Arabian Peninsula History

The Sasanids were interested in Arabia from the very beginning of their reign in Iran, and it was already the founder of the new dynasty Ardashir I Pabagan who attempted to establish Persian military and political influence in the Arabian Peninsula. In this regard, the purpose of the article is a historical reconstruction of the events connected with the conquest of the eastern and southern parts of the Arabian Peninsula by Ardashir I. The main sources are the “Book of Long Narratives” by Dinawari, “The History of the Prophets and Kings” by Tabarī, the anonymous “Desire to Know the History of Persians and Arabs” and “The Dictionary of Countries” by Yakut. Additional but important information is contained in the inscription of the shahanshah Shapur I on the Ka’bah-i Zardusht, the Sabean inscription Sh 31, and the rock relief of the Shahanshah Warahran II. We know almost nothing about their chronology, but judging by the context in which these events are described in the relevant sources, they presumably can be dated back to the first half of the reign of Ardashir Pabagan. At the same time, a more thorough analysis of the sources and taking into account the events that occurred later, during the reign of Shapur II and Khosrow I, allow us to consider the Arabian campaigns of Ardashir Pabagan as the first stage of the long struggle of the Sasanids for hegemony over the entire eastern and southern part of the Arabian Peninsula from southern Iraq to Yemen inclusive.

Many if not most of the details concerning the Jews are found in several chapters of Muḥammad’s biography dedicated to his conflict with them, namely the chapters about Qaynuqāʿ, Naḍīr, Qurayẓa and Khaybar. Naturally, these “Jewish chapters”, which include some fine examples of storytelling, are biased, but they remain indispensable for modern historians struggling to reconstruct Muḥammad’s troubled relations with the Jews. In addition to an outline of the main events, they provide information about the people, the tribes, and the places involved. The evidence is shrouded in trivia, false leads and tendentious claims, not to mention many lacunae which can sometimes be filled by reference to other types of the vast Islamic literature.
The study of early Islam in general, and Jewish-Muslim relations in particular, is still rather close to its starting point. In recent years epigraphy has emerged as very promising, but for the time being the huge medieval literary output remains the main source. In order to make progress researchers need to bring into the discussion new texts–they are at hand, thanks to modern digital tools–and refine their analytical and critical tools.

Report (takrir) that we have discussed here and assumed that it was written at
the end of 1525 and at the beginning of 1526 is one of the important sources about the first quarter of the XVI. century. It isn’t certainly known who has written the report. The report includes important information about condition of Mecca, Medina, Damascus, Zabid, Yemen, Ethiopia, Jeddah, Egypt, India, Gujarat and about Portugal’s invasion of India. In our study we discussed the writer of this source who hasn’t attracted attention hitherto, when it was written and what kind of information it includes about the said areas

يتناول هذا البحث دراسة فلس عباسي فريد في بابه، ونادر للغاية، لم يسبق أن ظهر له مثيل من قبل، يتم نشره ودراسته في هذا البحث لأول مرة. تمت دراسته دراسة تاريخية فنية وذلك بوصف ما تضمنه هذا الفلس من نصوص كتابية على الوجه والظهر، تحليلها تحليلاً فنياًّ وربطها بالأحداث السياسية التي شهدتها المدينة المنورة خلال العصر العباسي الأول. وقد كشفت الدراسة عن عدد من الأحداث التاريخية التي لم يرد لها ذكر في المصادر التاريخية المعاصرة له، كما خلصت الدراسة إلى إضافات جديدة ومهمة لعلم المسكوكات الإسلامية بصفة عامة، ونقود الجزيرة العربية بشكل خاص. وقد تم تزويد الدراسة بصورة لوجه وظهر هذا الفلس ورسم توضيحي لكتاباته

This research discusses the study of the Fils of the Abbasid, which is a one-of-its-kind, unprecedented coin that is extremely rare. It is published and studied in this research for the first time ever. It has also been studied both from the historical and technical perspective by describing the inscriptions appearing on the obverse and the reverse of the Fils, analyzing it technically and linking it with political events that Al-Madinah Al-Munawara had witnessed during the first Abbasid Era. The study has revealed a number of historical events that had not been cited in historical literature at the time. The study has also culminated in new, important contributions to the field of Islamic coinage in general, and the currency of the Arabian Peninsula in particular. A picture of the Fils showing both its obverse and reverse, along with illustration of inscriptions appearing on it, is included in this study.

