DHS

United States Code (USC) Title 10 (Armed Forces), Title 32 (National Guard), and Title 50 (War and National Defense) are segregated to protect Citizens from government officials wrongfully blending authorities. A 2010 executive summary to the U.S. Secretary of Defense (SECDEF) and others highlighted some issues with the manner in which the segregation is carried out (Advisory Panel on Department of Defense Capabilities for Support of Civil Authorities after Certain Incidents).

Title 10, Title 32, and Title 50 each hold authorities and experience that is critical to their respective mission-sets. However, the titles stated above lack integration of allocated resources. This research was conducted to identify how the laws or processes governing Title 10, Title 32, and Title 50 can be attuned to allow for more effective integration for homeland defense.

The proposal to better integrate U.S. Government organizations is not a newly established one. The American Government has made known the understanding the need to integrate better the capabilities that exist. In line with these efforts, elements postured for homeland-defense response have been created in recent years. U.S. Northern Command and its subordinate Joint Task Force-Civil Support (JTF-CS), were a distinct step forward on the road to healthier homeland-defense readiness.
Each USC title’s secluded structure disallows for efficient posturing. This research project sought to propose an enhanced solution for homeland-defense response. The conclusions reached from my research and analysis depicted multiple critical factors in Title 10, Title 32, and Title 50 coordination as postured towards homeland-defense. Organizational partnering and sharing can build partnerships and strengthen the American homeland-defense package. This enhanced organizational package is one solution, but one solution better than the current design.

The study investigate the impact of socioeconomic factors on malnutrition in children (under 5 years) using Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. The urban and rural areas are separately probed for stunting, wasting and under-weight children. The analysis revealed that birth-interval, mother's education and wealth index reduce the malnutrition in children for urban and rural household, while duration of breastfeeding and lower BMI of the mother increase the malnutrition in both urban and rural areas. Wealth index is more effective in rural areas as compared to urban ones. The male children are more likely to be malnourished in urban areas but female children are more likely to be malnourished in rural areas. The primary level of education of the women has no significant impact on nutritional status of children in urban as well as in rural areas. It has important policy implications that at least secondary level of education should be part of the education policy of Bangladesh. The incidence of diarrhea enhances the probability of stunting and wasting in both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. From the policy perspective mother's education and birth-interval are required for achieving the nutrition status of children. For the long-run the socioeconomic status of the household expressed by wealth index is needed. The duration of breastfeeding needs to be reduced by initiation of the supplement food.

Within fifteen years (2000 to 2015), the total population of Indonesia has increased by about 50.06 million people (SUPAS, 2015). TFR is one of demographic parameters and population indicators that are very important and closely related to population growth. From 2002 to 2012, TFR Indonesia stagnated at 2.6. The magnitude of TFR Indonesia has not achieved the target of RPJMN 2014 and SDGs 2015. With the status of women empowerment, it is expected that women will more absorb information about contraceptive use and appropriate to take contraception (ICPD, 1995). This study aims to determine the effect of women's empowerment and social demographic factors on the use of modern contraceptives in Indonesia in 2012. Data used from the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) in 2012 using binary logistic regression method. There are nine social demographic variables and five empowerment variables affect the use of modern contraception significantly. Significant social demographic variables affect age, work status, husband education, number of live children, ideal number of children, wealth index, and residence area, family planning information through print media and visit of family planning officer.

Keywords—Modern Contraceptive, Women’s Empowerment, IDHS

Despite Kenya having experienced reduced childhood mortality rates over the years, this decline in mortality has not been sufficient enough to enable the attainment of Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4).  About 47% of U-5 deaths are as a result of pneumonia, diarrhea and malaria whose causes can largely be attributed to environmental risk factors.  Much emphasis nonetheless is placed on immunization programs and administration of effective drugs, ignoring levels of exposure to environmental health risks. 

In this study, we investigate the effects of environmental risk factors on infant and U-5 mortality using data from the Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys (KDHS).  We use survival models to determine the correlates of childhood mortality and then conduct simulations using measures of Population Attributable Risk (PAR) and Potential Impact Fractions (PIF).  Model diagnostics reveal that the empirical estimates are in error.  The tests of proportional hazards suggest that the hazard rate is not constant across the time of analysis.  Likelihood ratio tests point to differences in the sampled children that have an effect on survival probability.  Further tests of model adequacy indicate that the survival estimates are misleading since the hazard rate depends on the values of the covariates and the elapsed time. 

