Case Studies in Second Language Acquisition

Working memory capacity refers to the ability to store and process information simultaneously in real time and has been shown to correlate highly with first language (L1) reading skill. This study examines the sensitivity of second language (L2) working memory capacity to differences in reading skill among advanced L2 learners. The index of working memory capacity used was the reading span test (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980). Subjects with larger working memory capacities scored higher on measures of reading skill, in contrast with the lack of strong correlations between measures of passive short-term storage (memory for strings of random words or digits) and the same reading measures. This result is consistent with an interpretation of the reading span test as an index of working memory capacity, in which capacity is defined functionally in terms of a trade-off between active processing and storage. Issues involved in investigating working memory capacity are discussed and the role of...

Bilingual language development might be characterized by transfer, deceleration, and/or acceleration, the first two being relevant for the language impairment diagnosis. Studies on bilingual children’s productive phonology show evidence of transfer, but little is known about deceleration in this population. Here, we focused on phonological transfer and deceleration in L1 speech of typically developing Polish-English bilingual children of Polish migrants to the United Kingdom (aged 4.7–7). We analyzed L1 speech samples of 30 bilinguals and 2 groups of Polish monolinguals, matched to the bilinguals on age or vocabulary size. We found that bilingual children’ speech (both simultaneous and early sequential) was characterized by transfer, but not by deceleration, suggesting that while phonological deceleration phases out in children above the age of 4.7, transfer does not. We discuss our findings within the PRIMIR model of bilingual phonological acquisition (Curtin et al., 2011) and show...

The focus of this book, which is based on Bowles’s doctoral dissertation, is on a specifi c type of verbal report provided during the completion of a task— namely, think-aloud. Such think-alouds in principle would exclude verbal report involving retrospection, such as through stimulated recalls (Gass & Mackey, 2000 ) and self-report (Cohen, 2011 ). Bowles notes that, at the present time, think-alouds are a popular means for studying fi rstand second-language learners’ linguistic knowledge beyond the invariably incomplete data associated with learners’ language production. Bowles offers a generally positive treatment of think-alouds. For example, she is quick to point out that language researchers with differing research perspectives (e.g., conversational analytic, sociocultural, and cognitive) have all embraced verbal report, albeit for different purposes. It is fair to say that the principal aim of the book is to stimulate the responsible use of think-alouds as a research tool. Chapter 1 provides a brief historical perspective on the use of verbal report in the 1930s and 1940s and then focuses on applications since the 1970s. Bowles notes that think-alouds have been applied to studies in numerous skill areas, such as reading, writing, strategy use, translation, conversational interaction, interlanguage pragmatics, and language testing. Chapter 2 presents the model for verbal report developed by cognitive psychologists Ericsson and Simon and discusses the controversy regarding the reactivity of the approach. Findings from studies comparing participants who verbalized and those who did not— on both nonverbal and verbal tasks—lead Bowles to conclude that verbal reports are largely nonreactive in nature. In Chapter 3 she uses a meta-analysis to provide insight into the conditions under which think-alouds may in fact be reactive. Of note to other researchers, she found that verbal report does increase time on task slightly and that there is no simple answer regarding the reactive effects of the measure. For instance, the effect of the measure was found to depend in part on what respondents need to do (e.g., providing metacognitive feedback is more demanding). A call is made for future research to determine how reactive the measures actually are. Chapter 4 provides guidelines for collecting verbal report data, such as the recommendations that respondents be told why they are asked to think aloud, various learning situations. Moreover, Prévost offers many research ideas throughout the book, thus fulfi lling his third objective. Covering such a breadth of information, this volume should soon become a reference for those studying the acquisition of French.

Four papers by Charles Browne, Rachael Ruegg & Cherie Brown, Makoto Yoshii and Junko Yamashita were presented in the morning session of the Third Annual JALT Vocabulary SIG Vocabulary Symposium in Fukuoka, Japan on June 14, 2014. As discussant, it is my pleasure to comment upon each manuscript. These lexical researchers originate from all over Japan: Tokyo, Akita, Kumamoto and Nagoya. Their lexical topics are related to three themes that are central to vocabulary research: selection, acquisition and testing. The papers are concerned with the types of words that should be selected for teaching, with the optimal conditions for vocabulary acquisition and with instruments that measure lexical proficiency, or are used in lexical research. After commenting on each paper in turn, I shall present a few suggestions for their future research.

