Atomic

KEY MESSAGES • The regulation of energy in international law is highly fragmented and largely incoherent. We submit that pertinent issues should be addressed by a future Framework Agreement on Energy within WTO law. • Successful regulation of energy requires a coherent combination of rules both on goods and services. Energy services require new classifications suitable to deal coherently with energy as an integrated sector. • Rules on subsidies relating to energy call for new approaches within the Framework Agreement on Energy. A distinction should be made between renewable and nonrenewable energy. Moreover, disciplines need to be developed in the context of emission trading. • The Framework Agreement should address the problem of restricting energy production and export restrictions. • Disciplines on government procurement are able to take into account policies on green procurement, but a number of changes to the GPA Agreement will be required to make green procurement more effective and attractive. • In view of the close interactions between the energy sector and climate change, formulating effective rules to address energy under the WTO system will catalyse coherence and complementarity between the climate and trade regimes

PerkinElmer is a trademark of PerkinElmer, Inc. HGA is a registered trademark and AAnalyst, GemTip, Optima 3000 and Optima 3300 are trademarks of PerkinElmer Instruments LLC. Milli-Q is a trademark of Millipore Corporation. ELAN is a registered trademark of MDS SCIEX, a division of MDS, Inc. Teflon is a registered trademark of E.I. duPont deNemours & Co., Inc. Triton is a registered trademark of Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation. Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Ryton is a registered trademark of Phillips Petroleum Company. Registered names and trademarks, etc. used in this publication even without specific indication therof are not to be considered unprotected by law.

We investigate the metal—insulator transition in 2D electron systems assuming a percolation mechanism connecting through a network of metallic domains. The size of the domains is determined by the level of disorder and the strength of the electron correlations. The domains are linked through quantum tunneling. We determine the dependence of the resistivity on electron density and temperature by calculating the tunnelling transmission through the potential barriers between the domains. The results are in good agreement with recent experimental measurements.

Cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) based on photochemical reduction by exposure to UV radiation is described for the determination of methylmercury and total mercury in biological samples. Two approaches were investigated: (a) tissues were digested in either formic acid or tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), and total mercury was determined following reduction of both species by exposure of the solution to UV irradiation; (b) tissues were solubilized in TMAH, diluted to a final concentration of 0.125% m/v TMAH by addition of 10% v/v acetic acid and CH(3)Hg(+) was selectively quantitated, or the initial digests were diluted to 0.125% m/v TMAH by addition of deionized water, adjusted to pH 0.3 by addition of HCl and CH(3)Hg(+) was selectively quantitated. For each case, the optimum conditions for photochemical vapor generation (photo-CVG) were investigated. The photochemical reduction efficiency was estimated to be approximately 95% by comparing the response with traditional SnCl(2) chemical reduction. The method was validated by analysis of several biological Certified Reference Materials, DORM-1, DORM-2, DOLT-2 and DOLT-3, using calibration against aqueous solutions of Hg(2+); results showed good agreement with the certified values for total and methylmercury in all cases. Limits of detection of 6 ng/g for total mercury using formic acid, 8 ng/g for total mercury and 10 ng/g for methylmercury using TMAH were obtained. The proposed methodology is sensitive, simple and inexpensive, and promotes "green" chemistry. The potential for application to other sample types and analytes is evident.

A pooling space is a ranked poset P such that the subposet w + induced by the elements above w is atomic for each element w of P. Pooling spaces were introduced in [Discrete Mathematics 282:163-169, 2004] for the purpose of giving a uniform way to construct pooling designs, which have applications to the screening of DNA sequences. Many examples of pooling spaces were given in that paper. In this paper, we clarify a few things about the definition of pooling spaces. Then we find that a geometric lattice, a well-studied structure in literature, is also a pooling space. This provides us many classes of pooling designs, some old and some new. We study the pooling designs constructed from affine geometries. We find some of them meet the optimal bounds related to a conjecture of Erdös, Frankl and Füredi.

We present a model for the atoms of the periodic system using hydrogene (H-3) and helium (He-3 and He-4) as building blocks. In this way the model provides an explanation of the stability of some isotopes and the dynamics of the unstable ones. The model also gives a way to understand the so-called "magic numbers".