To account for these estimation issues, we adopt appropriate corrective strategies.  Generalized parametric models are used to correct for state dependence, frailty models to control for unobserved heterogeneity and Piecewise Constant Exponential (PCE) models to deal with non-proportional hazards.  The following inferences are made: first, sub-optimal breastfeeding, use of firewood for cooking, use of non-improved sources of drinking water, residing in houses with wooden floors and low socio-economic status of households are significantly associated with reduced child survival. Second, the effects of environmental risk factors have generally remained the same over the  19 year period from 1989 to 2008.  Third, for all risk factors except use of non-improved sources of drinking water, reduced exposure levels promise greater gains in infant mortality than U-5 mortality and fourth, environmental health risks have a huge impact on childhood mortality as modest reductions in exposure translate to substantial gains in mortality. 

We therefore recommend the adoption of less polluting cooking fuels, e.g. Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG), electricity and biogas among others, the use of clean and safe sources of drinking water and exclusive breastfeeding of infants for their first six months of life.  We also urge policy makers to first address environmental risk factors before embarking on other risk factors.

HIV/AIDS is not a major health threat in Turkey. Although there is no reliable data on HIV/AIDS, the adult prevalence rate is estimated to be very low. However, considering that the rates of prevalence are higher in Eastern Europe and Central Asian countries, because of her geographical location
between these two regions, Turkey may run into an increasing risk of HIV/AIDS. Material/Methods: The TDHS-2003 included questions to assess the level of awareness of HIV/AIDS. These questions were asked to ever-married women aged 15-49 in half of the selected households.
Results: According to TDHS-2003, about every nine out ten ever married women aged 15-49 had heard
about AIDS in Turkey and more often in urban areas. Education level is a really significant factor
for the awareness of the diseases.
Conclusions: For a respondent who answered the question “Have you ever heard of AIDS” positively, the answer
may not necessarily imply thorough knowledge about AIDS. When the respondents were asked about details on AIDS, it was found that although most of them had heard about AIDS before, the knowledge level about AIDS was low.

Understanding the gaps in missed opportunities for vaccination (MOV) in sub-Saharan Africa would inform interventions for improving immunisation coverage to achieving universal childhood immunisation. We aimed to conduct a multicountry analyses to decompose the gap in MOV between poor and non-poor in SSA. We used cross-sectional data from 35 Demographic and Health Surveys in SSA conducted between 2007 and 2016. Descriptive statistics used to understand the gap in MOV between the urban poor and non-poor, and across the selected covariates. Out of the 35 countries included in this analysis, 19 countries showed pro-poor inequality, 5 showed pro-non-poor inequality and remaining 11 countries showed no statistically significant inequality. Among the countries with statistically significant pro-illiterate inequality, the risk difference ranged from 4.2% in DR Congo to 20.1% in Kenya. Important factors responsible for the inequality varied across countries. In Madagascar, the largest contributors to inequality in MOV were media access, number of under-five children, and maternal education. However, in Liberia media access narrowed inequality in MOV between poor and non-poor households. The findings indicate that in most SSA countries, children belonging to poor households are most likely to have MOV and that socioeconomic inequality in is determined not only by health system functions, but also by factors beyond the scope of health authorities and care delivery system. The findings suggest the need for addressing social determinants of health.

The study investigate the impact of socioeconomic factors on malnutrition in children (under 5 years) using Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. The urban and rural areas are separately probed for stunting, wasting and underweight children. The analysis revealed that birth-interval, mother's education and wealth index reduce the malnutrition in children for urban and rural household, while duration of breastfeeding and lower BMI of the mother increase the malnutrition in both urban and rural areas. Wealth index is more effective in rural areas as compared to urban ones. The male children are more likely to be malnourished in urban areas but female children are more likely to be malnourished in rural areas. The primary level of education of the women has no significant impact on nutritional status of children in urban as well as in rural areas. It has important policy implications that at least secondary level of education should be part of the education policy of Bangladesh. The incidence of diarrhea enhances the probability of stunting and wasting in both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. From the policy perspective mother's education and birth-interval are required for achieving the nutrition status of children. For the long-run the socioeconomic status of the household expressed by wealth index is needed. The duration of breastfeeding needs to be reduced by initiation of the supplement food. Keywords Stunting • Wasting • Underweight • Breastfeeding • BMI • Female education • Rural and urban areas • DHS • Human development

What crashed the Russian Airbus A321 in the Sinai Peninsula is yet to be determined. The British Telegraph reported an ISIS “bomb plot was uncovered by British spies,” while ISIS’s claimed it downed the Russian plane flying at 30,000 feet with a MANPAD (Man Portable Air Defense System); a claim that was dismissed outright by counterterrorism and aviation experts. Strangely there seems to be a consensus that “Terrorist groups cannot have such capacities by definition,"...

