DWDM

Summary form only given. Telecommunications has continued to push optical fibers towards ever-more demanding applications-such as high bit rates, dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM), and long distances-and in response there has been renewed interest in alternative fiber designs to lift fundamental limitations of silica fibers. A particularly exciting departure from traditional fibers are fibers based on photonic band gaps, forbidden frequency

OpenFlow is a leading standard for Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and has already played a significant role in reshaping network infrastructures. However, a wide range of existing provider domains is still not equipped with a framework that supports wider deployment of an OpenFlow-based control plane beyond Ethernetdominated networks. We address this gap by introducing a Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) which can transform legacy network elements into OpenFlow capable devices. This paper details the functional architecture of HAL, discusses the key design aspects and explains how HAL can support a number of network device classes. In addition, this paper presents the implementation details of HAL for hardware platforms such as DOCSIS (Data over Cable Service Interface Specification) and DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) which have so far received little attention by the OpenFlow research community despite their wide real-world deployment.

This presentation reviews 5G RAN functional decomposition along with RAN architecture evolution before exploring technical solutions for fronthaul transport. The relative techno-economics are presented along with considerations based on an evolution towards vRAN and Open RAN.

with single mode fiber (SMF) for length of 100km at 1550nm to reduce the dispersion of optical signal. The performance of improved detected signals has been evaluated by the analysis of Quality factor and bit error rate (BER). The simulation studies are carried out using optisystem software from optiwave.

60 GHz technology offers various advantages over current or existing communications systems. One of the most important is the availability of at least 5 GHz of continuous bandwidth worldwide. While this is comparable to the unlicensed bandwidth allocated for ultra-wideband (UWB) purposes, the 60 GHz bandwidth is continuous and less restricted in terms of power limits. In fact, the large bandwidth at
60 GHz band is one of the largest unlicensed bandwidths being allocated in history.

Every day, the need for high speed reliable data transmission increases more and more. One important option is the passive optical networks which use the optical fiber and provides high data rates and long distance. This work investigates the performance of a four users Optical Time Division Multiplexing OTDM over different length of single mode fibers SMF for different bit rates. The effect of utilizing Eribium Dopped Fiber amplifiers EDFAs was investigated for mitigating effect of performance degradations due to attenuation. In order to increase capacity of the system, A hybrid four Wavelength Division Multiplexing WDM and four OTDM system was proposed Dispersion Compensating Fiber DCF was used for reducing the effect of dispersion distortion. A post dispersion compensation was applied to a four users OTDM each with bite rate of 10 and 40 Gbps in terms of data capacity per Optical Network Unit ONU. A bit rate of 160 Gbps was obtained from the work with an BER of 10-10 over length of 352.89km. The simulation was implemented using optisystem 7 and matlab R2011a.

The radio-over-fiber (RoF) system is one of the potential schemes for the future broadband wireless communication systems such as mobile communications, hotspots and suburban areas. The use of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing WDM system is responding to the demands for high data rate applications and reasonable mobility for broadband communication.

OpenFlow is a leading standard for Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and has already played a significant role in reshaping network infrastructures. However, a wide range of existing provider domains is still not equipped with a framework that supports wider deployment of an OpenFlow-based control plane beyond Ethernetdominated networks. We address this gap by introducing a Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) which can transform legacy network elements into OpenFlow capable devices. This paper details the functional architecture of HAL, discusses the key design aspects and explains how HAL can support a number of network device classes. In addition, this paper presents the implementation details of HAL for hardware platforms such as DOCSIS (Data over Cable Service Interface Specification) and DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) which have so far received little attention by the OpenFlow research community despite their wide real-world deployment.

