Bhp

Streszczenie
Wprowadzenie i cel pracy. Monitorowanie bezpieczeństwa i higieny pracy należy do jednego z podstawowych obowiązków pracodawców. Mimo tego tylko niewielka liczba pracodawców widzi potrzebę stałego i aktywnego analizowania bezpieczeństwa i higieny pracy. Na takie stanowisko pracodawców duży wpływ ma poziom świadomości w zakresie zarządzania produkcją. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie i analiza aktualnego stanu wiedzy dotyczącego aktualnie istniejących mierników.
Opis stanu wiedzy. Prezentowane w literaturze mierniki stanu bezpieczeństwa i higieny pracy w niewielkim stopniu odnoszą się do monitorowania stanu bhp w mikroskali, tj. bezpośrednio na stanowisku pracy. Służą one głównie do badania stanu bezpieczeństwa na poziomie zakładu pracy. Do najczęściej wykorzystywanych wskaźników służących do monitorowania warunków pracy nadal należą wskaźniki wypadków przy pracy oraz wskaźnik określający liczbę osób zatrudnionych w warunkach zagrożenia. Pozostałe wskaźniki, które mogą być stosowane do monitorowania stanu bhp na pojedynczym stanowisku pracy są najrzadziej stosowane.
Wnioski. Ważnym jest, aby w szerszym zakresie dostępne były mierniki służące do monitorowania stanu bhp na stanowisku pracy, które nie będą skomplikowane w użyciu, będą pozwalały na szybką i precyzyjną diagnozę obszarów wymagających korekty w obszarze bhp, były wskaźnikami wiodącymi oraz pokazywały wpływ niedociągnięć w obszarze bhp na produktywność.
Słowa kluczowe
mierniki BHP, bezpieczeństwo pracy, higiena pracy, wypadki
Measures of the state of safety and occupational hygiene at workplaces
Abstract
Introduction and aim. The monitoring of safety and occupational hygiene is one of the basic duties of employers.
Despite this, only a small number of employers see the need for performing constant and active analysis of work safety and occupational hygiene. The level of awareness in the area of production management exerts a great effect on such an attitude of the employers. The aim of the study is to present and analyze the current state of knowledge regarding the currently existing measures.
Description of the state of knowledge. The measures of the state of safety and occupational hygiene presented in
literature, to a small degree, refer to the monitoring of the state of OSH on a micro-scale, i.e. directly at a workplace. They serve mainly for the examination of the state of safety on the level of an enterprise. The measures most commonly used for the monitoring of work conditions are still indicators concerning occupational accidents, and an indicator determining the number of workers employed in conditions of risk. The remaining indicators, which may be used for the monitoring of the state of OSH at a single workplace, are rarely applied.
Conclusions. It is important that the measures for the monitoring of the state of OSH at a workplace are available which would not be complicated to use, and would allow a quick and precise diagnosis of the areas requiring correction in the sphere of OSH, and would be the leading indicators showing the effect of shortcomings in OSH on productivity
Key words
The measures of the state of safety and occupational hygiene, safety of work, occupational hygiene, accidents

Considering that well test is an asset evaluation tool, condensate well testing is designed to address the uncertainties in retrograde performance with respect to various flow regimes under certain completion strategies and surface facility design. Condensate banking/trapping around the near wellbore due to liquid dropout (heavy end fraction condensation resulting to high reduction in effective gas permeability), the desire critical condensate saturation to re-establish mobility, the effect of interfacial tension and the capillary pressure present between the immiscible fluids can be observed and possibly addressed from well testing and analysis. A designed pressure scheme suitable to reduce productivity losses is adequately advisable from well test. Well test (which is a variation in sand phase pressure with time) can be used to determine: the dynamism in rock and fluid properties, underground withdrawals and cash flow. It could also serve as a factor for joint venture agreement and sale/purchase of assets. These achievements are based on excellent reservoir/well management initiated by accurate performance interpretation and forecast. The discussion of this paper is centered in the use of production testing and analysis for enhance condensate reservoir/well management. Various evaluation criteria's (Reservoir Deliverability, Well Productivity and Completion Strategies) were deployed in the characterization of the reservoir/well performance using simulated field data. However, back pressure, process facility design, surface data recordings and sample analysis under selected surface operating conditions were used to simulate the well stream process. This research has been able to shown that: production well testing and analysis can be used to determine the maximum attainable drawdown that will increase production and delay condensate liquid dropout around the wellbore. The similarities and variations in the results obtained from Maximum Efficiency Rate (MER) test and Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP) test as regards the aforementioned criteria's considering condensate behavior and the necessary maintenance (pressure, completion, wellhead etc) that will be required to sustain and/or improve production performance has been discussed.