This essay examines some of the organizational and operational problems that the Department of Homeland Security and the nation’s reorganized intelligence infrastructure have encountered and continue to endure since the 9/11 attacks. Both the DHS and the reorganized intelligence community suffer from a clear articulation of mission, responsibilities and goals. Both suffer from internal “turf wars” as agency and program directors compete for precedence in the areas of budget and personnel. In addition the oversight of both entities is heavily politicized, leading to Congressional decision-making errors on national security that might have been avoided. As a counterexample, this essay briefly discusses the establishment of the Office of War Mobilization by President Roosevelt in the wake of the Pearl Harbor attacks and the lesson it may have for future thinking about national security.

The first-ever global meeting of  the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) network of some 200 jurisdictions over the weekend in Paris, “to  discuss actions…to combat the financing of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) …and to combat the financing of terrorism,” will probably make the participants feel good, but little to cut-off state sponsorship to feed the fast growing  radical Islamist movement...

Avec sa grande variété de paysages, le Népal est un pays fascinant. 29 millions de Népalais habitent le pays, qui s'étend du tropical humide du Terai jusqu'aux plus hauts sommets de la terre. Les deux autres zones écologiques, à part le Terai, sont les collines et les montagnes. Une grande variété ethnique et linguistique caractérise le pays ; plus de 85% des habitants appartiennent à l'Hindouisme et 10% au Bouddhisme. Situé entre les deux grandes puissances que sont l'Inde et la Chine, le Népal connaît une expérience démocratique récente, depuis les années 1990. Néanmoins, l'insurrection des rebelles maoïstes de 1996 a plongé le Népal dans une guerre civile. En 2006, suite à des protestations massives du peuple, le gouvernement et les Maoïstes on conclu un accord de paix. L'économie népalaise est fortement basée sur l'agriculture, dans laquelle les trois-quarts de la main-d'oeuvre travaillent (ce qui représente un tiers du PIB). Avec un taux de chômage de 46%, le Népal est un des 30 pays les plus pauvres du monde. Son Indice du Développement Humain (IDH) est de 0.458 (rang 157) et, ajusté aux inégalités, il tombe à 0.301. Cette situation socio-économique précaire s'explique aussi d'une partie par le fait que le Népal a connu une considérable croissance démographique ces dernières décennies. De sept millions après la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale, la population a augmenté à 29 millions en 2011. 2 Cette explosion démographique est due à la forte diminution de la mortalité infantile et à l'inhérente survie des générations nombreuses. Pourtant, depuis les années 1980, l'indice conjoncturel de fécondité (ICF) des femmes est en constante diminution. Ce fait ne se traduit que lentement sur le taux de croissance de la population, car les femmes en âge de fécondité sont très nombreuses dans la structure d'âge actuelle du Népal. source : DHS 2011, p.10.

........................................................................................................................ iii Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ iv List of text tables .......................................................................................................... vii List of appendix tables ................................................................................................ viii List of text figures ......................................................................................................... ix List of appendix figures ................................................................................................. ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 3 1.1 Background information .......................................................................................... 3 1.2 Etiology of pneumonia, diarrhea and malaria .......................................................... 4 1.3 Environmental risk factors for childhood mortality ................................................. 5 1.4 Current health policy response ................................................................................. 7 1.5 Problem statement .................................................................................................... 8 1.6 Research questions ................................................................................................... 9 1.7 Study objectives ..................................................................................................... 10 1.8 Significance of the study ........................................................................................ 10 1.9 Organization of the study ....................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................. 11 2.

There is an urgent need to examine the magnitude and factors responsible for missed opportunities for vaccination, to rapidly achieve national immunization targets. The objective of the study was to examine the influence of individual, neighbourhood and country level socioeconomic position on missed opportunities for vaccination (MOV) in Sub-Saharan Africa. We used multilevel logistic regression analysis on Demographic and Health Survey data collected between 2007 and 2016 in sub-Saharan Africa. We analysed data on 43,637 children aged 12 to 23 months (Level 1) nested within 15,122 neighbourhoods (Level 2) from 35 countries (Level 3). After adjustment for individual-, neighbourhood- and country-level factors, the following appeared as significant risk factors for increased odds of MOV: high birth order, high number of under-five children in the house, poorest household, lack of maternal education, lack of media access, and living in poorer neighbourhood. According to the intra-count...