Instrumentation and techniques are described to image small objects, such as but not limited to individual human chromosomes, with nanometer resolution. This instrument and method are also used to cut-off identified parts of objects, to move around and manipulate the cut-off parts on the substrate on which they are being imaged to predetermined locations on the substrate, and to remove the cut-off parts from the substrate. This is accomplished using an atomic force microscope (AFM) and by modification of the conventional cantilever stylus assembly of an AFM. The plural cantilevers are used with either sharp-tips or knife-edges. In addition, the invention can be utilized for measuring the hardness of materials. 10 figs.

Molecular surfaces at atomic and subatomic scales are inherently ill-defined. In many computational chemistry problems, boundaries are better represented as volumetric regions than as discrete surfaces. Molecular structure of a system at equilibrium is given by the self-consistent field, commonly interpreted as a scalar field of electron density. While experimental measurements such as chemical bond and van der Waals radii do not spatially define the interface, they can serve as useful indicators of chemical and inert interactions, respectively. Rather than using these radial values to directly determine surface geometry, we use them to map an uncertainty interval in the electron density distribution, which then guides classification of volume data. This results in a new strategy for representing, analyzing, and rendering molecular boundaries that is agnostic to the type of interaction.

Perkin Elmer and Intensitron are registered trademarks and SIMAA is a trademark of affiliates of Perkin Elmer LLC. SCIEX and ELAN are registered trademarks of MDS Inc., a division of MDS Inc. AnalaR is a trademark of BDH, Pool, England. Gilson is a registered trademark of Gilson France S.A. Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Milli-Q is a trademark of Millipore Corporation. Teflon is a registered trademark of E.I. duPont deNemours & Co., Inc. Triton is a registered trademark of Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation. Registered names and trademarks, etc. used in this publication even without specific indication therof are not to be considered unprotected by law.

The ability to switch the physico-chemical properties of conducting polymers opens up new possibilities for a range of applications. Appropriately functionalised materials can provide routes to multi-modal switching, for example, in response to light and/or electrochemical stimuli. This capability is important in the field of bionics wherein remote and temporal control of the properties of materials is becoming attractive. The ability to actuate a film via photonic stimuli is particularly interesting as it facilitates the modulation of interactions between host binding sites and potential guest molecules. In this work, we studied two different polyterthiophenes: one was functionalised with a spiropyran photoswitch (pTTh-SP) and the second with a nonphotoswitchable methyl acetate moiety (pTTh-MA). These substrates were exposed to several cycles of illumination with light of different wavelengths and the resulting effect studied with UV-vis spectroscopy, contact angle and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The AFM tips were chemically activated with fibronectin (FN) and the adhesion force of the protein to the polymeric surface was measured. The pTTh-MA (no SP incorporated) showed a slightly higher average maximum adhesion (0.96 ± 0.14 nN) than the modified pTTh-SP surface (0.77 ± 0.08 nN), but after exposure of the pTTh-SP polymer to UV, the average maximum adhesion of the pTTh-MC (merocyanine form) was significantly smaller (0.49 ± 0.06 nN) than both the pTTh-MA and pTTh-SP. In addition, the tip-sample separation distances of the adhesive interactions are indicative of the FN interaction occurring over a distance more closely related to the average dimensions of its compact conformation. The results suggest that surface energy and hydrophobic forces are predominant in determining the protein adhesion to the films studied and that this effect can be photonically tuned. By extension, this further implies that it should be possible to obtain a degree of spatial and temporal control of the surface binding behaviour of certain proteins with these functionalised surfaces through photo-activation/ deactivation, which, in principle, should facilitate patterned growth behaviour (e.g. using masks or directional illumination) or photocontrol of protein uptake and release.

As stereoscopic devices become widely used (immersion-based working environments, stereoscopically viewed movies, autostereoscopic screens, etc), exposure to stereoscopic images can become lengthy, and some eyestrain can set in. We propose a method for reducing eyestrain induced by stereoscopic vision. After reviewing sources of eyestrain linked to stereoscopic vision, we will focus on one of these sources: images with high-frequency contents associated with large disparities. We will put forward an algorithm for removing irritating high frequencies in high disparity zones (i.e., for virtual objects appearing far from the real screen level). We will elaborate on our testing protocol to establish that our processing reduces eyestrain caused by stereoscopic vision, both objectively and subjectively. We will subsequently quantify the positive effects of our algorithm on the relief of eyestrain. As our processing alters the visual quality of the virtual world, we propose a new adaptation of our method to remove this drawback by coupling an eye tracking to our original processing to keep visual quality on the focus point.