Dalam jaringan saat ini, teknologi optik seperti Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) digunakan untuk menyediakan jalur cahaya titik-ke-titik berkapasitas tinggi yang terdiri dari saluran panjang gelombang yang dibawa melalui serangkaian serat. Cakupan layanan berbasis jaringan optik meningkat dan memberikan hasil yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan jaringan tradisional seperti circuit switching dan kebijakan packet switching. Dengan menggunakan serat optik, sifat transmisi data yang tinggi dan cepat jika dibandingkan dengan pendekatan tradisional di atas menggunakan kabel tembaga, twisted pair sebagai media komunikasi. Dalam jaringan optik, data diubah menjadi bit cahaya yang disebut foton dan kemudian ditransmisikan melalui serat yang lebih cepat daripada jaringan tradisional di mana data diubah menjadi elektron yang berjalan melalui kabel tembaga. Transmisi data menggunakan serat optik lebih cepat karena berat pho lebih kecil jika dibandingkan dengan berat elektron. Dan selanjutnya, tidak seperti elektron, foton tidak saling mempengaruhi ketika bergerak dalam serat karena tidak memiliki muatan listrik dan tidak terpengaruh oleh foton nyasar di luar serat. Cahaya memiliki frekuensi yang lebih tinggi dan maka panjang gelombang lebih pendek, dan karena itu lebih banyak bit‖ dari transmisi dapat terkandung dalam panjang serat dibandingkan panjang tembaga yang sama. Serat optik dapat membawa lebih banyak sinyal komunikasi daripada kabel tembaga besar di latar belakang dan jarak yang lebih jauh. Permintaan bandwidth telah meningkat secara signifikan; kapasitas jaringan juga meningkat dan aplikasi seperti aplikasi video dan pekerjaan jarak jauh adalah pendorong utama peningkatan permintaan ini. Wavelength Division multiplexing merupakan teknologi yang memungkinkan untuk jaringan backbone berkecepatan tinggi digunakan dalam jaringan optik. Koneksi optik antara node dalam jaringan disebut sebagai jalur cahaya. Jalur cahaya dibuat sebelum komunikasi antara router panjang gelombang. Untuk menetapkan jalur cahaya, saluran dengan panjang gelombang yang sama harus dialokasikan pada semua tautan di sepanjang rute. Himpunan jalur cahaya yang ditetapkan disebut sebagai topologi virtual dan digunakan untuk merutekan lalu lintas lapisan yang lebih tinggi. Jadi, jalur cahaya ini perlu diatur secara dinamis dengan menentukan rute melintasi jaringan yang menghubungkan sumber ke tujuan, dan

Mobile backhaul connectivity is an essential enabler of a mobile network. As networks evolve from 4G LTE to 5G it is vital that the access network connectivity undergoes a transport network transformation to meet new requirements on throughput, PELR, latency, PDV and synchronisation. This talk from the IET 5G Unleashed event, explains the requirements of 5G backhaul and presents a use case from BT UK on the architecture and design of their EE 5G mobile network.

The need for technology with the characteristics of large bandwidth channel capacity, reliability (reliability) and good quality is the target of today's technology, technology with these characteristics is needed for both corporate and individual users and connoisseurs of today's technology.
To encourage the implementation of this technology, a system that is mutually integrated and mutually supportive is needed. The basic principle of a fiber optic communication system is the sending (transmitter) of an information signal in the form of a light signal which then the information signal will travel through the optical fiber transmission medium, and the information signal will be received by the receiver. And with the Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) modulation technique, it is able to transmit more wavelengths, so that the resulting bandwidth is greater. In this research the bandwidth capacity is 2 (two) times bigger, namely 200 Gbps for each direction which was previously only 100 Gbps, coupled with the Automatic Switching Optical Network (ASON) technology which is able to answer problems on the network if there is fiber cut (trouble). Traffic will be forwarded to destination if there is a problem on the network, this is can automatically by routing services according to the function of ASON. This can happen after researchers redesign the network topology, previously the network topology was still a line type with 27 DWDM sites Network Element (NE), then after redesigning the network topology became a mesh type with a total DWDM site of 33 NE (adding 6 new NE site DWDM), as well as redesign the rack layout and redesign internal fiber too.

Key Words : Optic, ASON, DWDM, Bandwidth, Transmitter, Receiver

Dense wavelength division
multiplexing (DWDM) is a fiber optic
technology that can transmit multiple
information streams simultaneously over the
single fiber. In this paper we are doing
comparative analysis of 16 channels Dense
wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)
system using different modulation formats
(NRZ, RZ ) and compensation schemes at
different bit rates (10Gbps, 30Gbps and
60Gbps) with standard and dispersion
compensated fiber on the basis of Q-factor, eyediagram
and bit error rate for fixed gain EDFA
and length both type of fiber.