Over the last three decades, there has been a decline in global nuptiality rates and a concomitant increase in Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) incidence. Empirical findings also point to the link between marriage and obesity and associate longevity with being married. These results, however, only show that marital status is positively related to some health outcomes and negatively related to others; but what about the relative contribution of marriage on health? Is this correlation coincidental or does the marriage environment actually support certain health seeking behaviors? This paper answers these questions by exploring the link between marriage and some selected health outcome measures as well as its association with health seeking bahavior in general. Using pooled demographic and health survey datasets for Kenya, the presentation of the econometric results is twofold. First, the correlates of the outcome measures under investigation are identified among the married individuals in the datasets. Second, the mean differences in health outcomes between married and unmarried individuals are computed using a decomposition analysis. The novelty of the study in this paper lies in the methodological approach and data used. The use of pooled demographic and health survey datasets allows for the analysis of nationally representative samples over time. The decomposition analysis further shows the relative contribution of marriage on health thus extending the correlation studies already in existence.

Wireless access technologies have been extensively developed aiming to give users the ability to connect to their expected networks anytime, anywhere. This leads to an increment of the number of wireless interfaces integrated into a single mobile device, hence, it allows the device to be able to connect to multiple access networks. However, in some specific cases such as natural disasters, having an uncorrupted and timely information exchanging means is critical for affected victims to survive or to connect to the outside world. This is because the essential network infrastructures in these cases could be destroyed causing a large number of systems to stop working. In that cases, the victims need a heterogeneous communications network in which they can communicate, without a doubt, by using different wireless access technologies, i.e., Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. The network must also be able to smoothly change the access technologies, or called a vertical handover, to ensure QoS for ongoing applications. In addition, the network must have a mechanism to save energy. For these reasons, an SDN approach, which has been proposed in a previous work, is considered. The performance of the system has been validated by a set of experiments in a real testbed. The obtained results show that the proposed vertical handover can save at least 24.42 per cent of the energy consumed by the wireless communication. The handover delay with different UDP traffic is less than 150ms. Moreover, the network allows a device using Bluetooth to talk with another one using Wi-Fi over a heterogeneous connection where the end-to-end jitter is mainly below 20ms and the packet loss rate is as small as 0.2 per cent.

Bypassing the often-discussed question of the legality of the USA PATRIOT Act, this paper addresses the question of whether the Act is congruent with the American values of liberty, freedom and a government restrained by checks and balances. The discussion centers around the work of several legal scholars who identify the controversial provisions of the Act, discuss their historical contexts and address their shortcomings. In particular, this paper discusses Sections 206, 213, 218, and 802, which address roving surveillance authority, delayed warrant notification, the grounds for collecting foreign intelligence data, and the new category of “domestic terrorism,” respectively. The essay concludes on a somber note, observing that while previous “extreme acts” enacted by the US government were declared unconstitutional and/or repealed, that is unlikely to happen to the USA PATRIOT Act anytime soon.

Understanding the gaps in missed opportunities for vaccination (MOV) in sub-Saharan Africa would inform interventions for improving immunisation coverage to achieving universal childhood immunisation. We aimed to conduct a multicountry analyses to decompose the gap in MOV between poor and non-poor in SSA. We used cross-sectional data from 35 Demographic and Health Surveys in SSA conducted between 2007 and 2016. Descriptive statistics used to understand the gap in MOV between the urban poor and non-poor, and across the selected covariates. Out of the 35 countries included in this analysis, 19 countries showed pro-poor inequality, 5 showed pro-non-poor inequality and remaining 11 countries showed no statistically significant inequality. Among the countries with statistically significant pro-illiterate inequality, the risk difference ranged from 4.2% in DR Congo to 20.1% in Kenya. Important factors responsible for the inequality varied across countries. In Madagascar, the largest contr...

The study investigate the impact of socioeconomic factors on malnutrition in
children (under 5 years) using Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. The urban and rural areas are separately probed for stunting, wasting and under-weight children. The analysis revealed that birth-interval, mother’s education and wealth index reduce the malnutrition in children for urban and rural household, while duration of breastfeeding and lower BMI of the mother increase the malnutrition in both urban and rural areas. Wealth index is more effective in rural areas as compared to urban ones. The male children are more likely to be malnourished in urban areas but female children are more likely to be malnourished in rural areas. The primary level of education of the women has no significant impact on nutritional status of children in urban as well as in rural areas. It has important policy implications that at least secondary level of education should be part of the education policy of Bangladesh.
The incidence of diarrhea enhances the probability of stunting and wasting in both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. From the policy perspective mother’s education and birth-interval are required for achieving the nutrition status of children. For the long-run the socioeconomic status of the household expressed by wealth index is needed. The duration of breastfeeding needs to be reduced by initiation of the supplement food.