Niels Bohr originally applied his approach to quantum mechanics to the H atom with great success. He then went on to show in 1913 how the same "planetary-orbit" model can predict binding for the H2 molecule. However, he misidentified the correct dissociation energy of his model at large internuclear separation, forcing him to give up on a "Bohr's model for molecules". Recently, we have found the correct dissociation limit of Bohr's model for H2 and obtained good potential energy curves at all internuclear separations. This work is a natural extension of Bohr's original paper and corresponds to the D = ∞ limit of a dimensional scaling (D-scaling) analysis, as developed by Herschbach and coworkers. In a separate but synergetic approach to the two-electron problem, we summarize recent advances in constructing analytical models for describing the two-electron bond. The emphasis here is not maximally attainable numerical accuracy, but beyond textbook accuracy as informed by physical insights. We demonstrate how the interplay of the cusp condition, the asymptotic condition, the electron-correlation, configuration interaction, and the exact one electron two-center orbitals, can produce energy results approaching chemical accuracy. To this end, we provide a tutorial on using the Riccati form of the ground state wave function as a unified way of understanding the twoelectron wave function and collect a detailed account of mathematical derivations on the exact one-electron two-center wave functions. Reviews of more traditional calculational approaches, such as Hartree-Fock, are also given. The inclusion of electron correlation via Hylleraas type functions is well known to be important, but difficult to implement for more than two electrons. The use of the D-scaled Bohr model offers the tantalizing possibility of obtaining electron correlation energy in a non-traditional way.

We provide a data set of emission and recombination coefficients of hydrogen using a kappa-distribution of electron energies rather than the more traditional Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB) distribution. The data are mainly relevant to thin and relatively cold plasma found in planetary nebulae and H II regions. The data set extends the previous data sets provided by Storey and Hummer which were computed using a MB distribution. The data set, which is placed in the public domain, is structured as a function of electron number density, temperature and kappa. An interactive fortran data server is also provided as an accessory to probe the data and obtain Lagrange-interpolated values for any choice of all three variables between the explicitly computed values.

– We demonstrate the feasibility of a novel microwave power standard based on the electromagnetic interaction with laser-cooled atoms. Under the effect of the radiation, the internal state populations undergo a Rabi flopping oscillation. Measurement of the oscillation frequency allows the determination of the electromagnetic field strength. The measurements are made over a dynamic range of 18 dB and the standard deviation of the measurements is about 0.3%. The field strength was linear with the Rabi frequency within the accuracy of our measurements.

Levels of aluminum (Al) in drinking water supplied to the City of Maracaibo were determined by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry (ETA-AAS). Drinking water samples (n = 600) were obtained during the dry (DS, n = 300) and rainy (RS, n = 300) seasons. For comparison, simultaneous samplings were done at the Tule Dam reservoir. Accuracy of the ETA-AAS method was evaluated by analyzing three certified reference materials resulting in a mean relative error of 3.3% for the certified and experimental values. The reliability of the method was further assessed through recovery studies, obtaining recoveries from 95.8% to 98.9% (mean recovery of 97.5 ± 0.9%). The average precision expressed as %RSD was 3.8%. No peak plots are available because the instrument is not computerized. The limit of detection (3o, μg/L Al) and characteristic mass (pg of Al) was 0.2 and 11, respectively. The Al levels in Maracaibo drinking water were 250 ±137 μg/L (in DS) and 250 ± 148 μg/L (in RS...

The author demonstrates that there is probably no such thing as an immortal soul or spirit. This result suggests that a conscious machine or android should have just as many rights as a human. It also raises the policy question of what should be done about the large numbers of people throughout the world who believe in an immortal soul.

