Aquatic Ecosystems

We constructed empirical model that combine together the data about species richness, indices saprobity S and DAIpo with information Shannon index of more than 2,500 algal and cyanobacteria communities from diverse water bodies in Eurasia on the base of our large experience and available references. The fields of the data points in coordinates of Index Saprobity and Index Shannon, and Index Saprobity and Species richness in the model are represent the major succession trends with the trophic base increasing. We define the community parameters that reflect natural undisturbed community, self-purified ecosystem range of variables as well as critical parameters up to variables in which the ecosystem can collapsed. The main successional stages in the model coincided with the self-purification zones. Empirical model can be used as a prognostic instrument for the large period for any aquatic ecosystem. It makes possible to work on assessing the state of any possible within the parameters in which the aquatic ecosystem can exist and predict its development.

Previous studies have provided prima facie evidence that runoff from the MI motorway, UK, affects both the quality of the receiving water and the biota living there, in sites short distances from point sources-i.e., possible worst-case situations. Because discharges contain a wide variety of contaminants, both the identification of toxicants and the establishment of causal relationships between observed changes in waterhediment quality and biology are often difficult. In this particular case, the problem was addressed by conducting a series of toxicity tests using the benthic amphipod Gummnruspulex. The abundance of this species was greatly reduced downstream of the point where motorway runoff entered the stream. Stream water contaminated with motorway runoff was not toxic to G. pulex. However, exposure to contaminated sediments resulted in a slight reduction in survival over 14 d, and sediment manipulation experiments identified hydrocarbons, copper, and zinc as potential toxicants. Spiking experiments confirmed the importance of hydrocarbons, and fractionation studies indicated that most of the observed toxicity was due to the fraction containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Animals exposed to contaminated sediments and water spiked with sediment extract accumulated aromatic hydrocarbons in direct proportion to exposure concentrations.

Previous studies have provided prima facie evidence that runoff from the MI motorway, UK, affects both the quality of the receiving water and the biota living there, in sites short distances from point sources-i.e., possible worst-case situations. Because discharges contain a wide variety of contaminants, both the identification of toxicants and the establishment of causal relationships between observed changes in waterhediment quality and biology are often difficult. In this particular case, the problem was addressed by conducting a series of toxicity tests using the benthic amphipod Gummnruspulex. The abundance of this species was greatly reduced downstream of the point where motorway runoff entered the stream. Stream water contaminated with motorway runoff was not toxic to G. pulex. However, exposure to contaminated sediments resulted in a slight reduction in survival over 14 d, and sediment manipulation experiments identified hydrocarbons, copper, and zinc as potential toxicants. Spiking experiments confirmed the importance of hydrocarbons, and fractionation studies indicated that most of the observed toxicity was due to the fraction containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Animals exposed to contaminated sediments and water spiked with sediment extract accumulated aromatic hydrocarbons in direct proportion to exposure concentrations.

Although oil activities generate numerous forms of environmental impact on biological communities, studies of these impacts on Brazilian coastal ecosystems are rare. Results of tests for the content of oil in sediments and organisms indicate a substantially high rate of degradation. Results for uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bivalves suggested the recent occurrence of oil spills and that these organisms differed in their capabilities to bioconcentrate oil. The mangrove community has suffered constant inputs of oil and has responded with increased numbers of aerial roots, generation of malformed leaves and fruits by plants, and a decrease in litter production. Studies of the impact of oil on rocky shore communities and the toxicity of oil and its by-products to marine organisms have confirmed the results reported in the literature. Presently most of the available studies deal with the macroscopic effects of oil on organisms and have indicated that the nature of oil, climate characteristics, the physical environment, and the structure of the community influence the symptoms of oil contamination in organisms of coastal waters. Longterm studies should be carried out to assess changes in community structure, sublethal effects in populations, and the resilience of contaminated ecosystems.

На основе собственных многолетних результатов исследования водных экосистем, а также анализа литературных данных показано, что неоднородность распределения количественных, продукционных и функциональных характери-стик планктона обусловливается фронтальными зонами параметров водной сре-ды. Природа фронтальных зон может быть различной: физической, химической, гидрологической, антропогенной и физиологической. Это относится как к гори-зонтальным, так и к вертикальным неоднородностям распределения планктон-ных организмов в различных водных экосистемах.

MEWNR government among others. A key concern was the social benefits of the proposed dam to Kwale County in general and as a whole. The stakeholders expressed the need for developing activities that would benefit Kwale County in terms of Socioeconomic aspects. These calls have therefore led to the development of another component (Kwale County Development Component) which aims to promote benefits sharing in Kwale County, where the Mwache Dam is located, through investments in water supply and sanitation in rural communities and small towns; community-based watershed management activities, and improvement of community livelihoods. By supporting these activities, Component 2 will bring near-term and medium-term benefits to Kwale County, in parallel to the planning and preparation for the largescale infrastructure that would supply water to Kwale (from Mwache, and other sources) in the long-term. In addition, this component will finance a demonstration irrigation scheme to inform design of a large scale irrigation program in Kwale in the future. This ESIA has not covered assessment of the envisaged water supply and sanitation infrastructure (urban and rural) in Kwale since the exact locations, designs and scope are not fully known at this stage and is subject of deliberations. In this regard, for this component (water supply and sanitation), the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) prepared for the Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project (KWSCRP 1) will be used to ensure that safeguard issues are incorporated during the project design. Detailed ESIAs and Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs) will be conducted for the water supply and sanitation components (Mombasa and Kwale) once the locations, designs, scope etc. of the project are known and submitted for approval by the Bank prior to construction.