Recently production optimization has achieved increasing attention in upstream petroleum industry. Here, we evaluate derivative free optimization methods for determination of the optimal production strategy using a numerical reservoir model which was prepared for a comparative study at the SPE Applied Technology Workshop in Brugge, June 2008. The pattern search Hooke-Jeeves, the reflection simplex Nelder-Mead, a new line-search derivative-free and a generalized pattern search methods are applied to the optimization problem. The line-search derivative-free algorithm is developed based on the existing line-search derivative free algorithms in combination with the Hooke-Jeeves pattern search method. The derivative free optimization results are compared with a gradient based sequential quadratic programming algorithm, but we clearly identify some issues limiting the performance of gradient based algorithms. In real applications our optimization problem is facing very costly function evaluations and at the same time one might have limitations in the computational budget. Therefore we are interested in methods that can improve the objective function with few function evaluations. The line-search derivative-free method performs more efficient and better than the other optimization methods. Ranking among the other four methods is somewhat more difficult, except that the Nelder-Mead method clearly has the slowest performance among these methods. We also observed that optimization with sequential quadratic programming had a high risk of getting trapped in a local optimum, which could be explained by properties of the objective function.

Marketing idei określa się jako zespół działań, które za pomocą instrumentów marketingu upowszechniają i promują społecznie ważne przesłania, zdobywając dla nich przychylność odbiorców, a w konsekwencji ułatwiając ich realizację. Pozyskiwanie społecznej akceptacji dla haseł dotyczących zdrowia i bezpieczeństwa pracy wymaga typowych elementów promocji, takich jak: reklama, marketing bezpośredni, promocja sprzedaży, public relations i publicity (rozgłos) oraz sprzedaż osobista. W artykule jest on przedstawiony na przykładzie promocji idei bezpieczeństwa pracy w formach realizowanych przez Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy. Przedstawiona analiza wskazuje, które formy promocji sprawdzają się w odniesieniu do różnych grup odbiorców. Wiedza ta jest bardzo pomocna w planowaniu i przygotowywaniu działań promocyjnych dotyczących bezpieczeństwa i higieny pracy.
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Marketing of an idea can be defined as a range of activities which disseminate and promote socially important messages by means of marketing instruments. Target audiences like it and, as a consequence, the realization of an idea is easier. The process of gaining social acceptance for messages related to OHS issues requires typical promotion instruments such as advertising, direct marketing, sales promotion, public relations, publicity and direct sales. This article presents forms of OSH promotion used by the Central Institute for Labor Protection – National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB). An analysis of selected OSH promotion methods shows which promotion instruments are successful in regard to various target groups. This knowledge is very helpful in planning and preparing OSH promotion.

Penggunaan kendaraan meningkat dari tahun ke tahun membuat semakin meningkatnya jumlah konsumsi minyak dunia. Meningkatnya konsumsi minyak dunia ini mengakibatkan terjadinya krisis energi, karena jumlah minyak yang berasal dari tambang terbatas. Oleh sebab itu banyak penelitian yang dilakukan untuk mendapatkan bahan bakar subtitusi yang terbarukan dan ramah lingkungan. Untuk mengetahui seberapa baik bahan bakar maka dilakukan penelitian perbandingan performa mesin diesel dengan mengunakan bahan bakar bio solar dan pertamina DEX. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui performa motor diesel dengan menggunakan bahan bakar bio solar dan pertamina DEX tanpa dilakukan perubahan penyetelan mesin standar. Dari data penelitian diperoleh, bahan bakar bio solar menghasil BHP 0,143 kg/Hp.jam dari pertamina DEX, dan efisiensi yang dihasilkan dari bahan bakar biosolar < 1,097% dari pertamina DEX, data tersebut diukur pada beban 2700 watt dengan putaran 2500 Rpm. Dengan nilai kepekatan, baha...