Four papers by Charles Browne, Rachael Ruegg & Cherie Brown, Makoto Yoshii and Junko Yamashita were presented in the morning session of the Third Annual JALT Vocabulary SIG Vocabulary Symposium in Fukuoka, Japan on June 14, 2014. As discussant, it is my pleasure to comment upon each manuscript. These lexical researchers originate from all over Japan: Tokyo, Akita, Kumamoto and Nagoya. Their lexical topics are related to three themes that are central to vocabulary research: selection, acquisition and testing. The papers are concerned with the types of words that should be selected for teaching, with the optimal conditions for vocabulary acquisition and with instruments that measure lexical proficiency, or are used in lexical research. After commenting on each paper in turn, I shall present a few suggestions for their future research.

The Japan Association for Language Teaching (JALT) is a nonprofit professional organization dedicated to the improvement of language teaching and learning in Japan. It provides a forum for the exchange of new ideas and techniques and a means of keeping informed about developments in the rapidly changing field of second and foreign language education. Established in 1976, JALT serves an international membership of approximately 3,000 language teachers. There are 34 JALT chapters in Japan, along with 17 special interest groups (SIGs), and one forming chapter. JALT is one of the founders of the Pacific Asian Consortium (PAC), which is an association of language teacher organizations in Pacific Asia. PAC holds regional conferences and exchanges information among its member organizations. JALT is the Japan affiliate of International TESOL (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages) and is a branch of IATEFL (International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language). JALT publishes JALT Journal, a research journal; The Language Teacher, a monthly periodical containing articles, teaching activities, reviews, and announcements about professional concerns; and JALT International Conference Proceedings. The JALT International Conference on Language Teaching and Learning and Educational Materials Exposition attracts some 1,600 participants annually and offers over 300 papers, workshops, colloquia, and poster sessions. Each JALT chapter holds local meetings and JALT's SIGs provide information on specific areas of interest. JALT also sponsors special events such as workshops and conferences on specific themes and awards annual grants for research projects related to language teaching and learning. Membership is open to those interested in language education and includes automatic assignment to the nearest chapter or the chapter you prefer to join, copies of JALT publications, and reduced admission to JALT-sponsored events. JALT members can join as many SIGs as they wish for an annual fee of ¥1,500 per SIG. For information, contact the JALT Central Office or visit the JALT website at <www.jalt.org>.

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Although there is consistent evidence that higher levels of processing, such as learning the form-meaning associations specific to the second language (L2), are a source of difficulty in acquiring L2 speech, no study has addressed how these levels interact in shaping L2 perception and production of intonation. We examine the hypothesis of whether access to contextual meaning increases the chances of first language (L1) influence on L2 intonation. To test this hypothesis, we compared the perception and production of sentential English focus by 27 advanced English language learners (n = 13 L1 Mandarin speakers; n = 14 L1 Spanish speakers) and 13 controls, through a series of tasks that promoted different levels of access to meaning. Results showed that L1 transfer was especially clear in Spanish speakers. Not only did they consistently differ from controls in their perception of focalized verbs and subjects, showing their L1 bias to perceive focus at the end of a sentence, but they we...

It is commonly believed that second language (L2) acquisition of lexical tones presents a major challenge for learners from nontonal language backgrounds. This belief is somewhat at odds with research that consistently shows beginning learners making quick gains through focused tone training, as well as research showing advanced learners achieving near-native performance in tone identification tasks. However, other long-term difficulties related to L2 tone perception may persist, given the additional demands of word recognition and the effects of context. In the current study, we used behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) experiments to test whether perception of Mandarin tones is difficult for advanced L2 learners in isolated syllables, disyllabic words in isolation, and disyllabic words in sentences. Stimuli were more naturalistic and challenging than in previous research. While L2 learners excelled at tone identification in isolated syllables, they performed with very low ...