We provide a global assessment, with detailed multi-scale data, of the ecological and toxicological effects generated by inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems. Our synthesis of the published scientific literature shows three major environmental problems: (1) it can increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in freshwater ecosystems without much acid-neutralizing capacity, resulting in acidification of those systems;

Reading the isotope language" means that we are following the various changes that affect isotope ratios. We know that in essentially all physical and chemical processes the relative abundance of isotopes within an element are subject to small changes. Most of these subtle changes are mass dependent (called mass fractionation), but mass-independent fractionations also occur occasionally.

"The first publication in which a concise outline was made of the author’s theory of water self-purification. A short list of physical, chemical, and biological processes of water self-purification is given. One of the conclusions is: ‘living organisms are the core component of the multitude of processes of the ecological machinery working towards improving water quality’. Innovative and multifaceted conceptualization of how almost all aquatic organisms (biological community) work together toward making water clear and clean. In the title of the paper, the word ‘polyfunctional’ means the same as the word ‘multi-functional’.
              Title: Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in processes leading to water purification: current conceptualizations and concluding remarks.
Author: Ostroumov S.A.
Source: HYDROBIOLOGIA, 2002,  Volume: 469;  Issue: 1-3;  Pages: 203-204;  DOI: 10.1023/A:1015555022737;  Published: FEB 2002;
Full text free:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/52627327/

Citation of the paper (examples): Ostroumov: Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in ... see at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/57036289/;
The reference in a traditional format:

Ostroumov S.A. Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in processes leading to water purification: current conceptualizations and concluding remarks. -
HYDROBIOLOGIA, 2002,  Volume: 469;  Issue: 1-3;  Pages: 203-204.
https://www.academia.edu/1900592/;

The Synecological Approach to the Problem of Eutrophication.
[new solution to the problem, prevention, control and reversal of eutrophication, new way of improving water quality, how to solve the problem, new method to combat eutrophication];
https://www.academia.edu/60179271/ ;
doi: 10.1023/a:1013378505630 ;
__
Research Interests:
Eutrophication, Eutrophication control,
Eutrophication Management,Eutrophication, Harmful Algal Blooms, Water Quality Eutrophication, Toxicity, Water resources, Water quality, Water, Aquatic Toxicology, Aquatic Ecotoxicology,Aquatic Ecosystems, Aquatic Ecology, Filter feeding, Filter-Feeders, Detergents, Laundry Detergents, Innovations,Water Pollution, eutrophication reversal,  prevention,

The experimental data analysis, concepts, and generalizations in this article provide the fundamental elements of the qualitative theory of biocontrol of water quality in a systematized form. The theory covers water self-purification in freshwater and marine ecosystems. The theory is supported by the results of the author's experimental studies of the effects exerted by some chemical pollutants including synthetic surfactants, detergents, and other xenobiotics onaquatic organisms. The theory provides a basis for remediation of polluted aquatic ecosystems including purification of water bodies and streams, and briefly present the qualitative theory of the self-purification mechanism of aquatic ecosystems, phytoremediation and other types of technologies.

In short:

The first paper that reports experiments that showed that all three main kinds of synthetic surfactants (detergent chemicals) slow down the filtration of water by marine organisms, filter-feeders (bivalve mussels of Atlantic Ocean, Latin name Mytilus edulis). The 3 main types of surfactants that were studied were representatives of the 3 classes: anionic, cationic, and non-ionic surfactants. The word ‘Surfactants’ means the same as ‘surface-active substances’ and ‘surface-active agents’.   
              Title: Inhibition of mussel suspension feeding by surfactants of three classes.
Author(s): Ostroumov S.A.; Widdows J.
Source: HYDROBIOLOGIA,  Volume: 556,  Pages: 381-386,  DOI: 10.1007/s10750-005-1200-7;  Published: FEB 2006;
Detailed abstract, comments, relevant blog posts and sites:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/63900190/;
Full texts: http://www.scribd.com/doc/45958156/; www.scribd.com/doc/59544597/;
http://www.econf.rae.ru/article/6962
**
MORE DETAIL:
Ostroumov S.A., Widdows J. Inhibition of mussel suspension feeding by surfactants of three classes. - Hydrobiologia. 2006. Vol. 556, No.1. P. 381 – 386.
Full texts: http://www.scribd.com/doc/45958156/; scribd.com/doc/59544597/;
CONTENT of this material: Abstract, importance of the findings, new evidence in support, most relevant sites with data on other relevant discoveries and publications;
D:\2011\Publications.My.Texts\6.Hydrobiologia\Inhibition.of.mussel.suspension.feeding.by.surfactants.of.three.classes.6.Aquatic.Toxicology.Aquaculture.Abs.docx
** Affiliation of the authors:
S. A. Ostroumov1 and J. Widdows2
(1) Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (2) Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, PL1 3DH Plymouth, England, UK;
Ostroumov’s Twitter URL: twitter.com/sergeiost
**
ABSTRACT: For the first time the negative effects of SDS, TDTMA, and Triton X-100 on Mytilus edulis and M. edulis / M. galloprovincialis - effects of the three surfactants - on the filtration rates by marine mussels were presented in one paper. The xenobiotics tested represented anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactants (tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, TDTMA, a representative of a class of cationic surfactants; sodium dodecyl sulphate, SDS, a representative of anionic alkyl sulfates; and Triton X-100, a representative of non-ionic hydroxyethylated alkyl phenols). Negative effects of SDS, TDTMA, and Triton X-100 on the filtration activity of marine mussels M. edulis and M. edulis / M. galloprovincialis were discovered. All three surfactants inhibited the clearance rates. This is the first publication of the negative effects of a cationic surfactant on Atlantic mussels Mytilus. The significance of the results for the ecology of marine ecosystems is discussed.
DOI 10.1007/s10750-005-1200-7; http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsergei/publications-1/hydrobiologia2006ostwidd; http://sites.google.com/site/3surfactantsfiltrationmytilus/; http://scipeople.ru/uploads/materials/4389/_Hydrobiologia2006%20vol%20556%20No.1%20pages381-386.pdf; http://www.springerlink.com/content/7166067538534421/; https://docs.google.com/leaf?id=0B589QnrA6gkoNTc0ZmVkNDItNWExZC00MjcwLTljMzYtNjU0OWUxMDQzYjM2&sort=name&layout=list&num=50;
IMPORTANCE: This experimental approach is helpful in assessment of environmental hazards from man-made chemicals that can contaminate marine systems. The importance of the findings:
(1) It is another paper that adds to the discovery made by Dr. S. Ostroumov - the first discovery of serious environmental hazards from synthetic surfactants and chemical mixtures that contain surfactants, especially in view of the fact that filtering activity of bivalves is an important part of water self-purification and the natural mechanism for maintaining water quality;
(2) It is a new evidence of serious environmental hazards from relatively mild, sublethal effects of chemical pollutants;
(3) It is relevant to aquaculture and mariculture. The new data discovered a new man-made impact on aquatic systems that poses a threat to aquaculture.
**
Key words:
water quality, water filtration, synthetic surfactant, self-purification, mollusks, marine, environmetal safety, ecotoxicology, ecosystems services, ecosystems, clearance rate, chemical pollution, bivalves, aquatic ecosystems, aquaculture, SDS, TDTMA, Triton X-100, Mytilus edulis, M. edulis / M. galloprovincialis, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide,  cationic surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulphate, SDS,  anionic alkyl sulfates, non-ionic, hydroxyethylated alkyl phenols,
**
MORE PUBLICATIONS THAT SUPPORTED the main conclusions of this paper:
 http://www.scribd.com/doc/63721467/;
MOST RELEVANT SITES:
MOST CITED PUBLICATIONS: www.scribd.com/doc/58228788
Most viewed materials: www.scribd.com/doc/61435402
Papers: www.scribd.com/doc/63407123
DISCOVERIES: scribd.com/doc/61828106
Institutions that cited S.O.: scribd.com/doc/60225505
World-wide citing Dr. S.O.: scribd.com/doc/54504932
Discoveries: scribd.com/doc/59437439
Merit: scribd.com/doc/59927430
** A MORE DETAILED LIST:
Dr. Ostroumov’s Twitter URL: twitter.com/sergeiost
MOST CITED PUBLICATIONS of Dr. S.A. Ostroumov and co-authors, in English and Russian: http://www.scribd.com/doc/58228788/;
**
Most often viewed and cited materials – Ecology, Environment, Biology, Sustainable Water Quality, including tweets, in English, Russian: наиболее часто просматриваемые публикации : http://www.scribd.com/doc/61435402/;
**
Key papers with sites…:[The list of over 40 references is in English, French, German, Chinese, Japanese]: http://www.scribd.com/doc/63407123/;
**
KEY DISCOVERIES, INNOVATIONS: http://www.scribd.com/doc/61828106/8-Key-Discoveries;
**
Institutions Cited. Scholars of these institutions worldwide have cited the publications authored by S.A.Ostroumov: http://www.scribd.com/doc/60225505/
**
International citing of papers and books (Ecology, environment, water, sustainability, ecotoxicology, bio); World-wide and international citing of publications authored by Dr. S.A. Ostroumov, examples:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/54504932/;
**
Ecology. Key Innovations, Discoveries updated 6.7.2011: http://www.scribd.com/doc/59437439/
**
Many texts are available at: http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/6882_scribd_fulltexts
** Books authored and co-authored by Dr. S. O. http://www.scribd.com/doc/63499091/;
** Opinion-of-U-S-student-on-Dr-S-Ostroumov-lecture: http://www.scribd.com/doc/63154897/;
** Elements of a new scientific revolution in ecology, biospheric science and hydrobiology: hi-ecological technologies, scientific basis for preventing serious hazards: http://www.scribd.com/doc/62704306/;
** Available-Online-Free SCRIBD: http://www.scribd.com/doc/60612165/ ;
** Evidence of Merit http://www.scribd.com/doc/59927430/ inclg publications on the works of S.A.O.;

https://www.academia.edu/1892796/ ;