This paper describes the current status of Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM), and then progresses to discuss how it may evolve in networking applications in the future. As WDM can enhance not only transmission but also networking systems, the paper reports a potentially low cost WDM based access node architecture, particularly suited for routing optical data packets on nanosecond timescales. The scheme is cascadable and involves the use of a simple semiconductor optical amplifier (SAO) based add-drop switch. Preliminary results concerning the operation of the add-drop switches under multi-wavelength operation are reported.

One of the problems in the new generation of radio over fiber networks that requires to be concentrated, is decreasing the quantity of bit error rate in the lowest power penalty. This works studies a new technology for increasing the capacity of radio network backbone transmission channels by combining the two particular radio signal and optical power technologies. This paper also evaluates the results of down-link 5Gbps OOK signal of four radio base stations over 50km dense wavelength division multiplexing single mode fiber. The outcomes show that the total received optical power penalty is about 0.2dB at bit error rate of 10-9 and quality factor of greater than 7. This amount of bit error rate can be supposed as a negligible value in the performance of radio over fiber system for multimedia and real time applications.

We propose the interesting results that a dark soliton pulse can be localized within a nonlinear nano-waveguide. The system consists of nonlinear micro and nano ring resonators, whereas the dark soliton can be input into the system and trapped within the nano-waveguide. A dark soliton input is copped by the nonlinear effects known as chaos to be the smaller pulses. The required pulse is filtered and amplified, which can be controlled and localized within the nano-waveguide. The new design trapping a dark soliton pulse within a nano ring resonator using the proposed system is achieved. The localized dark soliton is also reviewed and discussed to application for CCTV. Keywords : DWDM; Security camera; CCTV; Nano-waveguide

In this paper, electro-optic phase modulator (EOPM) is used to reduce the effect of four-wave mixing (FWM), which is placed after 64 DWDM-channels multiplexer. It was found that the FWM is very sensitive to the phase deviation of the EOPM, and it can be reduced by introducing a phase shift between pulses. The simulation results confirmed the ability of the EOPM in improving the system performanceas indicated by the bit error rates. In term of comparison, the system of 64 channels based intensity modulated/ direct detection (IM/DD) transmission achieved bit error rate of 10-26 over 30 km and 70km without and with EOPM, respectively. Keyword: DSF DWDM EOPM FWM SMF 1. INTRODUCTION Optical fiber offers huge bandwidth utilized by dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) network [1], [2]. Nonlinear effects have a huge impact on the performance of DWDM; mainly four-wave mixing (FWM) phenomena. The FWM mainly occurs due to the interaction between two or more wavelengths, in which new wavelengths are generated due to the variations in the refractive index of the fiber [2]. Thus, the newly generated wavelengths may coincide with the original wavelengths resulted in introducing server source of impairments. The phase of the signal in On-Off keying modulation (OOK) is an extra degree of freedom since the data is carried by signal's intensity and the inter and intra-channel FWM consider as the major source of impairments in high data rate OOK system. Hence, by using alternate-phase return-to-zero (APRZ) modulation, the phase of an RZ signal is modulated at half the bit rate in order to give a phase shift to neighboring bits which causes the intra-channel FWM contributions to interfere destructively [3]. Although such approach has been shown to be able to reduce the intra-channel FWM effects, however, it has been tested only for a single channel. In [4]; asynchronous phase modulation (APM) proposed and resulted in increasing the power tolerance of NRZ-OOK over a long distance. Similarly, in [5] an optical phase conjugation (OPC) firstly proposed for suppression the FWM effect. Unfortunately, the OPC possess several limitations as it is very complex, possess extra loss, and it cost too much. Recent studies in [6-9] used different modulation formats in DWDM system to increase the nonlinear tolerance such as the return to zero (RZ), carrier suppression return to zero (CSRZ), Differential phase shift keying (DPSK), Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (DQPSK), optical duo-binary (ODB) and duo-binary return-to-zero (DRZ). The results of these studies revealed that CSRZ and DRZ modulations have better performance and are

