Basic Circuit Theory

If you’ve thought about getting into electronics, but don’t know where to start, this book gives you the information you need. Starting with the basics of electricity and circuits, you'll be introduced to digital electronics and microcontrollers, capacitors and inductors, and amplification circuits – all while gaining the basic tools and information you need to start working with low-power electronics.

Electronics for Beginners walks the fine line of focusing on projects-based learning, while still keeping electronics front and center. You'll learn the mathematics of circuits in an uncomplicated fashion and see how schematics map on to actual breadboards. Written for the absolute beginner, this book steers clear of being too math heavy, giving readers the key information they need to get started on their electronics journey.

The light detection efficiency of Photon detecting components is very much dependent on the operating temperature. Rise in operating temperature reduces their ability of photon detection and reduced output signal. This effect becomes prominent in the cases where very weak signals are needed to be detected. There are various methods which can be applied to cater for the situation of changing ambient temperature or the temperature of the component itself. This study present a method which tracks the temperature changes as seen by the device and hence adjusts the bias voltage being supplied to it. The bias voltage mainly depends upon the temperature coefficient of the component and hence adjusts itself. Design and testing method of bias power supply are presented along with the graphical presentation of result. Streszczenie. Pomiar światła przy wykorzystaniu fotodiody bardzo zależy od temperatury-szczególnie w przypadku małego sygnału wyjściowego. W zaproponowanym układzie zasilania zmienia się napięcie w zależności od temperaury. Obwód zasilania fotodiody z kompensacją temperatury Introduction Temperature compensation becomes necessary in situations where the ambient temperatures keep varying or the components itself are prone to temperature changes as their operation goes along[1]. The situation effects the overall operation of electronic circuitry in terms that required output keep changing drastically. In this regard several approaches have been adopted by researchers, these pertain to use of Zener diodes, Peltier elements and N-JFETs [2] as reference for compensation. Nishida etal also presented a temperature compensation model to work with avalanche photodiodes [3], whereas,Webb et al [4] claimed a quantum efficiency of up to 100% after carrying out temperature compensation for an RAPD. Tajammal and Nagi [5] presented a temperature compensation solution for laser diodes.

The design of a linear integrated Op Amp circuit as an alternative solution to differential equation model of RLC Circuit is presented. The fundamental assumption used in the cascaded Operational Amplifier (Op Amp) design is that Op Amp acts linearly. In this paper, we will examine the behavior of the Op Amp when it is used in the cascaded circuit that is an electrical analog to the differential equation model of RLC circuit, which arises in numerous applications particularly in control and communication systems such as ringing circuits, resonant circuits, filters and oscillators. We will design the cascaded op amp circuit that is analog to differential equation model of RLC circuit and obtain graphical results of output function versus time using PSpice Software Probe. To confirm the validity of the design of a linear integrated Op Amp circuit as an alternative solution to differential equation model of RLC circuit implemented in the PSpice Software, simulation results are compared with RLC circuit where we find good agreement between the theoretical predictions of the differential equation model of RLC circuit and the design of a linear integrated Op Amp circuit.

Hamiltonian and Lagrangian mechanics are equivalent to Newtonian mechanics. There are many analogies among circuit elements and mechanical quantities. We are using these analogies and modified equations from Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics to find the equations of RL, RC, RLC, LC and magnetically coupled circuits and show that the same equations emerge when we apply Kirchhoff's Voltage Law and approach the same problem traditionally. We justify our model by finding that the same final equations governing these circuit systems can be achieved by all the approaches which are Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, Hamiltonian and Lagrangian formulations that we analyze in this paper.

This paper aims to validate the Kirchhoff's rule by comparing and accounting for discrepancies between the calculated and measured values i.e. the current and the potential difference across a network of resistors. The experiment is done by creating a circuit with three resistors of varying resistances (1000Ω, 470Ω, & 250Ω) connected to two nine volt batteries. Using the DMM, the current and potential difference can be experimentally measured and via Kirchhoff's first and second rule, the unknown values can be theoretically measured. With these values, we can compute for the percent error which can be seen on table 1. Furthermore, these little errors signify the accuracy of Kirchhoff's rules.