We apply the theory of high-order harmonic generation by low-frequency laser fields in the strong field approximation to the study of the spatial and temporal coherence properties of the harmonics. We discuss the role of dynamically induced phases of the atomic polarization in determining the optimal phase matching conditions and angular distributions of harmonics. We demonstrate that the phase matching and the spatial coherence can be controlled by changing the focusing parameters of the fundamental laser beam. Then we present a detailed study of the temporal and spectral properties of harmonics. We discuss how the focusing conditions influence the individual harmonic spectra and time profiles, and how the intensity dependence of the dynamically induced phase leads to a chirp of the harmonic frequency. This phase modulation can be used to control the temporal and spectral properties of the harmonic radiation. Temporally, the harmonic chirped pulse can be recompressed to very small durations. Spectrally, chirping of the fundamental beam may be employed to compensate for the dynamically induced chirp and to control the individual harmonic spectrum. Finally, we discuss the short pulse effects, in particular nonadiabatic phenomena and the possibility of generating attosecond pulses. Contents

Absolute doubly differential cross sections (DDCSs) for the production and Auger decay of the intra-shell 2s2p 2 2 D triply excited state formed in collisions of He-like ions (Z = 5-9) with H 2 were determined experimentally, using zero-degree Auger projectile electron spectroscopy. The 2 D e state was directly produced by 180 • resonant scattering of the quasi-free H 2 electrons from the 1s2s 3 S metastable state of the ion. Resonant energies and DDCSs calculated using the R-matrix approach within the electron scattering model were found to be in good overall agreement with experiment.

X10 is a modern object-oriented programming language designed for high performance, high productivity programming of parallel and multi-core computer systems. Compared to the lower-level thread-based concurrency model in the Java TM language, X10 has higher-level concurrency constructs such as async, atomic and finish built into the language to simplify creation, analysis and optimization of parallel programs. In this paper, we introduce a new algorithm for May-Happen-in-Parallel (MHP) analysis of X10 programs. The analysis algorithm is based on simple path traversals in the Program Structure Tree, and does not rely on pointer alias analysis of thread objects as in MHP analysis for Java programs. We introduce a more precise definition of the MHP relation than in past work by adding condition vectors that identify execution instances for which the MHP relation holds, instead of just returning a single true/false value for all pairs of executing instances. Further, MHP analysis is refined in our approach by using the observation that two statement instances which occur in atomic sections that execute at the same X10 place must have MHP = false. We expect that our MHP analysis algorithm will be applicable to any language that adopts the core concepts of places, async, finish, and atomic sections from the X10 programming model. We also believe that this approach offers the best of two worlds to programmers and parallel programming tools -higher-level abstractions of concurrency coupled with simple and efficient analysis algorithms.

This paper presents the measurements of $$\pi ^{\pm }$$π±, $$\mathrm {K}^{\pm }$$K±, $$\text {p}$$p and $$\overline{\mathrm{p}} $$p¯ transverse momentum ($$p_{\text {T}}$$pT) spectra as a function of charged-particle multiplicity density in proton–proton (pp) collisions at $$\sqrt{s}\ =\ 13\ \text {TeV}$$s=13TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. Such study allows us to isolate the center-of-mass energy dependence of light-flavour particle production. The measurements reported here cover a $$p_{\text {T}}$$pT range from 0.1 to 20 $$\text {GeV}/c$$GeV/c and are done in the rapidity interval $$|y|<0.5$$|y|<0.5. The $$p_{\text {T}}$$pT-differential particle ratios exhibit an evolution with multiplicity, similar to that observed in pp collisions at $$\sqrt{s}\ =\ 7\ \text {TeV}$$s=7TeV, which is qualitatively described by some of the hydrodynamical and pQCD-inspired models discussed in this paper. Furthermore, the $$p_{\text {T}}$$pT-integrated hadron-to-pion yield ratios measure...

This paper presents the performance of the ATLAS muon reconstruction during the LHC run with pp collisions at √ s = 7-8 TeV in 2011-2012, focusing mainly on data collected in 2012. Measurements of the reconstruction efficiency and of the momentum scale and resolution, based on large reference samples of J/ψ → μμ, Z → μμ and ϒ → μμ decays, are presented and compared to Monte Carlo simulations. Corrections to the simulation, to be used in physics analysis, are provided. Over most of the covered phase space (muon |η| < 2.7 and 5 p T 100 GeV) the efficiency is above 99 % and is measured with per-mille precision. The momentum resolution ranges from 1.7 % at central rapidity and for transverse momentum p T 10 GeV, to 4 % at large rapidity and p T 100 GeV. The momentum scale is known with an uncertainty of 0.05 % to 0.2 % depending on rapidity. A method for the recovery of final state radiation from the muons is also presented.