Processing Instruction, an edited volume by Bill VanPatten, comprises five parts that branch out into 17 chapters. At the outset let me recommend this volume to all SLA researchers and practitioners who are looking for the next big theoretical undertaking that also has insights for the classroom. Ilangovan Padmanaban Freelance ELT & BE teacher trainer and materials writer <Ilangovan_padmanaban yahoo.co.in>

The present study explores the initial stages of incidental acquisition of two grammatical properties of verbs (subcategorization and [ir]regularity) during reading in first language (L1) and second language (L2) German using an adjusted self-paced reading paradigm. The results indicate that L1 speakers are superior to L2 speakers in the incidental acquisition of grammatical knowledge (experiments on subcategorization), except when the new knowledge interferes with previously acquired knowledge and mechanisms (experiments on [ir]regularity): Although both populations performed equally well regarding the acquisition of the subcategorization of verbs from the input (i.e., whether the verbs are transitive or intransitive), they differed with respect to the regularity status of new verbs. L1 speakers (in contrast to L2 learners) seem to disprefer irregularly conjugated verb forms in general, irrespective of their conjugation in the previous input. The results further show that the synta...

Cloze procedure first appeared in 1953 when Wilson Taylor researched its effectiveness as a procedure for estimating the readability of textbooks for school children in the United States. A decade later, research began to appear on the usefulness of cloze for testing the reading proficiency of native speakers of English (e.g., . In the 1960s and 1970s, a number of studies focusing on second language learners emerged and the usefulness of cloze procedure as a measure of overall ESL proficiency was examined (see for summaries of this early ESL research). Since then, the cloze procedure has gained popularity and is a commonly used test in many language programs.

... (Received 19 August 1996) Matthew Rispoli Arizona State University REFERENCES Chiat, S. (1981). ... of proficiency, and it played a greater role for intermediate learners than for advanced or ... the acquisition of causatives in Inuktitut; Bowerman, de Leon, and Choi discuss spatial ...

Statistical learning (SL) approaches to reading maintain that proficient reading requires assimilation of rich statistical regularities in the writing system. Reading skills in developing first-language readers are predicted by individual differences in sensitivity to regularities in mappings from orthography to phonology (O-P) and semantics (O-S), where good readers rely more on O-P consistency, and less on O-S associations. However, how these regularities are leveraged by second-language (L2) learners remains an open question. We utilize an individual-differences approach, measuring L2 English learners’ sensitivity to O-P, O-S, and frequency during word-naming, across two years of immersion. We show that reliance on O-P is leveraged by better readers, while reliance on O-S is slower to develop, characterizing less proficient readers. All factors explain substantial individual variance in L2 reading skills. These findings show how SL plays a key role in L2 reading development throu...

Herein, we provide counterargumentation to some of Domínguez, Hicks, and Slabakova&#39;s claims that the term incomplete acquisition is conceptually necessary on theoretical grounds for describing the outcome grammars of heritage language bilingualism. Specifically, we clarify their claim that previous challenging of the term in our and others’ work is primarily based on a misconceived belief that incompleteness is intended to describe heritage speakers. We contextualize and problematize their appropriation of descriptive constructs in the adjacent fields of child L1, child 2L1, and adult L2 acquisition as a basis for supporting their general thesis. Relatedly, we conclude that a fundamental blurring of development and ultimate attainment issues is at the core of what, in our view, is flawed reasoning. While we empathize with the well-intentioned spirit of Domínguez et al.’s article—to provide a forum for respectful discussion—we invite the field to engage more directly with the inh...

The present study is concerned with the upper limits of SLA—specifically, mastery of the syntax-discourse interface in successful endstate learners of second-language (L2) French (near-native speakers). Left dislocation (LD) is a syntactic means of structuring spoken French discourse by marking topic. Its use requires speakers to coordinate syntactic and pragmatic or discursive knowledge, an interface at which L2 learners have been shown to encounter difficulties (e.g., Sorace, 1993; Sorace & Filiaci, 2006). The data come from (a) an 8.5-hr corpus that consists of recordings of 10 dyadic conversations between near-native and native speakers of French and (b) two contextualized paper and audio tasks that tested intuitions and preferences regarding LD. Analyses of the near-native speakers’ production of LDs, the syntactic properties of their LDs, and their use of LDs to promote different types of discourse referents to topic status suggest that their mastery of this aspect of discours...

