Carbon Accounting

Greenhouse gases (GHG) emission from industry is one of the potent contributors to the global warming. In industry, the
source of carbon emissions related to an industry premise can be categorized into two major types, i.e., direct carbon
emission source related to the on-site carbon emission, for instance the emission due to fuel combustion within the
premises itself and indirect carbon emission source that is related to the carbon emission at external premises, due to the resource consumption within the business premises. For instance, electricity, fuel consumption, water consumption, solid waste and waste water will lead to the carbon emission at the power plant, due to the power generation requirement to treat and handle these resource and waste. Therefore, all these five main criteria, i.e., electricity, fuel consumption, water consumption, solid waste and waste water will be selected as carbon performance indicators (CPI). In this study, an integrated carbon accounting and mitigation (INCAM) framework is developed and may serve twofold purposes, tracking of emission in onsite specific area and identify potential emissions reduction strategy in a holistic manner. The systematic steps to develop INCAM includes (1) Define carbon accounting centre (CAC) (2) Establish carbon emission indicators (CEI) for each CAC and CPI (3) Identify the hot spot for each CAC (4) Propose emission reduction strategies and rank emission mitigation measures according to cost effectiveness. INCAM provides relevant information that makes carbon profiling visible to various levels of an organization, enabling industry to plan, make decisions and take effective action to reduce emission towards greening the industry.

Global warming mitigation calculations require consistent procedures for handling time in order to compare 'permanent' gains from energy-sector mitigation options with 'impermanent' gains from many forest-sector options. A critical part of carbon accounting methodologies such as those based on 'ton-years' (the product of the number of tons of carbon times the number of years that each ton is held out of the atmosphere) is definition of a time horizon, or the time period over which carbon impacts and benefits are considered. Here a case is made for using a time horizon of 100 years. This choice avoids distortions created by much longer time horizons that would lead to decisions inconsistent with societal behavior in other spheres; it also avoids a rapid increase in the implied value of time if horizons shorter than 100 years are used. Selection of a time horizon affects decisions on financial mechanisms and carbon credit. Simple adaptations can allow a time horizon to be specified and used to calculate mitigation benefits and at the same time reserve a given percentage of weight in decision making for generations beyond the end of the time horizon. The choice of a time horizon will heavily influence whether mitigation options such as avoided deforestation are considered viable.

The “upfront” embodied carbon (EC) of building materials includes the accumulated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from harvesting, manufacturing and transportation processes, and is becoming more widely recognized as a major source of global GHGs. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the potential for buildings to go beyond reduced or zero GHG emissions and to become– at least temporarily – a negative emissions technology, namely places of net storage of carbon. The study examines the EC for two samples of low-rise residential buildings that are representative of the North American wood-framed typology: a single-unit raised bungalow of 185m2 and an eight-unit, four-story of 935 m2. Data from Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) for a wide variety of materials that could feasibly be used to construct the sample buildings are used to calculate the total EC for four different material assemblies in each building type: High EC, Typical EC, Best Conventional EC and Best EC. Results demonstrate the upfront embodied carbon can vary widely, ranging from a worst-case scenario of 415 kgCO2e/m2 of net emissions to a best case of 170 kgCO2e/m2 of net carbon storage by using biogenic (plant-based) materials. In addition, an energy modeling analysis of the buildings was conducted for the Toronto, Ontario climate to compare the EC with the operational carbon (OC) emissions. The results show that achievable reductions in EC could provide more than four times the overall GHG reductions than energy efficiency improvements to reduce OC between 2020 and 2050. The building model with both the lowest EC and OC is shown to have net carbon storage for several centuries. At the current scale of US residential construction, annual carbon storage in residential buildings as modeled could reach 30,000,000 tonnes, the equivalent of 10 coal-fired power plants. The immediate impact of large-scale GHG reductions from the use of carbon-storing materials is demonstrated to be worthy of consideration for the building industry and related policy makers.