In this paper, we propose calculating models of Terrestrial DWDM cascaded EDFAs Fiber Optic Communication Links using Hybird Fiber Amplifier (HFA) including combination of Distributed Raman Amplifier (DRA) and EDFA, and build algorithm charts to optimize parameters including signal power per channel launched fiber, EDFAs gain, pump power of Raman amplifier for improving optical Signal-to-Noise ratio (OSNR) at the end

This paper reviews the basic architecture and component costs of opaque, transparent, and semi-transparent DWDM networks and looks at the network design problem from a capital expenditure (CAPEX) point of view. Given are a fiber topology and a demand matrix with different bit rates. Required is the least-cost optical equipment for that topology together with the routing and potential muxponder-based aggregation of all demands such that they can be supported by the newly designed network. We look at the problem for networks without resilience requirements and for survivable networks using 1+1 protection against single fiber cuts. We model this problem for the three types of optical networks by integer linear programs (ILPs) in a canonical way.

OpenFlow is a leading standard for Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and has already played a significant role in reshaping network infrastructures. However, a wide range of existing provider domains is still not equipped with a framework that supports wider deployment of an OpenFlow-based control plane beyond Ethernetdominated networks. We address this gap by introducing a Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) which can transform legacy network elements into OpenFlow capable devices. This paper details the functional architecture of HAL, discusses the key design aspects and explains how HAL can support a number of network device classes. In addition, this paper presents the implementation details of HAL for hardware platforms such as DOCSIS (Data over Cable Service Interface Specification) and DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) which have so far received little attention by the OpenFlow research community despite their wide real-world deployment.

Optical DWDM technology has delivered immense scalability across long-haul and metro core networks. However, since many client services still operate at slower speeds, there remains a large "granularity gap" with larger multi-gigabit wavelengths. Hence, various sub-rate grooming technologies have been developed to efficiently multiplex smaller demands on wavelengths and improve utilizations. The most notable such offering is "next-generation" SONET/SDH, which is now gaining significant market traction. A key feature of NGS is inverse multiplexing, which can resolve demands into smaller "subconnections." However, most studies on sub-rate grooming have not fully leveraged this vital addition. This paper presents a detailed initial look at inverse multiplexing in SONET/SDH-DWDM networks. Here, a novel grooming algorithm is tabled and its detailed performance is studied. Overall, results indicate notable improvements via the inverse multiplexing capability.

We propose a new design of a security camera system that uses the dense wavelength division multiplexing wavelength enhancement, whereas increasing in channel capacity and security can be provided. The increasing in number of channel can be obtained by the increasing in wavelength density, while the security is introduced by the specific wavelength filter, which is operated by the central operator. The optical communication wavelength enhancement is reviewed. The advantage is that the proposed system can be implemented and used incorporating with the existed communication link in either wire/wireless system, where the human privacy can be provided, which is discussed in details.

Four wave mixing (FWM) induced power penalty is investigated theoretically for asymmetrical dispersion-managed fibers in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems. The power penalty in these fibers is analyzed for various values of channel spacing, maximum dispersion and number of sections in different channels. Using numerical simulations, it is illustrated that the FWM induced power penalty is minimized for the case of two fiber sections with unequally special lengths and symmetrical dispersion values.

Este proyecto describe el diseño de una red DWDM aplicando la técnica de optimización de algoritmos genéticos, cuyo objetivo principal es determinar la mínima cantidad de amplificadores ópticos necesarios para operar una red  y la ubicación exacta de ellos en cada enlace de la red. Se optimiza el número de amplificadores ópticos debido a que estos componentes son los más costosos y sus precios varían entre el rango de  20.000 a 60.000 euros dependiendo de su potencia.

In this paper, we propose calculating models of Terrestrial DWDM cascaded EDFAs Fiber Optic Communication Links using Hybird Fiber Amplifier (HFA) including combination of Distributed Raman Amplifier (DRA) and EDFA, and build algorithm charts to optimize parameters including signal power per channel launched fiber, EDFAs gain, pump power of Raman amplifier for improving optical Signal-to-Noise ratio (OSNR) at the end

In this paper we assess the benefits of using statistical techniques to ascertain the shareability of protection channels when computing shared mesh restored lightpaths. Current deterministic approaches require a detailed level of information proportional to the number of active lightpaths, and do not scale well as traffic demands and network grow. With the proposed approach we show that less information, independent of the amount of traffic demand, is sufficient to determine the shareability of protection channels with remarkable accuracy. Experiments also demonstrate that our approach yields faster computation times with no significant penalty in terms of capacity usage.