Studies in SLA have debated the importance of context of learning in the process of developing linguistic skills in a second language (L2). The present paper examines whether study abroad, as it provides opportunities for authentic L2 context, facilitates the acquisition of Spanish phonology. The corpus of this investigation is composed of speech samples from 46 students of Spanish: 26 studying abroad in Spain and 20 in a regular classroom environment in the United States. The students read a paragraph with 60 target words including segments such as word-initial stops (i.e., [p t k]), 1 intervocalic fricatives (i.e., [Â D ae]), word-final laterals (i.e., [l]), and palatal nasals (i.e., [®]). The findings reveal the following patterns for both regular classroom and study abroad students across time: (a) similar gain in the case of voiced initial stops and word-final laterals, (b) lack of gain in the case of intervocalic fricatives, and (c) high levels of accuracy in the case of the palatal nasal in the pretest. Concerning the external data, the following factor groups predicted phonological gain among all learners: years of formal language instruction, reported use of Spanish before the semester, reported use of Spanish outside the class-I am very grateful to Joseph Collentine, Barbara F+ Freed, and Norman Segalowitz for their comments and suggestions on an earlier version of this article+ I also would like to express my thanks to the anonymous SSLA reviewers for their careful reading and useful insights+ I would like to thank Nicole Lazar for her comments and help in running a preliminary statistical analysis of the data+ Randall Halter of Concordia University in Montreal was instrumental in providing technical support for digitizing the read-aloud materials+ I appreciate Randall's work very much+ I would also like to thank James Lee, Kimberly Geeslin, and Richard File for reading a previous version of this paper and providing me with comments+ Last but not least, I want to thank the Council on International Education Exchange for providing the funds to Freed to coordinate the teamwork regarding language gain in different contexts of learning+ All errors are my own+

This study investigates the manner in which syntax, prosody, and con-text interact when second-and fourth-semester college-level English-French learners process relative clause (RC) attachment to either the first noun phrase (NP1) or the second noun phrase (NP2) in ...

This article has two main goals. The first is to summarize and comment on the current state of affairs of generative approaches to SLA (GenSLA), 35 years into its history. This discussion brings the readership of SSLA up to date on the questions driving GenSLA agendas and clears up misconceptions about what GenSLA does and does not endeavor to explain. We engage key questions, debates, and shifts within GenSLA such as focusing on the deterministic role of input in language acquisition, as well as expanding the inquiry to new populations and empirical methodologies and technologies used. The second goal is to highlight the place of GenSLA in the broader field of SLA. We argue that various theories of SLA are needed, showing that many existing SLA paradigms are much less mutually exclusive than commonly believed (cf. Rothman & VanPatten, 2013; Slabakova, Leal, & Liskin-Gasparro, 2014, 2015; VanPatten & Rothman, 2014)—especially considering their different foci and research questions.

This special issue of Acta Analytica contains four articles from papers presented at the 2019 Bled Epistemology Conference. The theme of the conference was "Social Epistemology and the Politics of Knowing,", and the articles included in this special issue represent the breadth of these topics, while also interweaving the themes through their work.

This study examines the second language (L2) development of variable /s/-weakening in the spontaneous speech of L2 learners of Spanish who studied abroad in either Dominican Republic, where /s/-weakening is widespread, or central Spain, where /s/-weakening is much less common. Learners’ realizations of /s/ were coded impressionistically and acoustically by measuring voicing, center of gravity, and duration. The results show that regardless of the study abroad location, students did not change the amount of sibilance they produced over time. However, they became more nativelike with respect to /s/-voicing and duration. Additionally, whereas some linguistic factors were found to significantly constrain /s/-weakening across groups, learners did not gain sensitivity to all factors that constrain native-speaker /s/-weakening. Findings suggest that exposure to /s/-weakening during a semester abroad is insufficient for learners to adopt this sociolinguistic variable and other social and co...

I highly recommend Diane J. Tedick's Second Language Teacher Education: International Perspectives. The text provides an interesting array of articles on language teacher education, particularly, for those working in EFL, TESOL and Bilingual education. Tedick has done well to present topical, critical and innovative perspectives on important questions for language teacher education: what is it we do, why do we do it, and how can we do it better?