Because of its size, structure and symmetry, the properties and behavior of C60 are intermediate between those of a free molecule and a solid, making possible the collective excitation of electrons. Neutral C60 is known to exhibit a giant resonance in its photon absorption spectrum near 20 eV. This is associated with a surface plasmon oscillation, where the 240 delocalized valence electrons oscillate as a group relative to the ionic cage [1].

X10 is a modern object-oriented programming language designed for high performance, high productivity programming of parallel and multi-core computer systems. Compared to the lower-level thread-based concurrency model in the Java TM language, X10 has higher-level concurrency constructs such as async, atomic and finish built into the language to simplify creation, analysis and optimization of parallel programs. In this paper, we introduce a new algorithm for May-Happen-in-Parallel (MHP) analysis of X10 programs. The analysis algorithm is based on simple path traversals in the Program Structure Tree, and does not rely on pointer alias analysis of thread objects as in MHP analysis for Java programs. We introduce a more precise definition of the MHP relation than in past work by adding condition vectors that identify execution instances for which the MHP relation holds, instead of just returning a single true/false value for all pairs of executing instances. Further, MHP analysis is refined in our approach by using the observation that two statement instances which occur in atomic sections that execute at the same X10 place must have MHP = false. We expect that our MHP analysis algorithm will be applicable to any language that adopts the core concepts of places, async, finish, and atomic sections from the X10 programming model. We also believe that this approach offers the best of two worlds to programmers and parallel programming tools-higher-level abstractions of concurrency coupled with simple and efficient analysis algorithms.

Niels Bohr originally applied his approach to quantum mechanics to the H atom with great success. He then went on to show in 1913 how the same “planetary-orbit” model can predict binding for the H 2 molecule. However, he misidentified the correct dissociation energy of ...

We are now in the multicore revolution which is witnessing a rapid evolution of architectural designs due to power constraints and correspondingly limited microprocessor clock speeds. Understanding how to efficiently utilize these systems in the context of demanding numerical algorithms is an urgent challenge to meet the ever growing computational needs of high-end computing. In this work, we examine multicore parallel optimization of the particle-to-grid interpolation step in particle-mesh methods, an inherently complex optimization problem due to its low computation intensity, irregular data accesses, and potential fine-grained data hazards. Our evaluated kernels are derived from two important numerical computations: a biological simulation of the heart using the Immersed Boundary method, and a Gyrokinetic Particle-in-Cell based application for studying fusion plasma microturbulence. We develop several novel synchronization and grid decomposition schemes, as well as low-level optimization techniques to maximize performance on three modern multicore platforms: Intel's Xeon X5550 (Nehalem), AMD's Opteron 2356 (Barcelona), and Sun's UltraSparc T2+ (Niagara). Results show that our optimizations lead to significant performance improvements, achieving up to a 5.6× speedup compared to the reference parallel implementation. Our work also provides valuable insight into the design of future auto-tuning frameworks for particle-to-grid interpolation on next-generation systems.

We present the first ever measurements of femtoscopic correlations between the K 0 S and K ± particles. The analysis was performed on the data from Pb-Pb collisions at √ s NN = 2.76 TeV measured by the ALICE experiment. The observed femtoscopic correlations are consistent with final-state interactions proceeding via the a 0 (980) resonance. The extracted kaon source radius and correlation strength parameters for K 0 S K − are found to be equal within the experimental uncertainties to those for K 0 S K +. Comparing the results of the present study with those from published identical-kaon femtoscopic studies by ALICE, mass and coupling parameters for the a 0 resonance are tested. Our results are also compatible with the interpretation of the a 0 having a tetraquark structure instead of that of a diquark.