Challenges presented by the exponential growth of the Internet have resulted in the intense demand for broadband services. Providing bandwidth and connectivity on demand has risen to be an important goal for service providers. To realize this, signaling in the optical network seems to be a critical component. Provisioning involves establishing a circuit from one client end system to another, through the optical backbone. With this general notion, this paper discusses in brief the role of signaling in all-optical networks, which employ DWDM for its lower layer transport. The architectural choices pertaining to lightpath services are outlined. Signaling procedures for ensuring dynamic endto-end lightpath setup have also been presented. Path provisioning comprises a string of operations like service & neighbor discovery, route computation, signaling requests, and path setup. This paper tries to summarize the various strategies, designed for each step, for use in the all-optical networks.

We report in this paper the study of a double coherent solid-spaced Fabry–Perot filter. The utilization of thick spacers enables to take advantage of their high optical quality and to use simple broad-band dielectric mirrors. Such single cavity filters are easy to manufacture and exhibit very low absorption and scattering levels. In a preliminary demonstration phase, the adjustement of the

The paper describes the new development program of the Polish Information Infrastructure. The program, called in Polish PIONIER: (ang. PIONEER) Polish Optical Internet, Advanced Applications, Services and Technologies for the Information Society, has been proposed to the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research and accepted. The idea of the program relies on forming an advanced infrastructure together with tools, services and applications available for the entire scientific community and eventually to government and local administrations as well as the society in general. Services and applications are expected to appear as selected pilot realizations by which the verification of deployed technologies will be possible. Some pilot realizations and testbeds are also presented in the paper.

We have proposed and experimentally demonstrated a novel scheme to generate a dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) optical millimeter-wave source by using an optical phase modulator and an optical interleaver. The stability of the DWDM optical millimeter wave generation is largely improved because we use an optical phase modulator without a dc-bias controller and an optical interleaver is subsequently employed to suppress the optical carrier of the DWDM source, which is not as temperature sensitive as a fiber Bragg grating. Moreover, the limitation of chromatic dispersion is greatly reduced due to avoiding the generation of higher order sidebands via driving the phase modulator with optimized RF signal.

Optical DWDM technology has delivered immense scalability across long-haul and metro core networks. However, since many client services still operate at slower speeds, there remains a large "granularity gap" with larger multi-gigabit wavelengths. Hence, various sub-rate grooming technologies have been developed to efficiently multiplex smaller demands on wavelengths and improve utilizations. The most notable such offering is "next-generation" SONET/SDH, which is now gaining significant market traction. A key feature of NGS is inverse multiplexing, which can resolve demands into smaller "subconnections." However, most studies on sub-rate grooming have not fully leveraged this vital addition. This paper presents a detailed initial look at inverse multiplexing in SONET/SDH-DWDM networks. Here, a novel grooming algorithm is tabled and its detailed performance is studied. Overall, results indicate notable improvements via the inverse multiplexing capability.

The paper investigates the importance of all-optical packet router with QoS capabilities logical performance simulation. The objective of the work is to study in detail the role of all important factors to be taken into account when designing computer model of optical packet router performance. The hardware general architecture of all-optical packet router is presented, and QoS and performance improving mechanisms are reviewed. The functions of router control unit and aspects of control algorithms are discussed. Simulation conditions and objectives and directions of performance examination are presented as well.

The quality of service (QoS) is an important and considerable issue in designing survivable dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) backbones for IP networks. This paper investigates the effect of network topology on QoS delivering in survivable DWDM optical transport networks using bandwidth/load ratio and design flexibility metrics. The dedicated path protection architecture is employed to establish diverse working and spare lightpaths between each node pair in demand matrix for covering a single link failure model. The simulation results, obtained for the Pan-European and ARPA2 test bench networks, demonstrate that the network topology has a great influence on QoS delivering by network at optical layer for different applications. The Pan-European network, a more connected network, displays better performance than ARPA2 network for both bandwidth/load ratio and design flexibility metrics.