Enacting Environments is an ethnography of the midst of the encounter between corporations, sustainable development and climate change. At this intersection 'environmental management' and 'carbon accounting' are put into practice. Purportedly, these practices green capitalism. Drawing on fieldwork of day-to-day practices of corporate environmental accountants and managers, Ingmar Lippert reconstructs their work as achieving to produce a reality of environment that is simultaneously stable and flexible enough for a particular corporate project: to stage the company, and in consequence capitalism, as in control over its relations to an antecedent environment. Not confined to mere texts or meetings between shiny stakeholders co-governing the corporation – among them some of the world's biggest auditing firms, an environmental non-governmental organisation (NGO) and standards – control is found to be distributed across as well as limited to a myriad of practical work situations, involving spreadsheets and slide shows. Carbon accounting takes place in the midst of docile as well as dissident humans and nonhumans. As a result of this analysis, Enacting Environments establishes how carbon emission facts are produced and co-configure climate change realities. Ingmar Lippert argues: within capitalism, environment does not exist in the singular but in the plural; and these environments are not existing out there to be read off some anterior Nature but they are brought into social, economic and political existence in the practices of accounting for them. Providing a portfolio of methods to study techno-managerial engagement with carbon, Ingmar Lippert shows how much is overlooked in received theories of corporate environmental accounting, theories of the performativity of environmental economics and, ultimately, the epistemic and ontic effects of fact-making in the heart of neoliberal capitalism.

cite as: Ingmar Lippert (2013). Enacting Environments: An Ethnography of the Digitalisation and Naturalisation of Emissions. PhD Dissertation in Sociology, University of Augsburg, Augsburg.

Upaya mitigasi perubahan iklim merupakan komitmen global yang memiliki konsekuensi terhadap semua negara di dunia. Peran serta aktif dan komitemen dari negara maju dan berkembang sangat berpengaruh terhadap kemajuan proses negosiasi pengurangan emisi global. Sebagai salah satu negara berkembang yang memiliki hutan tropis terluas di dunia, Indonesia menjadi negara penting yang dapat mengurangi emisi dari deforestasi dan degradasi hutan, sekaligus melalui penyerapan karbon oleh hutan. Selain itu, komitmen Indonesia untuk mengurangi emisi sebesar 26% atau 41% dengan dukungan internasional pada tahun 2020, telah memposisikan diri di dalam upaya negosiasi penurunan emisi di tingkat internasional.

Calculating and making public carbon footprints is becoming self-evident for multinational corporations. Drawing on ethnographic data I narrate of the calculative routine practices involved in that process. The narration shows how routine yet sophisticated mathematical transformations are involved in retrieving salient information, and second that mathematical consistency is readily interrupted by 'dirty data'. Such interruptions call for opportunistic data management in devising work-arounds, which effect enough mathematical coherence for the number to hold together. Foregrounding an episode of calculative data retrieval, interruption and work-around contrivance, I employ it to make a comparative reading of two STS analytics, arguing: whereas Callon and Law's (2005) analytic technique of qualculation reveals the episode of data management and work around contrivance as a teleologically oriented process that manages to bridge mathematical inconsistency, Verran's technique of ontologising troubles enables us to recognise how a number-as-network configures its particular kind of certainty and coherence, how it sticks.

After the evolution of industrialisation and reaching the peak in technology advancement, the future development relies on giving an emphasis to sustainability. Sustainability is addressed through green initiatives in and clean energy utilisation in every field. This is backed by the motive of Sustainable Development Goals to be achieved by 2030. Such sources of funds and applications of these funds are recorded through Social and Environmental Accounting (SEA). Where carbon accounting, is quantifying and recording of carbon emission and deriving carbon footprint. This is done by measuring carbon dioxide equivalents emitted by an entity. Corporate finance believes in the objective of wealth maximisation and is closely related to environmental concerns for long term growth. financial value of risk in transferring from conventional technology to more sustainable technology could accommodate an additional risk in this concern. green instruments are green mutual funds, green bonds etc. Here in this conceptual paper, we take into account these two different concepts, yet how these could be combined for further applicability as both are of the common context of sustainability. Where in carbon accounting deals with quantifying how much or on what scale the business activity is going against sustainability or causing environmental disturbances, and SEA draws a fine interpretation onto measures taken for reduction of carbon footprint and different methods taken up to attain sustainability. This paper intends to bring out the need for collaborating carbon accounting and social and environmental accounting for practical application.