KEY MESSAGES • The regulation of energy in international law is highly fragmented and largely incoherent. We submit that pertinent issues should be addressed by a future Framework Agreement on Energy within WTO law. • Successful regulation of energy requires a coherent combination of rules both on goods and services. Energy services require new classifications suitable to deal coherently with energy as an integrated sector. • Rules on subsidies relating to energy call for new approaches within the Framework Agreement on Energy. A distinction should be made between renewable and nonrenewable energy. Moreover, disciplines need to be developed in the context of emission trading. • The Framework Agreement should address the problem of restricting energy production and export restrictions. • Disciplines on government procurement are able to take into account policies on green procurement, but a number of changes to the GPA Agreement will be required to make green procurement more effective and attractive. • In view of the close interactions between the energy sector and climate change, formulating effective rules to address energy under the WTO system will catalyse coherence and complementarity between the climate and trade regimes

Quantum entanglement has the potential to revolutionize the entire field of interferometric sensing by providing many orders of magnitude improvement in interferometer sensitivity. The quantum entangled particle interferometer approach is very general and applies to many types of interferometers. In particular, without nonlocal entanglement, a generic classical interferometer has a statistical-sampling shot-noise limited sensitivity that scales like 1 / √ N,whereN is the number of particles passing through the interferometer per unit time. However, if carefully prepared quantum correlations are engineered between the particles, then the interferometer sensitivity improves by a factor of √ N to scale like 1/N, which is the limit imposed by the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. For optical interferometers operating at milliwatts of optical power, this quantum sensitivity boost corresponds to an eight-order-of-magnitude improvement of signal to noise. This effect can translate into a t...

Instrumentation and techniques are described to image small objects, such as but not limited to individual human chromosomes, with nanometer resolution. This instrument and method are also used to cut-off identified parts of objects, to move around and manipulate the cut-off parts on the substrate on which they are being imaged to predetermined locations on the substrate, and to remove the cut-off parts from the substrate. This is accomplished using an atomic force microscope (AFM) and by modification of the conventional cantilever stylus assembly of an AFM. The plural cantilevers are used with either sharp-tips or knife-edges. In addition, the invention can be utilized for measuring the hardness of materials. 10 figs.

Niels Bohr originally applied his approach to quantum mechanics to the H atom with great success. He then went on to show in 1913 how the same "planetary-orbit" model can predict binding for the H2 molecule. However, he misidentified the correct dissociation energy of his model at large internuclear separation, forcing him to give up on a "Bohr's model for molecules". Recently, we have found the correct dissociation limit of Bohr's model for H2 and obtained good potential energy curves at all internuclear separations. This work is a natural extension of Bohr's original paper and corresponds to the D = ∞ limit of a dimensional scaling (D-scaling) analysis, as developed by Herschbach and coworkers. In a separate but synergetic approach to the two-electron problem, we summarize recent advances in constructing analytical models for describing the two-electron bond. The emphasis here is not maximally attainable numerical accuracy, but beyond textbook accuracy as informed by physical insights. We demonstrate how the interplay of the cusp condition, the asymptotic condition, the electron-correlation, configuration interaction, and the exact one electron two-center orbitals, can produce energy results approaching chemical accuracy. To this end, we provide a tutorial on using the Riccati form of the ground state wave function as a unified way of understanding the twoelectron wave function and collect a detailed account of mathematical derivations on the exact one-electron two-center wave functions. Reviews of more traditional calculational approaches, such as Hartree-Fock, are also given. The inclusion of electron correlation via Hylleraas type functions is well known to be important, but difficult to implement for more than two electrons. The use of the D-scaled Bohr model offers the tantalizing possibility of obtaining electron correlation energy in a non-traditional way.

The nonresonant cross-section, Fano-shape parameterqand coefficient parameterρ2have been calculated for the photoionization of helium and heliumlike under then=2threshold of the residual ions. Dipole matrix elements which correspond to the transitions from1s2(S1e)to(0,1)22+ P1∘state and from(0,1)22+state to continuum state 1sεp (P1∘) were determined by choosing, for the ground state, the six-parameter Hylleraas wave function including electron correlation effects and a completely screened Coulomb wave function for the continuum. Energies and widths have been determined in the diagonalization method. The results are compared with available results obtained by other theoretical approaches.