Inhibitory analysis of top-down control: new keys to studying eutrophication, algal blooms, and water self-purification. – Hydrobiologia. 2002, vol. 469, p. 117-129; http://www.scribd.com/doc/52598579/;
**
It is the first article in which the new experimental results of the author were analyzed to give a new fresh insight into ecological mechanisms of eutrophication and abnormal increase in phytoplankton. Also, a new insight into how ecosystem runs water self-purification.
A fundamentally new approach and methodology to study top-down control in ecosystems: the first introduction of what the author calls ‘inhibitory analysis’. The paper presented a new insight in understanding that a decrease in activity of filter-feeders are part of the causes and mechanisms of eutrophication and algal blooms. The paper shows how to identify and measure this new factor which stimulates those negative phenomena.

**
Main discoveries made by the same author:
Публикации того же автора. Основные результаты. Main Results: http://www.scribd.com/doc/59437439/;
On the author / Об авторе (С.А.О.):
http://www.famous-scientists.ru/3732/;

A New Type of Effect of Potentially Hazardous Substances:
Uncouplers of Pelagial–Benthal Couplingж
Tags: Water Pollution  ×RemovePollutants  ×RemoveChemical Pollution  ×RemoveAquatic Toxicology  ×RemoveEcotoxicology  ×RemoveAquatic Ecology  ×RemoveAquatic Ecosystems  ×RemoveHydrobiology  ×RemoveEnvironmental Toxicology  ×RemoveDetergents  ×RemoveSurfactants  ×RemoveBibliography  ×RemoveMoscow State University  ×RemoveОстроумов Сергей Андреевич ;
**
https://www.academia.edu/56980847/ ;

"A detailed well-structured presentation of the author’s innovative and multifaceted conceptualization of how almost all aquatic organisms work together toward making water clear and clean. As a matter of fact, this conceptualization is a new theory of ecological self-purification of water:
Title: On the multifunctional role of the biota in the self-purification of aquatic ecosystems.
Author(s): Ostroumov S.A.
Source: RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Volume: 36, Issue: 6, Pages: 414-420, DOI: 10.1007/s11184-005-0095-x Published: NOV-DEC 2005;
Full English text free: http://www.scribd.com/doc/45572968
Abstract, additional relevant sites: http://www.scribd.com/doc/75101299/;
http://www.econf.rae.ru/article/6963
The reference in a traditional form:
Ostroumov S.A. On the multifunctional role of the biota in the self-purification of aquatic ecosystems. -RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, 2005, 36 (6): 414-420.
https://www.academia.edu/1893226/;

Information on amphibian responses to fire and fuel reduction practices is critically needed due to potential declines of species and the prevalence of new, more intensive fire management practices in North American forests. The goals of this review are to summarize the known and potential effects of fire and fuels management on amphibians and their aquatic habitats, and to identify information gaps to help direct future scientific research. Amphibians as a group are taxonomically and ecologically diverse; in turn, responses to fire and associated habitat alteration are expected to vary widely among species and among geographic regions. Available data suggest that amphibian responses to fire are spatially and temporally variable and incompletely understood. Much of the limited research has addressed short-term (1-3 years) effects of prescribed fire on terrestrial life stages of amphibians in the southeastern United States. Information on the long-term negative effects of fire on amphibians and the importance of fire for maintaining amphibian communities is sparse for the majority of taxa in North America. Given the size and severity of recent wildland fires and the national effort to reduce fuels on federal lands, future studies are needed to examine the effects of these landscape disturbances on amphibians. We encourage studies to address population-level responses of amphibians to fire by examining how different life stages are affected by changes in aquatic, riparian, and upland habitats. Research designs need to be credible and provide information that is relevant for fire managers and those responsible for assessing the potential effects of various fuel reduction alternatives on rare, sensitive, and endangered amphibian species. #

A strategy for adaptive control and energetic optimization of aerobic fermentors was implemented, with both air flow and agitation speed as manipulated variables. This strategy is separable in its components: control, optimization, estimation. We optimized parameter’s estimation (from the usual KLa correlation) using sinusoidal excitation of air flow and agitation speed. We have implemented parameter’s estimation trough recursive least squares algorithm with forgetting factor. We carried separate essays on control, optimization and estimation algorithms. We carried our essays using an original computational simulation environment, with noise and delay generating facilities for data sampling and filtering.