Amazonian forest reserves have significant carbon benefits, but the methodology used for accounting for these benefits will be critical in determining whether the powerful economic force represented by mitigation efforts to slow global warming will be applied to creating these reserves. Opportunities for reserve creation are quickly being lost as new areas are opened to deforestation though highway construction and other developments. Leakage, or the effects that a reserve or other mitigation project provokes outside of the project boundaries, is critical to a proper accounting of net carbon benefits. Protected areas in the Amazon have particularly great potential mitigation benefits over an extended time horizon. Over a 100-year time frame, virtually no unprotected forest is likely to remain, meaning that potential leakages (both leakage to the vicinity of the reserves and that displaced by removing protected areas from the land-grabbing market) should not matter much because any short-term leakage would be "recovered" eventually. The effect of the value attributed to time greatly influences the impact of leakage on benefits credited to reserves. Simple assumptions regarding leakage scenarios illustrate the benefits of reserves and the critical areas where agreement is necessary to make this option a practical component of mitigation efforts. The stakes are too high to allow further delays in reaching agreement on these issues.

Amazonian forest reserves have significant carbon benefits, but the methodology used for accounting for these benefits will be critical in determining whether the powerful economic force represented by mitigation efforts to slow global warming will be applied to creating these reserves. Opportunities for reserve creation are quickly being lost as new areas are opened to deforestation though highway construction and other developments. Leakage, or the effects that a reserve or other mitigation project provokes outside of the project boundaries, is critical to a proper accounting of net carbon benefits. Protected areas in the Amazon have particularly great potential mitigation benefits over an extended time horizon. Over a 100-year time frame, virtually no unprotected forest is likely to remain, meaning that potential leakages (both leakage to the vicinity of the reserves and that displaced by removing protected areas from the land-grabbing market) should not matter much because any short-term leakage would be "recovered" eventually. The effect of the value attributed to time greatly influences the impact of leakage on benefits credited to reserves. Simple assumptions regarding leakage scenarios illustrate the benefits of reserves and the critical areas where agreement is necessary to make this option a practical component of mitigation efforts. The stakes are too high to allow further delays in reaching agreement on these issues.

The way that carbon accounting is done greatly influences the value attributed to maintaining tropical forests. Accounting choices will be determining factors in the role that Brazil's Amazon forest plays in global mitigation efforts and in the role that funds from mitigation will play in redirecting the course of history in Amazonia. Critical decisions include the form of accounting (stocks versus flows) that are applicable under different circumstances, baselines for establishing additionality, and the restrictions and adjustments (including discounting to attribute value to time) applied to reflect differences in permanence, leakage and uncertainty. None of these problems is insurmountable, but addressing them will require both academic effort and the political courage of decision-makers to act on available information.

The measurement of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and removals is essential to effective action on climate change. Assessments of GHG are now carried out at a number of different levels, including both the national and corporate level. Greater public participation may also help to reach climate change mitigation targets and one way to support this is to develop emissions accounts for local areas that are identifiable to those who live there. A new standard, the Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GPC) was issued in 2012 and provides rules to facilitate an account for a whole community. This standard has been trialled through an application of the proposed accounting rules to an area of the West Highlands of Scotland. The accounting rules were clear to follow and the main practical difficulties were not with the standard itself but with the availability of sufficiently disaggregated data. The main weakness identified with the GPC is that it is predominantly focussed on providing a production-based inventory, whereas we suggest that community level inventories will be most relevant to community level action if the scope of the inventory focusses on the emission sources that can be influenced by the community.