English Abstract below
ملخص:   
الأهداف: يهدف البحث إلى إيجاد حلولٍ لمشكلة التمييز التي تعاني منها المرأة الخليجية بشكل عام والسعودية بشكل خاص على مستوى مواطنتها بمنعها من مد جنسيتها إلى أبنائها لدى زواجها بغير مواطن. كما يهدف إلى إيضاح وكشف ما يترتب على استمرار الأوضاع على ما هي من خسارات اقتصادية وإنسانية وهدر للطاقات البشرية وتهديد للأمن وللمستقبل.
المنهج: تتبع الورقة في منهجيته المنهج التاريخي الاستقصائي والتحليلي  وذلك من خلال الكتابات المرجعية في موضوع الجنسية والدولة الحديثة، ونصوص القوانين وتحليل التعديلات التي كانت تطرأ عليها وصلة ذلك بالحراك المحلي والاحتياجات الإنسانية من جانب والاتفاقيات الدولية من جانب آخر. كما تعمل الورقة على التحقق من صوت المرأة المواطنة وأبنائها من خلال التواصل مع عدد من الحالات سواء المقيمة داخل السعودية أو خارجها.
النتائج: وتصل الورقة إلى أن مد جنسية المواطِنة السعودية إلى أبنائها ممكن وضروري لتحقيق الاستقرار على كافة المستويات السياسية والاجتماعية والأمنية والاقتصادية.
الخاتمة: لتعزيز مواطَنة المرأة السعودية الكاملة ترى الدراسة أن هذا لا يتحقق سوى برفع كافة أشكال التمييز ضدها بتمكينها من مد جنسيتها إلى أبنائها أسوة بأخيها المواطن.
الكلمات المفتاحية: المواطَنة، المواطِنة، مد الجنسية، الاتفاقيات الدولية، الدساتير الوطنية، المساواة، الحِراك، المرأة السعودية.
Citizenship of the Saudi Woman between the legal and the lived reality: the moment of marrying a non-national
 
Abstract:
Objectives: This paper aims at finding solutions to the discriminatory status that the Saudi woman is facing in maintaining her citizenship. It also aims to show the economic, social, security perils and consequences of this policy on state and society, present and future. 
Methodology: This paper is using the historical, investigative, analytical method via the main resources written on citizenship, naturalization, and the modern state. It also analyzes the legal texts in relation to the local activism and the international treaties signed by the state. The paper’s samples are women’s voices inside and outside the country. 
Results: The paper finds that it is possible and necessary for Saudi Arabia to grant women their right to extend their nationality to their children, to secure stability on the political, the social, the security, and the economic levels.
Conclusion: to achieve Saudi women’s full citizenship, the study sees that that cannot be achieved unless all forms of discrimination are removed by enabling her to extend her nationality to her children like her fellow male citizen.
Keywords: Citizenship, female citizen, extending nationality, international treaties, national constitutions, equality, activism, Saudi woman.

Given at Oxford Postgraduate Conference of Assyriology on 15th April 2016.

Queen Tabua was one of several ‘Queens of the Arabs’ found in the Assyrian annals in the first millennium BC. Previous queens appeared in tribute lists and in narrations of battles, so the description of her appointment as leader of the Arabs by the Assyrian king Esarhaddon is unusual. According to Esarhaddon’s annals, events unfolded as follows: ‘King of the Arabs’ Ḫazael asked Esarhaddon to return the Arab gods which were looted by Esarhaddon’s father Sennacherib during his Arab campaign. Esarhaddon complied, but he then imposed a woman named Tabua as ‘Queen of the Arabs’ over Ḫazael and the other Arab rulers.
The most interesting piece of information we have about Tabua is that she was raised in Sennacherib’s palace. During her childhood, Tabua would have been surrounded by royal Assyrian women. These women would have instilled key Assyrian virtues, the most important of which was the passive nature of royal women. In fact, one could even say that the most successful Assyrian royal women were the ones that are only known to us by name. In sharp contrast, previous ‘Queens of the Arabs’ all played active roles in political events, and some were even in direct control of armies at war with the Assyrians. This paper will examine the impact such an upbringing would have on a leader of a group of people renowned for their ‘queens’, and will posit that Tabua’s upbringing was the main factor in her imposition as leader of the Arabs.