Our results show the convergence and robustness of the estimation algorithm used, improved with use of both forgetting factor and KLa dead-band facilities. Control algorithm used in our work compares favorably with PID using the integrated area criteria for deviation between oxygen molarity and critical molarity (set point). Optimization algorithm clearly reduces energetic consumption, respecting critical molarity. Integration of control, optimization and adaptive algorithms was implemented, but future work is needed for stability. Methods were defined and implemented for stability improvement. We have implemented data acquisition and computer manipulation of air flow and agitation speed for actual fermentors.

Herbivory is a fundamental process that controls primary producer abundance and regulates energy and nutrient flows to higher trophic levels. Despite the recent proliferation of small-scale studies on herbivore effects on aquatic plants, there remains limited understanding of the factors that control consumer regulation of vascular plants in aquatic ecosystems. Our current knowledge of the regulation of primary producers has hindered efforts to understand the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems, and to manage such ecosystems effectively. We conducted a global meta-analysis of the outcomes of plant–herbivore interactions using a data set comprised of 326 values from 163 studies, in order to test two mechanistic hypotheses: first, that greater negative changes in plant abundance would be associated with higher herbivore biomass densities; second, that the magnitude of changes in plant abundance would vary with herbivore taxonomic identity. We found evidence that plant abundance declined with increased herbivore density, with plants eliminated at high densities. Significant between-taxa differences in impact were detected, with insects associated with smaller reductions in plant abundance than all other taxa. Similarly, birds caused smaller reductions in plant abundance than echinoderms, fish, or molluscs. Furthermore, larger reductions in plant abundance were detected for fish relative to crustaceans. We found a positive relationship between herbivore species richness and change in plant abundance, with the strongest reductions in plant abundance reported for low herbivore species richness, suggesting that greater herbivore diversity may protect against large reductions in plant abundance. Finally, we found that herbivore–plant nativeness was a key factor affecting the magnitude of herbivore impacts on plant abundance across a wide range of species assemblages. Assemblages comprised of invasive herbivores and native plant assemblages were associated with greater reductions in plant abundance compared with invasive herbivores and invasive plants, native herbivores and invasive plants, native herbivores and mixed-nativeness plants, and native herbivores and native plants. By contrast, assemblages comprised of native herbivores and invasive plants were associated with lower reductions in plant abundance compared with both mixed-nativeness herbivores and native plants, and native herbivores and native plants. However, the effects of herbivore–plant nativeness on changes in plant abundance were reduced at high herbivore densities. Our mean reductions in aquatic plant abundance are greater than those reported in the literature for terrestrial plants, but lower than aquatic algae. Our findings highlight the need for a substantial shift in how biologists incorporate plant–herbivore interactions into theories of aquatic ecosystem structure and functioning. Currently, the failure to incorporate top-down effects continues to hinder our capacity to understand and manage the ecological dynamics of habitats that contain aquatic plants.

Recent blog posts, bibliography. Ecology, bioscience, water quality. Available in Internet online. http://5bio5.blogspot.com/2012/08/environmental-science-recent-blog-posts.html

Abstract: A fundamental concept is proposed of aquatic ecosystem as a bioreactor that carries out the function of water purification in natural water bodies and streams. The ecosystem as a bioreactor has the following characteristic attributes: (1) it is a large-scale (large-volume) bioreactor; (2) it is a diversified (in terms of the number of taxa and the scope of functional activities) bioreactor; (3) it possesses a broad range of biocatalytic (chemical-transforming and degrading) capabilities. New experimental data on xenobiotics-induced inhibition of the functioning of the molluscs Unio tumidus, U. pictorum, M. galloprovincialis and Limnaea stagnalis emphasize the potential ecological hazard from sublethal concentrations of pollutants (including those exemplified by synthetic surfactants and detergents).

another closely related publication:
Ostroumov S. A. An aquatic ecosystem: a large-scale diversified bioreactor with a water self-purification function. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2000. Vol. 374, P. 514-516. scribd.com/doc/49065542; New facet of the essence and identity of ecosystem: it has attributes of a bioreactor; http://www.scribd.com/doc/49069997;

Publications by the same author. Main Results.
Публикации того же автора. Основные результаты: http://www.scribd.com/doc/59437439/;

On the author. Об авторе (С.А.О.):
http://www.famous-scientists.ru/3732/;

О НЕКОТОРЫХ ВОПРОСАХ ПОДДЕРЖАНИЯ КАЧЕСТВА ВОДЫ И ЕЕ САМООЧИЩЕНИЯ. Остроумов С.А.,  Водные ресурсы. 2005. Т. 32. № 3. С. 337-346.