The microscopes we use today are far more complex than those used in the 1600s by Antony van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch shopkeeper who had great skill in crafting lenses. Despite the limitations of his now-ancient lenses, van Leeuwenhoek observed the movements of protista (a type of single-celled organism) and sperm, which he collectively termed "animalcules. "
In a 1665 publication called Micrographia, experimental scientist Robert Hooke coined the term "cell" for the box-like structures he observed when viewing cork tissue through a lens. In the 1670s, van Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria and protozoa. Later advances in lenses, microscope construction, and staining techniques enabled other scientists to see some components inside cells.

Resumen La Teoría de Circuitos es un componente fundamental del currículo de la carrera de ingeniería eléctrica/electrónica. La validez de esta teoría, sin embargo, está supe-ditada al cumplimiento de ciertas premisas físicas que muchas veces se suelen sosla-yar en los cursos de circuitos y electromagnetismo básicos. En este artículo derivamos las ecuaciones principales de la Teoría de Circuitos a partir de la Teoría Electromag-nética con el propósito de facilitar la comprensión de sus limitaciones y de proveer una visión más precisa de su significado físico. Abstract Circuit Theory is a fundamental component of the electrical and electronic engineering career curricula. The validity of this theory, however, is subjected to the fulfillment of certain physical premises that are often ignored in basic circuit and electromagnetism courses. In this article we deduce the main equations of the Circuit Theory from the Electromagnetic Theory with the purpose of facilitating the understanding of its limitations and of providing a more precise vision of its physical meaning.

In this paper we examine the possibility to write the circuit equivalent for each of Maxwell's Equations in free-space. That could be considered a paradox, since in “empty” space there should be neither currents nor charges. Moreover, in Circuit Theory the space is not continuous but it's a discrete network, made of nodes and edges, and the electric field E→ is approximated as conservative. Here we are going to solve some of those difficulties describing the vector potential A→ as a current iA. In particular we focus the attention on the circuit elements corresponding to Faraday's Law and Lorentz's Gauge.

Since the current demand for high-need for track and hold amplifiers (T&H) operating at RF frequencies. A circuit is the key element in any modern wideband data acquisition system. Applications like a cable or a broad variety of different radio standards require high processing speeds with high resolution. The track-and-hold (T&H) circuit is a fundamental block for analog allows most dynamic errors of A/D converters to be reduced, especially those showing up when using high frequency input signals. Having a wideband and precise acquisition system today's trend towards multi-standard flexible radios, with as much signal processing as possible in digital domain. This work investigates effect of various design schemes and circuit topology for track and-hold circuit to achieve acceptable linearly, high slew rate, low power consumption and low noise

The light detection efficiency of Photon detecting components is very much dependent on the operating temperature. Rise in operating temperature reduces their ability of photon detection and reduced output signal. This effect becomes prominent in the cases where very weak signals are needed to be detected. There are various methods which can be applied to cater for the situation of changing ambient temperature or the temperature of the component itself. This study present a method which tracks the temperature changes as seen by the device and hence adjusts the bias voltage being supplied to it. The bias voltage mainly depends upon the temperature coefficient of the component and hence adjusts itself. Design and testing method of bias power supply are presented along with the graphical presentation of result. Streszczenie. Pomiar światła przy wykorzystaniu fotodiody bardzo zależy od temperatury-szczególnie w przypadku małego sygnału wyjściowego. W zaproponowanym układzie zasilania zmienia się napięcie w zależności od temperaury. Obwód zasilania fotodiody z kompensacją temperatury

Over a number of years there have been some attempts to answer the Catt Question within the context of classical electromagnetic theory. None of the authors of these
attempts agree on the answer to the Catt Question, even though they all invoke the very same theory. An attempt at answering the Catt Question appeared in the journal Physics
Education in 2013, penned by M. Pieraccini and S. Selleri, as a mathematical rendition of their earlier non-mathematical version published in IEEE Antennas and Propagation
Magazine, 2012. The explanation by these two Authors contains violations of classical electromagnetic theory, although they claim to have satisfactorily answered the Catt
Question by means of classical electromagnetic theory. The arguments adduced by Pieraccini and Selleri are therefore invalid.