W związku z negatywnymi konsekwencjami (społecznymi i ekonomicznymi) wypadków przy pracy zarówno dla mikro, jak i makrostruktur społecznych, stale poszukuje się metod ograniczania ryzykownych zachowań pracowników. Wyniki badań dowodzą, że do zmniejszenia liczby wypadków przy pracy przyczynia się m.in. wprowadzenie systemu zarządzania bhp. Jednak tylko wówczas, gdy system taki jest dostosowany do specyfiki przedsiębiorstwa i skuteczny. Cytowane w artykule wyniki badań dowodzą, że dla skutecznego funkcjonowania systemu zarządzania bhp w przedsiębiorstwie decydujące znaczenie mogą mieć czynniki związane z kulturą bezpieczeństwa pracy, w tym prawidłowe relacje między kierownictwem a pracownikami, zaangażowanie kierownictwa wyższego szczebla i efektywne zaangażowanie pracowników. Można zatem przyjąć, że w dobie coraz skuteczniejszych technicznych zabezpieczeń pracy poprawy jej bezpieczeństwa należy szukać wśród elementów systemu społecznego przedsiębiorstwa i w związku z tym pochylić się nad ich związkiem z systemem zarządzania bhp. W niniejszym artykule podjęto temat jednego z elementów systemu społecznego, silnie związanego z zachowaniem się pracowników, tj. postaw pracowników wobec bezpieczeństwa pracy. Za funkcjonalistami przyjęto bowiem, że mogą być one związane z systemem zarządzania bhp w przedsiębiorstwie.

Given the negative social and economic consequences of workplace accidents for social micro- and macrostructures, the search for methods of reducing risky behaviour of workers is still in progress. Research results show that an OSH management system is a factor contributing to the reduction of accidents. However, it is only true if the system is enterprise-adapted and effective. The research results quoted in the article prove that the key factors for the effectivity of an OSH management system are related to the safety culture. Those include proper relationships between the management and the workers, involvement of top management, and effective involvement of the workers. It can be assumed that in the era of more and more effective technical protection of work, we should look for improvements in the social system elements of an enterprise and take a closer look on their connection with OSH management. This article takes up the issue of an element of the social system that is closely bound to the worker’s behaviour, i.e. attitudes towards OSH. It has been assumed, according to the functionalist views, that they might be connected with the OSH management system in enterprises.

Haptoglobin (Hp), an acute phase protein mostly secreted by the liver, is an inflammatory marker. To use the full diagnostic potential of Hp measurements for mastitis, we developed and validated an ELISA sensitive to quantify even basal and subclinical concentrations in both blood and milk. Bovine Hp was purified from serum and was used as a standard and to generate polyclonal antiserum. The limit of detection was 0.07 microg of Hp/mL. From 6 cows challenged by intracisternal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into one quarter, blood samples were collected 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h after LPS administration. Milk samples from the treated and from the contralateral quarters were collected 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 h after LPS administration. Haptoglobin concentrations in blood were increased above basal at 9 h, whereas milk Hp concentration increased 3 h after LPS administration. We therefore evaluated Hp mRNA synthesis within the mammary gland and specifically demonstrated Hp ...

Background: WHO recommends oral polio vaccine at birth (OPV0) in polio endemic countries. During a period without OPV in Guinea-Bissau in 2004, we observed that not receiving OPV0 was associated with significantly decreased mortality in boys and better immune response to BCG vaccination. In 2007, whilst conducting a trial of BCG and vitamin A supplementation (VAS) at birth to low birthweight (LBW) children, OPV was again lacking for a short period. We used this natural experiment to test the previous observations. Methods: In the trial LBW infants were randomised to early or delayed BCG and VAS or placebo at birth. We noted whether the children received OPV0 or not. We compared children who received No OPV0 with those who received OPV0 in the 2 months before and the 2 months after the period without OPV. Mortality was compared in Cox regression models providing adjusted hazard ratios (aHR); the immune response to BCG was assessed in Poisson models providing adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR). Results: Ninety-nine children received No OPV0 and were compared with 243 children who received OPV0. No OPV0 was associated with insignificantly higher mortality during the first year of life, the aHR being 1.83 (95% CI: 0.93-3.61). The effect was similar in boys and girls. Overall, there was no significant association between No OPV0 and having a positive PPD response (aPR = 1.33 (0.64-2.78)) or a scar (aPR = 1.02 (0.93-1.11)) after BCG vaccination, though No OPV0 boys were more likely to develop a scar (aPR: 1.10 (1.01-1.20)).