Many proposed activities for mitigating global warming in the land-use change and forestry (LUCF) sector differ from measures to avoid fossil fuel emissions because carbon (C) may be held out of the atmosphere only temporarily. In addition, the timing of the effects is usually different. Many LUCF activities alter C fluxes to and from the atmosphere several decades into the future, whereas fossil fuel emissions avoidance has immediate effects. Non-CO 2 greenhouse gases (GHGs), which are an important part of emissions from deforestation in low-latitude regions, also pose complications for comparisons between fossil fuel and LUCF, since the mechanism generally used to compare these gases (global warming potentials) assumes simultaneous emissions. A common numeraire is needed to express global warming mitigation benefits of different kinds of projects, such as fossil fuel emissions reduction, C sequestration in forest plantations, avoided deforestation by creating protected areas and through policy changes to slow rates of land-use changes such as clearing. Megagram (Mg)-year (also known as 'ton-year') accounting provides a mechanism for expressing the benefits of activities such as these on a consistent basis. One can calculate the atmospheric load of each GHG that will be present in each year, expressed as C in the form of CO 2 and its instantaneous impact equivalent contributed by other gases. The atmospheric load of CO 2 -equivalent C present over a time horizon is a possible indicator of the climatic impact of the emission that placed this load in the atmosphere. Conversely, this index also provides a measure of the benefit of not producing the emission. One accounting method compares sequestered CO 2 in trees with the CO 2 that would be in the atmosphere had the sequestration project not been undertaken, while another method (used in this paper) compares the atmospheric load of C (or equivalent in non-CO 2 GHGs) in both project and no-project scenarios. Time preference, expressed by means of a discount rate on C, can be applied to Mg-year equivalence calculations to allow societal decisions regarding the value of time to be integrated into the system for calculating global warming impacts and benefits. Giving a high value to time, either by raising the discount rate or by shortening the time horizon, increases the value attributed to temporary sequestration (such as many forest plantation projects). A high value for time also favors mitigation measures that have rapid effects (such as slowing deforestation rates) as compared to measures that only affect emissions years in the future (such as creating protected areas in countries with large areas of remaining forest). Decisions on temporal issues will guide mitigation efforts towards options that may or may not be desirable on the basis of social and environmental effects in spheres other than global warming. How sustainable development criteria are incorporated into the approval and crediting systems for activities under the Kyoto Protocol will determine the overall environmental and social impacts of pending decisions on temporal issues.

Carbon accounting has become a valuable tool for expressing the fossil energy demand of products, organizational entities, or entire countries. About a decade ago, cities also began accounting their carbon emissions. The first major city to do so was London in 2009, stating a carbon footprint of 4.84 tCO2eq/(year*capita) for 2008. Nowadays, multiple rankings compare the carbon emissions of cities. For example, the Urban Land Magazine lists São Paulo as the city with the world's lowest carbon emissions (1.4 CO2eq/(year*capita)). Such listings typically present the depicted emission values as scientifically indisputable numbers. However, a closer look at the applied methodology frequently reveals a wide range of implicit, often undisclosed assumptions at the foundation of the calculations.
This paper analyses the uncertainties of carbon accounting on the city scale, using the example of the Red Sea resort town of El Gouna. The estimated value of El Gouna's carbon footprint for the year 2014 is 14.3 tCO2eq/(year*capita). Third Scope emissions constitute the majority of El Gouna's carbon footprint. Varying their underlying assumptions only slightly can lead to alterations of the results of more than 50%, questioning the robustness of the findings. To increase the robustness and the comparability of carbon accounting across cities, this paper suggests emphasizing Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions, while limiting the role of Scope 3 emissions.

Many aspects of the calculation of the impacts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the costs and benefits of possible response options are highly sensitive to the way in which time preference is incorporated into the computations. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) used global warming potentials (GWPs) to standardize inputs of different gases with differing radiative forcings and atmospheric lifetimes; in the results emphasized by the IPCC's Second Assessment Report, a 100-year time horizon and no discounting is used, and this has been adopted by the Kyoto Protocol for use in the first commitment period (2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012). Here an alternative unified index is proposed that assigns explicit weights to the interests of different generations. In contrast to discounting (including the zero discount rate used by the IPCC), the generationally weighted index forces policy makers to face the moral assumptions that underlie their choices related to global warming. : S 0 9 2 1 -8 0 0 9 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 0 0 4 -6 P.M. Fearnside / Ecological Economics 41 (2002) 21-31

The development of capital markets has increased the demand for complete information reflecting the economic, social and environmental context in which the organization operates. But financial information alone cannot provide all the necessary competence to support investment decisions. Thus, investors are facing significant challenges because they allocate funds towards an uncertain future. More and more funds are seeking not only an economic return of their investments, but also positive social and environmental impact, ruling out placing capital alternatives considered being unsustainable and unacceptable. In 2013, Gas Natural Fenosa adopted the International Integrated Reporting Framework, a corporate report approach that seeks to communicate how a company creates value by building a deeper understanding of strategy and intensifying the dialogue with investors and other stakeholders, and considering the connection between financial and non-financial information.