This study investigates the manner in which syntax, prosody, and context interact when second- and fourth-semester college-level English-French learners process relative clause (RC) attachment to either the first noun phrase (NP1) or the second noun phrase (NP2) in complex nominal expressions such asle secrétaire du psychologue qui se promène (au centre ville)“the secretary of the psychologist who takes a walk (downtown).” Learners&#39; interpretations were affected by the length of the RC, specifically its phonological weight. Effects of intonation contour were found only in a subset of learners. In a response time (RT) experiment that manipulated contexts, fourth-semester learners showed a final bias for NP1 attachment in interpretation but an initial RT bias for NP2 attachment. Second-semester learners also produced a NP2 attachment bias in RTs, but no asymmetry in interpretation was found. We argue that the processing of RC attachment by English-French learners requires a task-s...

This study examined how native speakers of Australian English and French, nontone languages with different lexical stress properties, perceived Mandarin tones in a sentence environment according to their native sentence intonation categories (i-Categories) in connected speech. Results showed that both English and French speakers categorized Mandarin tones primarily on the phonetic similarities of the pitch contours between the Mandarin tones and their native i-Categories. Moreover, French but not English speakers were able to detect the fine-detailed phonetic differences between Tone 3 (T3) and Tone 4 (T4; i.e., low or low-falling tone vs. high-falling tone), which suggests that the stress differences between these languages may affect nonnative tone perception: English uses lexical stress, whereas French does not. In the discrimination task, the French listeners’ performance was better than that of the English listeners. For each group, discrimination of the Tone 1 (T1)–T4 and Tone...

Grammaticality judgments reflect a compound product of both grammatical and processing factors. But because they interact in a symbiotic way, very often grammatical and processing constraints are difficult to separate. According to generally accepted grammatical theory,(a) Who do you think John told Mary he fell in love with? and (b) Who do you think John told Mary fell in love with Sue? are equally grammatical. We have observed, however, that native speakers strongly accept sentences like (a) as grammatical but react quite ...

The purpose of the present study was to determine what features associated with the macrolevel of lexical competence vary as a function of an increase in second language (L2) proficiency. The macrolevel of participants' word knowledge was described with respect to six variables that are commonly associated with three proposed macrolevel dimensions, namely quantity, quality, and metacognitive awareness. Sixty-four participants (native speakers of English, L2 advanced learners, and intermediate learners of English) self-rated their familiarity with 73 lexical items and were asked to generate word associations to the words they identified in a verifiable way as known. The data analyses showed that some measures, such as vocabulary size, word frequency effects, number of associations, and within-group consistency of participants' associative domain, are more sensitive to L2 learners' increasing proficiency than others (e.g., nativelike commonality of associations). We thus conclude that some aspects, such as quality and quantity of L2 lexical competence, develop as the proficiency of the L2 learners increases, whereas others, such as learn

Avec un nombre croissant de nouveaux arrivants chaque année, le Québec est devenu la société d'accueil de milliers d'immigrants de diverses origines culturelles dont plusieurs ne maîtrisent pas le français (Amireault, 2011). Il est important d'outiller adéquatement ces immigrants pour faciliter leur intégration; le ministère de l'Immigration, de la Diversité et de l'Inclusion met à leur disposition différentes stratégies pour atteindre cet objectif. Également, Calinon (2010) mentionne que les cours de français langue seconde du gouvernement du Québec visent à favoriser «l'insertion sociale et économique des immigrants grâce aux connaissances linguistiques et culturelles dispensées » (p.129). D’ailleurs, plusieurs chercheurs se sont déjà questionnés sur la relation entre un apprenant en langue et le monde social qui l'entoure (McKay et Wong, 1996; Norton Peirce, 1995). La langue n'est pas un moyen neutre de communication, elle est étroitement liée au contexte social dans lequel les gens l'utilisent (Norton, 2000).
Une entrevue individuelle semi-dirigée avec des apprenants au stade intermédiaire, inspirée des études d'Amireault (2007), Jaidev (2011) et Norton Peirce (1995), a été réalisée. C’est une étude qualitative, empirique et exploratoire, en lien avec le Programme-cadre de français pour les personnes immigrantes adultes au Québec du ministère de l'Immigration et des Communautés culturelles (MICC, 2011). Selon les données obtenues, tous les participants affirment parler davantage en français dans leur vie quotidienne que lors de leur arrivée au Québec. Par contre, ils ont majoritairement des difficultés en compréhension orale, ce qui démontre la nécessité de l'enseignement d'une variété plus familière du français québécois afin de les aider dans leurs interactions avec les locuteurs québécois à l'extérieur des salles de cours (Veilleux, 2012; Boucher, 2012). Ils ajoutent qu’il leur faudrait avoir un travail ainsi qu'un réseau social pour arriver à s'intégrer (Pagé et Lamarre, 2011; Calinon, 2009; Lapierre-Vincent, 2004; Renaud, 2001; Piché et Bélanger, 1995).