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to investigate the relationship between oxidative stress experienced by RBCs and their phospholipid content and shedding. Using 1 H-NMR, we demonstrated a higher lactate/pyruvate ratio, an indicator of oxidative stress, in normal RBCs treated with oxidants (t-butylhydroxyperoxide and H 2 O 2 ) as well as in β-thalassemic RBCs. Using 31 P-NMR, we found 30% more phosphatidylcholine (PC), and unexpectedly, 35% less phosphatidylserine (PS) in the thalassemic RBCs. PS was decreased by treatment with oxidants and increased by anti-oxidants (vitamin C and N-acetyl cysteine); PC showed the opposite behavior. Thalassemic RBCs incubated in phosphate buffered saline produced more PS in the supernatant than normal RBCs. Anti-oxidants reduced the PS in the supernatant while oxidants increased it. Plasma of thalassemic patients contained 2.6-fold and 1.8-fold more PS and PC, respectively, than normal plasma. These results indicate that the decreased PS in RBCs resulted from increased shedding. The nature of the shed PS was studied by purifying and analyzing membranous microparticles from the plasma and RBC supernatants. More PS was found in microparticles purified from thalassemic plasma and RBC supernatants (5.6-and 4.8-fold, respectively) than in their normal counterparts. However, the bulk (80-90%) of the shed PS was not associated with microparticles. The significance of PS shedding for RBC survival needs further clarification.

Przedsiębiorcy w niewielkim stopniu uświadamiają sobie wielkość strat ponoszonych w wyniku złych warunków pracy. W zakładach pracy nie są także prowadzone analizy wpływu poziomu bhp na produktywność. W artykule podjęto próbę wskazania przyczyn takiego stanu rzeczy. Omówiono w jaki sposób przedsiębiorcy postrzegają związek między bhp i produktywnością a także zilustrowano jak wpływa to postrzeganie na obserwację tych związków na poziomie stanowisk pracy. Na zakończenie przedstawiono podejście, w którym niezachowanie wymagań bhp traktowane jest jako czynnik generujący straty w możliwościach wytwórczych poszczególnych stanowisk pracy – co stanowi punkt wyjściowy do przedstawienia bhp jako istotnego elementu zarządzania operacyjnego na poziomie stanowisk pracy.
Economic premises of eliminating occupational risk
Entrepreneurs are not really aware of the losses that result from bad working conditions. Enterprises do not
analyse the influence of occupational safety and health (OSH) on productivity. This paper attempts to identify
why this is so. It discusses entrepreneurs’ perception of the relationship between OSH and productivity and
illustrates how that perception influences observations of such relationships at the level of workstations. Finally,
this article presents an approach which considers ignorance of OSH requirements to be a factor generating
losses in the productive capacity at individual workstations, which is a starting point for presenting OSH as a
vital element of operational management at the level of workstations.
Keywords: management, OSH, productivity.

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid that stimulates cell proliferation, migration, and protects cells from apoptosis. It interacts with specific G protein-coupled transmembrane receptors. In this study, mutations of lysophosphatidic acid receptor-1 (LPA1) gene were investigated to clarify the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the development of lung tumors induced by N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP) in rats. Male Wistar rats, 6 weeks of age, were given 2000 ppm BHP in their drinking water for 12 weeks and then maintained without further treatment until sacrifice at 25 weeks. Genomic DNAs were extracted from paraffin-embedded tissues and exons 2-4 were examined for mutations, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. No LPA1 mutations were detected in 15 hyperplasias, but 2 out of 12 adenomas (16.7%) and 7 out of 17 adenocarcinomas (41.2%). These results suggest that mutations of LPA1 gene may be involved in the acquisition of growth advantage from adenomas to adenocarcinomas in lung carcinogenesis induced in rats by BHP.

Pancreas duct epithelial cells (DEC), isolated from hamsters and cultured for up to 25 days, were able to metabolize N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) to species that were mutagenic in V79 cells. There was no decline in the nitrosamine-activating ability of DEC over the period of observation (25 d). DEC activated N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP), N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN), N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMN) and N-nitrosomethyl(2-oxopropyl)amine (MOP) and BOP in the same assay, although the mutation frequencies for BHP, DEN and DMN were barely different from that for the controls (4 + 1 mutants/106 cells). The mutation frequencies for a dose of 0.1 mM were BHP, 2 + 1; BOP, 113 + 7; DEN, 8 + 1; DMN, 5 + 2; and MOP, 18 + 3 (mutants/106 cells; means + SE). When hepatocytes were used the mutation frequencies were BHP; 3 + 1; BOP, 60 + 3; DEN, 8 + 2; DMN, 8 + 2; and MOP, 121 + 10. BOP was toxic to the DEC at doses above 0.1 mM. Experiments in which co-factors were omitted from the medium suggested that an isoform(s) of the cytochrome P-450 IliA family was involved, directly or indirectly, in BOP activation.