed of the car, etc. In this paper a modeling technique and an intelligent expert system are introduced which together are able to follow the deformation process of car bodies in car crashes and to analyze the strength of the different parts without any human intervention thus significantly can contribute to the improvement of the modeling, (automatic) design, and safety of car bodies.

El uso de barras de materiales compuestos (FRP) se propone como una alternativa efectiva para las tradicionales estructuras de hormigón armadas con acero que sufren corrosión en ambientes agresivos. La aceptación de estos materiales en el mundo de la construcción ...

A limited number of mini-basins provinces have been described, especially with fluvial dominated infill. The mini-basin development is dependent on local factors such as salt tectonics which influence the rate and style of mini-basin subsidence and the surface topographic expressions. It is further dependent on the modification of regional factors, such as climate, tectonic regime and rates of sediment input. The Sivas basin is an elongated Oligo-Miocene basin showing numerous minibasins separated by evaporites structures such as welds and diapirs of various shapes, with spectacular outcropping conditions. This study focuses on ten of well-exposed mini-basins, which present a 1km to 2.5km sedimentary pile of continental sediment unconformably capped by a shallow marine deposit. The infill of these mini-basins began during the late Oligocene over an older basal evaporite layer, with (1) a playa-lake system deposited under arid climatic conditions (sheet-flood and evaporites), followed by (2) a braided fluvial system occurring during a humid period, (3) then a lacustrine system that is finally capped by (4) shallow marine deposits during the Early Miocene. This fluvial system with a lack of distinct river channels incision and related drainage patterns in arid to semi-arid climatic regimes looks like a distributary fluvial systems. The abrupt facies changes bounding stratigraphic units are related to base level changes in relation with regional climatic events, but modified locally by salt tectonics. Climatic as well as tectonic-driven variations at a regional scale modify the rate and style of sediment supply and the regional subsidence, which are recorded in a coeval manner by the fluvial system and shallow marine system in each mini-basin. In contrast, the salt tectonic modify locally sedimentary record and associated stratal pattern within each mini-basin, for a given stratigraphic unit. 3.11.5 (o) The Central High Atlas in Morocco : a snapshot of a Jurassic diapiric rifted basin

The central High Atlas (Morocco) constitutes a diapiric province that hosts a complex array of elongated diapirs and minibasins that formed during the Lower Jurassic rift of the Atlas Basin. This paper aims to study the structure and growth evolution of the Tazoult diapiric wall, located in the central High Atlas, by means of structural and sedimentological fieldwork integrated with remote sensing mapping. The Tazoult salt wall is a 20 km long × 3 km wide NE-SW trending ridge that exposes Upper Triassic red beds and basalts along its core. The succession flanking the salt wall ranges from Hettangian to Bajocian ages displaying spectacular sedimentary wedges in the SE and NW flanks. The Hettangian-early Sinemurian carbonates mainly crop out as blocks embedded in the core rocks. The~1 km thick Pliensbachian platform carbonates display large subvertical flap structures along the flanks of the Tazoult salt wall with unconformities bounding tapered composite halokinetic sequences. In contrast, the~2.5 km thick late Pliensbachian-Aalenian mixed deposits form tabular composite halokinetic sequences displaying small-scale hook halokinetic sequences. Passive diapirism resulted in the lateral extrusion of the evaporite-bearing rocks to form an allochthonous salt sheet toward the adjacent SE Amezraï minibasin. The Bajocian platform carbonates partially fossilized the Tazoult salt wall and thus constitute a key horizon to constrain the timing of diapir growth and discriminate diapirism from Alpine shortening. The Pliensbachian carbonate platform evolved as a long flap structure during the early growth of the Tazoult salt wall, well before the onset of the Alpine shortening.

Expansion thoracoplasty using the Vertical Expandable Prosthetic Titanium Rib increases the measured height and volume of the concave hemi thorax, but the effect on the convex, non-instrumented lung is unknown. The purpose of this study was to measure changes in lung volume and density in the convex lung after expansion thoracoplasty.

This paper describes the application of a generalized effective stress soil model, MIT-S1, within a commercial finite element program, for simulating the performance of the support system for the 20m deep excavation of the M1 pit adjacent to the main station "Hauptbahnhof" in Berlin. The M1 pit was excavated underwater and supported by a perimeter diaphragm wall with a single row of prestressed anchors. Parameters for the soil model were based on an extensive program of laboratory tests on the local Berlin Sands. This calibration process highlights the practical difficulties in both measurements of critical state soil properties and in model parameter selection. The predictions of excavation performance are strongly affected by vertical profiles of two key state parameters, the initial earth pressure ratio, K 0 , and the in-situ void ratio, e 0 . These are estimated from field dynamic penetration test data and geological

Composite are prone to failure during operation and that's why vast research had been carried out to develop insitu sensors and monitoring systems to avoid their catastrophic failure and repairing cost. The aim of this research was to develop a flexible strain sensor wire for real-time damage detection in the composites. This strain sensor wire was developed by depositing conductive silver (Ag) nanoparticles on the surface of nylon (Ny) yarn by electroless plating to achieve the smallest uniform coating without jeopardizing the integrity of each material. The sensitivity of this Ny/Ag strain sensor wire was calculated experimentally and gauge factor (G.F) was found to be in the range of 21-25. Then, Ny/Ag strain sensor wire was inserted in each composite specimen at different position intentionally through the thickness during their fabrication depending upon the type of damage to detect. The specimens were subjected to flexural deflection using a 3-point bend test at the strain rate of 2 mm/ min. Overall mechanical response of composite specimens and electrical response signal of the Ny/Ag strain sensor wire showed good reproducibility in results however, Ny/Ag sensor showed a specific change in resistance in each specimen because of their respective position. The sensor wire designed, did not only monitor the change in the mechanical behavior of the specimen until final fracture but also identified the type of damage whether it was compressive, tensile or both. This sensor wire showed good potential as a flexible reinforcement in composite materials for in-situ SHM applications before it can become fatal.

ALOS-2 / PALSAR-2 data revealed that post-eruptive deflation over a small region of Jigokudani crater has been continuing. It started immediately after the 2014 phreatic eruption on Ontake Volcano. This deflation was clearly triggered by 2014 phreatic eruption, so this indicates pre-existing reservoir at the shallow depth beneath Jigokudani crater. In the pre-eruptive stage, hydrothermal fluid should have accumulated in this shallow reservoir. So, InSAR analysis of this deflation signal contributes to understanding pre-eruptive process in the pre-existing reservoir. Our aim is to understand the mechanism of the deflation and to constrain pre-eruptive process in the shallow reservoir beneath Jigokudani crater.