The current study examined the extent to which cognitive fluency (CF) contributes to utterance fluency (UF) at the level of constructs. A total of 128 Japanese-speaking learners of English completed four speaking tasks—argumentative task, picture narrative task, reading-to-speaking task, and reading-while-listening-to-speaking task—and a battery of linguistic knowledge tests, capturing vocabulary size, lexical retrieval speed, sentence construction skills, grammaticality judgments, and articulatory speed. Their speaking performance was analyzed in terms of speed, breakdown, and repair fluency (i.e., UF), and scores on linguistic knowledge tests were used to assess students’ L2 linguistic resources and processing skills (i.e., CF). Structural equation modeling revealed a complex interplay between the multidimensionality of CF and UF and speaking task types. L2 processing speed consistently contributed to all aspects of UF across speaking tasks, whereas the role of linguistic resource...

This study partially replicates McManus and Marsden (2017), who found that providing L1 explicit information (EI) plus task-essential practice led L2 learners to make more accurate and faster interpretations of French morphosyntax. The current study removed the original study’s L1 EI component to examine the role of the L1 practice. This design tested whether providing L1 task-essential practice only (alongside a core treatment of L2 EI plus L2 practice) resulted in similar online and offline learning gains compared to the original study’s L1 EI plus L1 practice. We used the same online and offline tests, with a similar population of English-speaking learners of L2 French (n = 19). For accuracy and speed of online and offline L2 processing, the findings suggest that additional L1 practice without L1 EI was no more beneficial than L2 EI plus L2 practice alone, indicating that the original study’s combination of additional L1 EI with L1 practice appeared to contribute to previously ob...

Although the emergence of creoles presupposes naturalistic SLA, current SLA scholarship does not shed much light on the development of creoles with regard to the population-internal mechanisms that produce normalization and autonomization from the creoles’ lexifiers. This is largely due to the fact that research on SLA is focused on individuals rather than on communities of speakers producing their own separate norms, whereas genetic creolistics deals precisely with this particular aspect of language change and speciation. It is not enough to prove that transfer from the first to the second language is possible and can evolve into substrate influence on the emergent vernaculars—transfer is not ineluctable and varies from one learner to another. Additionally, how and why particular features of some speakers spread to a whole population (or to parts thereof), whereas others do not, must be accounted for. Consistent with colonial socioeconomic history, the gradual emergence of creoles ...

... English in this classroom context will be done by observing video recordings of language routines or discursive prac-tices (Hanks, 1996; Tracy, 2002) that are repeated within a particular class period and over time in equivalent contexts (Brown et al., 1989; Peters &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Boggs, 1986 ...

To examine the effects of task repetition with different schedules, English-as-a-foreign-language classroom learners performed the same oral narrative task six times under three different schedules. They narrated the same six-frame cartoon story (a) six times consecutively in one class (massed practice), (b) three times at the beginning and at the end of a class (short-spaced practice), and (c) three times as a part of two classes 1 week apart (long-spaced practice). The results yielded by an immediate posttest using a novel cartoon showed that massed practice reduced breakdown fluency (mid-clause and clause-final pauses) the most. However, the participants in the massed-practice group showed degraded speed (slower articulation rate) and repair fluency (more verbatim repetition). The effects of repetition schedule seem limited on a 1-week delayed posttest involving a novel cartoon. Yet, when participants narrated the same practiced cartoon 1 week later, massed practice also resulted...