This paper formulated a productive innovative theory of ecosystem-driven water self-purification. In other words, this paper presents, in systematized form, the basic elements of the qualitative ecological theory of water quality improvement and water self-purification in freshwater and marine ecosystems. Recommendations are given for maintaining water quality and sustainable development of water resources. In this paper the author presents also innovative results of his experimental studies and discoveries of the negative,  toxic effects exerted by water pollutants (exemplified by a synthetic surfactant, namely, Triton X-100, and a detergent, namely, the OMO synthetic detergent) on bivalve mollusks (namely, Unio tumidus), which are involved in water filtration and water self-purification.
https://www.academia.edu/74979458/ ;

DOI (English version of the paper) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11268-005-0039-7 ;
Tags: water self-purification, water quality, theory, ecotoxicology, aquatic toxicology, aquatic ecosystem, water filtration, synthetic surfactant, detergent, Triton X-100, laundry detergent, bivalve mollusk, Unio tumidus, самоочищение воды, качество воды, теория

Although pesticide use is high in the Central American region, few studies concerning environmental levels and effects of pesticides in aquatic ecosystems have been conducted. In this review 18 studies were identified, most of which deal exclusively with organochlorine residues, but other chemical groups also were studied and found in tropical aquatic ecosystems. Only five studies considered effects of pesticides on aquatic organisms; four of these examined both the presence of pesticides in environmental substrates and field effects. Major research needs include studies on fate and degradation in tropical conditions; acute and chronic toxicity to native species; effects of temperature, humidity, and other characteristics of tropical conditions on toxicity, as well as effects of pesticides on tropical ecosystems.

Гиперсоленые водоемы, соленость которых превышает 35 г/л, широко распространены на планете (гиперсоленые озера и лагуны, глубоководные "озера", поровые воды морских льдов) и относятся к числу наиболее экстремальных местообитаний Земли. В работе обобщены и проанализированы результаты собственных многолетних исследований экосистем гиперсоленых озер и лагун Крыма и литературные данные. Эти экосистемы уникальны как по физико-химическим показателям, так и по структуре и функционированию населяющей их биоты. В гиперсоленых водоемах температур-ный диапазон, в котором вода остается жидкой и может существовать жизнь, шире, чем в пресных или морских. При солености 350 г/л этот диапазон-от-35°С до +109°С. Видовое разнообразие эу-кариотных организмов с ростом солености резко убывает, а прокариотных увеличивается. В прес-новодных и морских экосистемах поступление энергии в экосистемы в основном обеспечивает ок-сигенный фотосинтез. В гиперсоленых озерах энергия поступает от трех групп фототрофов и разно-образных хемотрофов. Например, аноксигенный фотосинтез может обеспечивать до 85% поступающей в экосистему энергии, и его доля в общей первичной продукции при увеличении со-лености выше 100-160 г/л растет. Многие гиперсоленые водоемы, несмотря на экстремальность среды, являются высокопродуктивными. Данный парадокс можно объяснить двумя причинами: 1) высокими концентрациями биогенов и 2) высокой мелкомасштабной пространственно-времен-ной изменчивостью абиотических факторов. Это позволяет взаимодействовать противоположно направленным процессам и замыкать циклы внутри одного сообщества. Одним из механизмов осмоадаптации первичных продуцентов к высокой солености и ее резким колебаниям является вы-деление ими в среду экзополисахаридов. Их количество увеличивается с ростом солености и может составлять до 50-70% первичной продукции, что ведет к возрастанию роли гетеротрофных осмот-рофов в пищевых сетях. Дальнейшее изучение гиперсоленых местообитаний может расширить на-ши представления об организации жизни в экстремальной среде.

Biotrophs Blastocladiomycota Chytridiomycota Cryptomycota Endobiotic Oomycota Phytoplankton Rozella a b s t r a c t Parasites in the Phylum Cryptomycota and their hosts in the Phyla Chytridiomycota, Blastocladiomycota and Oomycota have commonly been observed in aquatic and soil ecosystems. Although rDNA sequence data from environmental samples suggest a wide genetic diversity for the Cryptomycota, Rozella is the only genus described in this group. The species of Rozella which have been studied in the laboratory are biotrophs and have stages with simple morphological characteristics in their life cycles. The life cycles consist of uniflagellate zoospores, thalli which are unwalled, endobiotic protoplasts, and sometimes walled resting spores. These parasites are secondary consumers in producer and detritus based food chains. Species of Rozella efficiently transfer carbon and energy from their hosts (primary consumers) to grazing zooplankton and other tertiary consumers. It is likely that they fine-tune the dynamics of food chains and increase the complexity of food webs. However, there are no quantitative data available at present to support this hypothesis.

Acidic deposition is comprised of sulfuric and nitric acids and ammonium derived from atmospheric emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia, respectively. Acidic deposition has altered soil through depletion of labile pools of nutrient cations (ie calcium, magnesium), ...

Issues of the Study of Detritus in Aquatic Systems. A.P. Sadchikov, S.A. Ostroumov, Russian Journal of General Chemistry, 2017, Vol. 87, No. 13, pp. 3244–3249.

https://www.academia.edu/44042879/Issues_of_the_Study_of_Detritus_in_Aquatic_Systems_A_P_Sadchikov_S_A_Ostroumov_Russian_Journal_of_General_Chemistry_2017_Vol_87_No_13_pp_3244_3249

In this paper, we present the analysis of the ecological roles of detritus and suspended particulate matter in aquatic ecosystems. New data that have been obtained for freshwater ecosystems of the central part of Russian Federation (Moscow Region, e.g., Mozhaiskoe Reservoir) have been included in the analysis. These new data include the results of studies of samples of water and detritus from the aquatic ecosystems. The review analysis addresses both freshwater and marine ecosystems. The multifunctional important role of detritus in aquatic ecosystems has been shown and exemplified using data for aquatic bodies of different trophic level, from oligotrophic to eutrophic.