By way of exploring ethnographic data on carbon construction practices by agents of ecological modernisation in a multinational corporation, this paper seeks to problematise the distributed and heterogeneous intelligence assembled by human and non-humans to make intelligible their carbon footprint.
Grounded in ethnographic fieldwork at a leading multinational in the financial services sector over a period of more than 12 months, I focus on everyday work practices as taking place in a capitalist context. It is through practical work that the presences of carbon emissions are imagined and brought into being. Thus, carbon emerges as co-constituted by thought. I will focus on instances in which the corporate machinery, i.e. automated thought, had to be supplemented by immediate human practices of 1) thinking themselves, 2) organising materials to think through and 3) ordering others to think. At another layer of analysis, I am to scrutinise carbon construction practices through the tension between creatively thinking / envisioning – and calculating / number crunching. Tracing members' practices allows to reconstruct how their usage of dichotomies renders carbon emissions intelligible.
As a result of this analysis carbon accounting emerges as enabled through an extended system of cognition. The paper concludes by tentatively suggesting a view on this machinery as co-constituting a wider – to borrow Guattari's term – Universe: A Universe of references to carbon.
Following these relations of thinking allows to question the conceptualisations of the actors involved and how their practical interactions render carbon, nature and our society (un)sustainable. This, I hope, provides a chance to better conceptualise individuals, their social and material contexts, and through that, corresponding room for manoevre.

This Initial Report describes the findings of a systematic literature review to synthesise data for developing the metrics of a United Kingdom (UK) Saltmarsh Carbon Code. The review targeted published data on the key drivers of variation in carbon stock, sequestration and greenhouse gas (CO2, CH4 and N2O) fluxes for natural as well as restored saltmarsh systems in the UK.

The study aimed at investigating the effect of six sigma criteria on competitive advantage for Jordanian industrial public shareholding companies. Data was collected from a random sample using a questionnaire specially designed for this purpose. Multiple regression analysis was utilised to test the hypotheses using the stepwise approach. The study revealed that Six Sigma criteria as a whole significantly affect the competitive advantage; and each criterion was significant and explained a significant amount of the variance in a competitive advantage. The findings of the study also showed that Jordanian industrial companies apply Six Sigma criteria at an average level, and they are interested in the competitive advantage at an average level. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Al-Zwaylif, I.M. and Taher, L. (2020) 'The effect of Six Sigma approach as a tool for strategic cost management on achieving competitive advantage: the case of Jordanian industrial public shareholding companies', Int.

Akuntansi emisi karbon di Indonesia dilaksanakan dengan tujuan untuk
mengurangi karbon akibat aktivitas industri. Hal tersebut sesuai dengan apa yang diamanatkan oleh Protokol Kyoto yang berusaha untuk menjaga suhu bumi agar tidak meningkat hingga 2o celcius dengan cara mengurangi karbon. Pelaksanaan akuntansi karbon di Indonesia sudah diterapkan oleh Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup melalui Indonesian National Carbon Accounting Sytem (INCAS) bagi sektor kehutanan akan tetapi bagi sektor industri belum ada mekanisme akuntansi yang jelas dalam melaksanakan akuntansi karbon sehingga pelaksanaanya bersifat sukarela dengan dilaporkan dalam berbagai macam versi. Pelaksanaan akuntansi emisi karbon dapat menggunakan PSAK yang mana PSAK merupakan standar umum yang digunakan dalam menyelenggarakan akuntansi di Indonesia. Strategi pelaksanaan akuntansi emisi karbon dapat meliputi perencanaan dalam undang undang, peraturan menteri, dan SOP perusahaan, pelaksanaan melalui program pengurangan karbon join crediting mechanism, evaluasi menggunakan pelaporan karbon yang merupakan output akuntansi emisi karbon dan pengawasan melalui audit operasi, audit kepatuhan dan audit keuangan. Dengan dilaksanakannya akuntansi emisi karbon berbasis standar akuntansi keuangan, kinerja keuangan dari program join crediting mechanism dapat diukur dengan mudah dan dikomunikasikan kepada pihak yang berkepentingan, selain itu akuntansi emisi karbon menjadi alat kontrol dan alat evaluasi manajemen dalam mencapai target pengurangan karbon, sehingga membantu perusahaan dalam mencapai tujuan sustainable development golas
(SDGs)