This article presents an atomic force microscopy (AFM) study of the initial stage of the photografting of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto high-density polyethylene (HDPE) surface and the microstructure of the grafted chains. The grafting was carried out in acetone, dichloromethane and tetrahydrofuran (THF), as well as without solvent. Granular structures were found on the surface of the samples grafted in the solvents. The height of the granules increased linearly with their diameter. Each granule was thought to be a single grafted chain with a highly branched (or superbranched) microstructure. The grafting density on HDPE was quite small when the grafting was carried out in the solvents. The grafted chains were more branched when grafting was carried out in THF than when the grafting was carried out in acetone and dichloromethane. The bulk (no solvent) grafting of GMA onto HDPE was much faster and more uniform than that carried out in the solvents. The thickness of the bulk grafted materials was a few nanometers after 30 s irradiation, and possibly, the grafting density was much higher and the grafted polymers were much less branched than those produced in solvent.

PerkinElmer is a trademark of PerkinElmer, Inc. HGA is a registered trademark and AAnalyst, GemTip, Optima 3000 and Optima 3300 are trademarks of PerkinElmer Instruments LLC. Milli-Q is a trademark of Millipore Corporation. ELAN is a registered trademark of MDS SCIEX, a division of MDS, Inc. Teflon is a registered trademark of E.I. duPont deNemours & Co., Inc. Triton is a registered trademark of Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation. Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Ryton is a registered trademark of Phillips Petroleum Company. Registered names and trademarks, etc. used in this publication even without specific indication therof are not to be considered unprotected by law.

A shared variable construction is called buffer-based if the values of the variable are stored in buffers that are different from control storage. Each buffer stores only a single value from the domain of the variable. A buffer-based construction is conflict-free if, in each execution of the shared variable, no reading of any buffer overlaps with any writing of that buffer. This paper studies shared space requirements for waitfree, conflict-free, deterministic constructions of 1-writer 1-reader multivalued atomic variables from safe variables. That four buffers are necessary and sufficient for such constructions has been established in the literature. This paper establishes the requirement for control storage. The least shared space for such a construction in the literature is (four safe buffers and) four safe control bits. We show that four safe control bits are necessary for such constructions when the reader is restricted to read at most one buffer in each read operation.

The nonresonant cross-section, Fano-shape parameterqand coefficient parameterρ2have been calculated for the photoionization of helium and heliumlike under then=2threshold of the residual ions. Dipole matrix elements which correspond to the transitions from1s2(S1e)to(0,1)22+ P1∘state and from(0,1)22+state to continuum state 1sεp (P1∘) were determined by choosing, for the ground state, the six-parameter Hylleraas wave function including electron correlation effects and a completely screened Coulomb wave function for the continuum. Energies and widths have been determined in the diagonalization method. The results are compared with available results obtained by other theoretical approaches.

ABSTRACT In this work, we present calculations of the angular distribution of the products of the dissociation of water molecules when bombarded with He^q+ for projectile energies between 1 and 5 keV. Here q=0,1,2 is the charge of the incoming ion. Our theoretical results are based on the Electron-Nuclear Dynamics formalism (END). We present results for the dissociation cross section, charge transfer cross section, the stopping cross section (nuclear and electronic) for the projectiles, and the angular distribution of He^q+, H, OH, and O. E. Deumens, A. Diz, R. Longo, and Y. &amp;quot;Ohrn, Rev. Mod. Phys. 66, 917 (1994).

A new plasma spectroscopy analysis technique based on the generation of synthetic spectra by means of optimization processes is presented in this paper. The technique has been developed for its application in arc-welding quality assurance. The new approach has been checked through several experimental tests, yielding results in reasonably good agreement with the ones offered by the traditional spectroscopic analysis technique.

Microscopic laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (micro-LIBS) is a promising measurement technique for determining the relative elemental abundances of microscopic spots. Currently, the predominant source of measurement accuracy errors for micro-LIBS is shown to be based on a constant plasma temperature assumption. To reduce these measurement errors particularly in low-pressure applications (i.e., extraterrestrial environments), a mathematical data analysis algorithm is presented that utilizes the many linear independent emission lines per element to estimate the time-integrated state of the plasma in the form of a plasma state matrix coupled with a vector of relative elemental abundances in the observed emission.