"Ostroumov S.A. Response of test-organisms to water pollution with quaternary ammonia compounds. - Water Resources (USA; ISSN 0097-8078) 1992, v. 18(2) p. 171-175. Bibliogr. 17 refs.

Abstract only: http://www.scribd.com/doc/82879744/

[without co-authors; Translated from the Russian original: Reagirovanie test-organizmov na zagrjaznenie vodnoj sredy chetvertichnym ammonievym soedineniem. - Vodnye Resursy, v. 18 (2), 1991, p.112-116;

Availability: NAL/USDA (United States of America); Availability number 9176736; water pollution, quaternary ammonium compounds, testing, Fagopyrum esculentum, phytotoxicity, leeches, Hirudo medicinalis]. AGRIS record number US9176736.

ABSTRACT. Purpose: To better characterize the possible effects of pollution of water by surface-active agents (surfactants, detergents). We studied the effects of the quaternary ammonium compound, cationic surfactant tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TDTMA) on the test organisms. It is the first study in which the cationic surfactant TDTMA was tested in leeches Hirudo medicinalis. As a result, we identified new effects: changes in the behavior of the test organisms (leeches). It is the first study of the effects of this surfactant on the seedlings of the plants, buckweat Fagopyrum esculentum. As a result, we revealed some inhibition of seedling elongation. This paper establishes the following: relatively low concentrations of the pollutant (the cationic surfactant,  quaternary ammonium compound) changed the behavior of the test organisms (medical leech Hirudo medicinalis). Leeches detached from the substrate, on which they previously sat. In the case of a river or stream, the detachment means that the flow of water will carry off the leeches. As a result, the ecosystem will lose these leeches. Thus, the final result is the same as if they were killed. It turns out that the sublethal effects on the organisms leads to the same final result as some large and highly toxic, lethal concentrations. Loss of leeches means a material breach of the food chain, i.e. a hazard of some harm to the structure of ecosystems. Keywords: Phytotoxicity, bioassay, Hydrobiology (hydrobiology). Water pollution (water pollution). Contamination of the environment (Environmental pollution).

** Comment:
At Moscow State University, Dr. Sergey A. Ostroumov discovered that the official maximum acceptable concentrations (MACs) of some synthetic surfactants are actually too high to be environment-friendly. This benefits detergent-producing companies such as Proctor & Gamble. At concentrations below the MAC level, such surfactants (washing detergents, cosmetics, or toiletries) do not kill living organisms. However, as Dr. S. Ostroumov discovered, they significantly change their behavior. His experiments demonstrated that low surfactant concentrations in the water made freshwater leeches (Hirudo medicinalis) detach from their usual sites of attachment to solid surfaces. The detachment from the sites of their attachment in a river or a stream means that as a result, the leeches drift away from their native local ecosystems with the water current. Therefore, the  freshwater ecosystems of rivers and streams lose the leeches, which constitute an important link of their food chains, and a part of their biodiversity. This example demonstrates the harm that can be done by relatively low (sublethal) surfactant concentrations to natural ecosystems and their biodiversity (Ostroumov, 1992).

Key words:
water pollution, quaternary ammonium compounds, testing, seedlings, Fagopyrum esculentum, phytotoxicity, leeches, Hirudo medicinalis, Phytotoxicity, bioassay, hydrobiology, water pollution, Contamination, environment, Environmental pollution, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, TDTMA, available, U.S.A., library, S.A. Ostroumov, С.А.Остроумов, behavior changes, hazard, assessment,
"

A major constraint to science-based fish stock management in West Africa is the lack of reliable data on target stocks. This especially holds true for inland fisheries, such as those that operate in reservoirs. Due to the low availability of resources and population data, and the limited number of fisheries experts in the region, state institutions and investigators rely heavily on simple catch statistics and empirical models for their estimations of fish production and potential yields. This paper reviews data from the FAO, and published articles and reports on West African reservoirs, with special reference to their morphome-tric and environmental features in relation to fish catch. In addition, we analyse primary data on three focus reservoirs. First, to improve and update available models of potential harvests from reservoirs, we regress fish catch data against reservoir surface area data for 30 reservoirs in West Africa, yielding the following equation: Catch (tonnes/year) = 17.3 × Area (km 2) 0.8626. The equation accounts for 95.7% of the variation observed in the fish catches. Analysis of covariance of small (< 2 km 2) and large (> 2 km 2) reservoirs shows no significant difference (F = 0.5895, p = 0.45) in the slopes of the two groups. Second, we apply multiple regressions to a sub dataset of 15 reservoirs with surface area and mean depth as predictors; and we also explore reservoir age as a further variable. We find that fisheries productivity is inversely correlated with both mean depth (r =-0.49) and surface area (r =-0.32), but there is no significant correlation found with reservoir age (r = 0.03).