A recent paper by Miko Kirschbaum (Mitigat Adapt Strategies Glob Change 11(5-6): [1151][1152][1153][1154][1155][1156][1157][1158][1159][1160][1161][1162][1163][1164] 2006) argues that temporary carbon (C) storage has ''virtually no climate-change mitigation value.'' However, temporary carbon has value in delaying global warming that needs to be recognized in carbon accounting methodologies. The conclusions reached are very sensitive to any value that is attached to time. Basing analysis exclusively on the maximum temperature reached within a 100-year time frame ignores other important impacts of global warming that also need to be included when mitigation strategies are assessed. The relative weightings for long-term versus short-term impacts represent policy choices that result in a greater or a lesser value being attributed to temporary carbon, but that value should not be zero. Global warming is too formidable an enemy to allow us the luxury of discarding part of our arsenal in fighting against it. Both reducing fossil-fuel combustion and increasing biosphere carbon stocks are needed.

This research is aimed to examine the effect of environmental performance on firm value with environmental disclosure as a mediation variable. Sample of research is non-financial companies at the Indonesia Stock Exchange that have followed the Environmental Performance Assessment Program (PROPER) held by the Ministry of Life Environment and Forestry. The data analysis method is Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS), and the analysis operation is facilitated by the software of WarpPLS 6.0. The result of analysis has given a few findings. One is that environmental performance has a positive effect on firm value and environmental disclosure. Other result shows that environmental disclosure does not affect firm value and does not mediate the effect of environmental performance on firm value. In general, all the results support the stakeholder theory and the resource-based view theory. Companies with environmentally friendly commitments can be a strategy in creating...

This research is aimed to examine the effect of environmental performance on firm value with environmental disclosure as a mediation variable. Sample of research is non-financial companies at the Indonesia Stock Exchange that have followed the Environmental Performance Assessment Program (PROPER) held by the Ministry of Life Environment and Forestry. The data analysis method is Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS), and the analysis operation is facilitated by the software of WarpPLS 6.0. The result of analysis has given a few findings. One is that environmental performance has a positive effect on firm value and environmental disclosure. Other result shows that environmental disclosure does not affect firm value and does not mediate the effect of environmental performance on firm value. In general, all the results support the stakeholder theory and the resource-based view theory. Companies with environmentally friendly commitments can be a strategy in creating higher firm value.

Progressives’ and environmentalists’ challenge is to create, in the coming decade, the political conditions under which a broad majority of Americans would support truly aggressive low-carbon policies. Climate advocates need to tie the concepts of climate politics, economic fairness, and overall well-being so tightly together that no one can tell the difference. The danger is that progressives’ and environmentalists’ efforts so far—especially their focus on technocratic city-level policies that sidestep inequality—could miss the chance to jump-start a left-populist, equitable climate agenda in time for the 2020 election.

How does a corporation know it emits carbon? Acquiring such knowledge starts with the classification of environmentally relevant consumption information. This paper visits the corporate location at which this underlying element for their knowledge is assembled to give rise to carbon emissions. Using an Actor- network theory (ANT) framework, the aim is to investigate the actors who bring together the elements needed to classify their carbon emission sources and unpack the heterogeneous relations drawn on. Based on an ethnographic study of corporate agents of ecological modernisation over a period of 13 months, this paper provides an exploration of three cases of enacting classification. Drawing on Actor-Network theory, we problematise the silencing of a range of possible modalities of consumption facts and point to the ontological ethics involved in such performances. In a context of global warming and corporations construing themselves as able and suitable to manage their emissions, and, additionally, given that the construction of carbon emissions has performative consequences, the underlying practices need to be declassified, i.e. opened for public scrutiny. Hence the paper concludes by arguing for a collective engagement with the ontological politics of carbon.

This research is aimed to examine the effect of environmental performance on firm value with environmental disclosure as a mediation variable. Sample of research is non-financial companies at the Indonesia Stock Exchange that have followed the Environmental Performance Assessment Program (PROPER) held by the Ministry of Life Environment and Forestry. The data analysis method is Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS), and the analysis operation is facilitated by the software of WarpPLS 6.0. The result of analysis has given a few findings. One is that environmental performance has a positive effect on firm value and environmental disclosure. Other result shows that environmental disclosure does not affect firm value and does not mediate the effect of environmental performance on firm value. In general, all the results support the stakeholder theory and the resource-based view theory. Companies with environmentally friendly commitments can be a strategy in creating higher firm value.