The physico-chemical characteristics and microbial composition of the final effluents of two municipal wastewater treatment plants in South Africa were assessed between July and September 2009. The impact of the treated final effluents on the receiving water bodies was also evaluated. The temperature across all sampling points ranged between 14 and 228C, while pH varied from 6.9 to 7.6. High levels of turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, nitrate, nitrite and orthophosphate (PO 4 ) were observed in many cases. Turbidity of the samples was in the range of 2.2-288.6 NTU. The concentrations (mg/L) of other physico-chemical parameters are as follows: COD (9.33-289); ammonia (0.000340-45.4); nitrate (0.062-539); nitrite (0.021-22.6); PO 4 (5.3-33.2). The microbial quality of the effluents discharged from the plants did not comply with the limits set by the South African guidelines with respect to pathogens such as Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, total coliform, faecal coliform, enterococci, faecal streptococci, and viral particles for effluents intended for discharge into receiving watersheds. This study revealed an undesirable impact on the physico-chemical and microbial qualities of the receiving water bodies as a result of the discharge of inadequately treated effluents from the wastewater treatment facilities. This poses a health risk to several rural communities which rely on the receiving water bodies primarily as their sources of domestic water and recreational purposes. There is therefore a need for the intervention of appropriate regulatory agencies in South Africa to ensure compliance of treatment facilities with wastewater effluent quality standards.

"" This paper is the first publication that reported the concentrations of a number of rare earth elements in biodetritus. The rare earth elements are a key component of modern hi-technology products and they are a new component in the modern solid wastes and waste waters. This paper is an innovative and significant contribution to the database for modern environmental monitoring.
**
Biodetritus that formed over a 7-month period in microcosms with Viviparus viviparus, Unio pictorum , and Ceratophyllum demersum contained a number of elements. This is the first study to determine concentrations of some elements in biodetritus. Neutron activation analysis showed that the elements’ concentrations decrease in the following order: Ca > Zn > Ba > Br > Ce > Se > Nd > La > U > Hf > Sb > Th > Sm > S > Cs > Au. The data obtained contribute to understanding of the polyfunctional role of aquatic organisms in aquatic ecosystems.
Key words:
Zn, viviparus, unio, U, Th, Sm, Se, Sb, rare, pictorum, Nd, La, Hf, elements, ecosystems, earth, detritus, demersum, Cs, ceratophyllum, Ce, Ca, Br, Ba, Au, aquatic, biogeochemistry,
Title: The role of biodetritus in accumulation of elements in aquatic ecosystems
Author(s): Ostroumov S. A.; Kolesov G. M.
Source: CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF ECOLOGY,  Volume: 3,  Issue: 4,  Pages: 369-373,  DOI: 10.1134/S1995425510040016,  Published: AUG 2010; full text free: http://ru.scribd.com/doc/155530269/
abstract:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/75098592/

The reference in a traditional form:
Ostroumov S. A., Kolesov G. M. The role of biodetritus in accumulation of elements in aquatic ecosystems. -  CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF ECOLOGY,  3 (4): 369-373.
""

Effect of soapy water on the behavior of semiaquatic hemipterans (Gerromorpha) from two neotropical aquatic ecosystems Introduction: Semiaquatic hemipterans are insects that may be among the best indicators of the quality of the aquatic environment, specifically in terms of the content of substances that break surface tension. However, no studies are evaluating how these insects are affected by changes in the surface tension of the water. Objective: To determine the effect of soapy water on the locomotion ability of three species of neotropical semiaquatic hemipterans. Methods: From August to November 2020, we conducted ex situ experiments, with nine groups of ten individuals of the family Veliidae (N = 90) and Gerridae (N = 90), where each group individually, was subjected to the entry of soapy water for three minutes. For this, we designed an aquarium consisting of three plastic boxes at different heights, connected to each other, so that a current flow was generated. We used powdered laundry soap, liquid hand soap, and bar soap for dishes. For each type of soap we prepared a low (9 ppm), medium (50 ppm) and high (200 ppm) concentration. By means of recordings, we recorded the time the hemipterans spent in the water, as well as their ability to get out of the water, and whether or not they sank. Results: We found that, regardless of the type of soap, the time spent by hemipterans in contaminated water decreases drastically as the concentration increases, but the impact varies by species, with Rhagovelia solida (family Veliidae) being less affected by pollution compared to Platygerris caeruleus and Potamobates unidentatus (family Gerridae). Conclusions: The use of these taxa as indicators of the degree of contamination of rivers by detergents and soaps can be very useful, especially if we take into account the differences in sensitivity according to the family or gender of the group.

Based on many years of algological and environmental studies conducted on inland water bodies of Russia and other CIS countries and abroad in Europe, Asia and the Middle East made the theoretical and methodological developments in the field of bio-indication, ecosystem analysis and assessment of the status of aquatic ecosystems, defines the scope of their practical application. We show possibility of assessing the state of the aquatic ecosystem by comparing the estimates of the environment and the biotic component. Developed original indices and ecological mapping system based on the basin. The methods of indication of climate impacts on algal diversity are represented. The integral tables needed for water quality classification from ecological point of view are given.