Greenhouse gases (GHG) emission from industry is one of the potent contributors to the global warming. In industry, the source of carbon emissions related to an industry premise can be categorized into two major types, i.e., direct carbon emission source related to the on-site carbon emission, for instance the emission due to fuel combustion within the premises itself and indirect carbon emission source that is related to the carbon emission at external premises, due to the resource consumption within the business premises. For instance, electricity, fuel consumption, water consumption, solid waste and waste water will lead to the carbon emission at the power plant, due to the power generation requirement to treat and handle these resource and waste. Therefore, all these five main criteria, i.e., electricity, fuel consumption, water consumption, solid waste and waste water will be selected as carbon performance indicators (CPI). In this study, an integrated carbon accounting and mitigation (INCAM) framework is developed and may serve twofold purposes, tracking of emission in onsite specific area and identify potential emissions reduction strategy in a holistic manner. The systematic steps to develop INCAM includes (1) Define carbon accounting centre (CAC) (2) Establish carbon emission indicators (CEI) for each CAC and CPI (3) Identify the hot spot for each CAC (4) Propose emission reduction strategies and rank emission mitigation measures according to cost effectiveness. INCAM provides relevant information that makes carbon profiling visible to various levels of an organization, enabling industry to plan, make decisions and take effective action to reduce emission towards greening the industry.

This research is aimed to examine the effect of environmental performance on firm value with environmental disclosure as a mediation variable. Sample of research is non-financial companies at the Indonesia Stock Exchange that have followed the Environmental Performance Assessment Program (PROPER) held by the Ministry of Life Environment and Forestry. The data analysis method is Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS), and the analysis operation is facilitated by the software of WarpPLS 6.0. The result of analysis has given a few findings. One is that environmental performance has a positive effect on firm value and environmental disclosure. Other result shows that environmental disclosure does not affect firm value and does not mediate the effect of environmental performance on firm value. In general, all the results support the stakeholder theory and the resource-based view theory. Companies with environmentally friendly commitments can be a strategy in creating...

Carbon accounting has become a valuable tool for expressing the fossil energy demand of products, organizational entities, or entire countries. About a decade ago, cities also began accounting their carbon emissions. The first major city to do so was London in 2009, stating a carbon footprint of 4.84 tCO2eq/(year*capita) for 2008. Nowadays, multiple rankings compare the carbon emissions of cities. For example, the Urban Land Magazine lists São Paulo as the city with the world’s lowest carbon emissions (1.4 CO2eq/(year*capita)). Such listings typically present the depicted emission values as scientifically indisputable numbers. However, a closer look at the applied methodology frequently reveals a wide range of implicit, often undisclosed assumptions at the foundation of the calculations. This paper analyses the uncertainties of carbon accounting on the city scale, using the example of the Red Sea resort town of El Gouna. The estimated value of El Gouna’s carbon footprint for the yea...

Basically, the combustion of woody biomass in high temperature processes results in a long lasting addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. When harvesting large extra amounts of stem tree for energetic use, a global as well as secular time frame is needed to assess overall consequences if due attention is to be given to biosphere processes, including the complex productivity of whole ecosystems. Analytically, a time dependent variable of carbon neutralization can be traced by a simple carbon neutrality or CN factor. Using the (forgotten) Marland approach, project managers should document how a pay-back of the whole carbon debt incurred by their projects proceeds over time. As recommended by the European Parliament in May 2011, this methodology should be applied consistently in climate and energy policies when revising the failures of the 'instant carbon neutrality' approach for smokestack emissions that was propagated within the Kyoto process, the first phase of which is ending in 2012. Otherwise, we allow that the substitution of wood pellets for coal or other fossil fuels creates long lasting extra emissions of carbon dioxide. This is a climate policy mistake which carbon trading systems such as that of the EU ETS do not compensate for, but instead amplify by giving extra credits for further pollution. This contradicts the very purpose of the UNFCCC, namely to prevent environmental degradation.